HABITechno International Seminar

SUSTAINABLE FISHERMANS HOME DESIGN FOR PANGGANG ISLAND REVITALIZATION, SERIBU ISLANDS, JAKARTA
TANUWIDJAJA, GUNAWAN 1, MUSTAKIM 2, LO, LEONARDO AGUNG MULYONO 3, SILVANUS, DEVI CALISTA 4 Program, Petra Christian University Staff of Planning Agency of Administrative Regency of Seribu Islands, Jakarta 3.4 Students of Architecture Program, Petra Christian University Abstract Seribu Islands, located in Jakarta Capital Region and 20,000 residents, has a variety of potential and problems. Problems of the Regency were: the development disparity between Jakarta and the Seribu Islands; increasing catastrophies chances due to climate change, declining fisheries; limited water resources, increased pollution and destruction of natural area, and limited of welfare. This caused seven Neighbourhood Unit (Rukun Warga or RW) in the Regency were classified as slum Neighbourhood Unit. Jakarta Provincial Government proposed the concept of Integrated Kampung Improvement named the Muhammad Husni Thamrin Plus Program. Panggang Island is one of the islands with 2 intermediate Neighbourhood Unit slums (RW kumuh sedang) because of the irregular arrangement of the homes, high population density, unhealthy habits of residents and substandard houses. On the other hand, there were huge potential of tourism sector development in the Regency. Understanding this, fishermens home design and tourist homestay were proposed integratively with spatial replanning of Panggang Island, adopted from the Maldives Islands. SWOT Analysis Method was conducted to find the problem and produce strategies for the fishermens home design. Five sustaianable recommendation on the home design included Water Efficiency; Energy and Atmosphere; Materials and Resources; Indoor Air Quality and Awareness and Education. These were translated to the concept of stilts house with a multi-functional space for working in the first floor and living room in the second floor. The halfopen kitchen, bathroom and rainwater collectors were also provided. Meanwhile, the cross ventilation concept was proposed with windows and roof hatch design. Lastly, the fishermens home building materials were from coconut wood, brick or plastered - bamboo wall which are available in the
1 Architecture

Corresponding author and presenter: Email:gunte@peter.petra.ac.id

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

region. Beside the stilts homes, floating homes were also considered following the same principles. Keywords: catastrophies due to climate change, limited water resources potential of the tourism sector, a multi-function hall, houses on stilts, rainwater harvesting, cross ventilation. 1. 1.1. INTRODUCTION Background

Seribu Islands is administrative Regency in Jakarta Special Capital Region covering group of islands in the Jakarta Bay. Seribu Islands consists of 105 coral islands with a land area of 8.7 km . The Regency is inhabited by 20,000 people, spread across eleven islands (Statistics Bureau, 2008). 1 Panggang Island is an island with two intermediate slum Neighbourhood Units (RW kumuh sedang). This was because the irregular housing layout and rapid population growth. In addition, there were less healthy habits such as trash dumping to the beach, bathing, washing, and toileting into the sea without waste treatment. Majority of houses did not fulfill the health standards such as: lack of ventilation, lack of sunlight, substandard building construction etc. On the other hand, the development of the Tourism Sector created travelers' needs and spatial changes of Panggang Island. Because of this, 2 types of fishermens homes and a tourist homestay design were proposed, integrating with spatial replanning concept of Panggang Island. 1.2. Research Problem and Research Objectives

The research problems are: How is to create a healthier and safer home for the fishermen community? How is to make tourist homestay that managed by Neighbourhood Unit Association in Panggang Island? What are the space replanning strategies to improve the quality of Panggang Island? The purposes of the study are to produce healthier and safer home design for the fishermen community integrated with the Island Development Plan. 2. 2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW Literature Review on Sustainable Island Development

The Development is often associated only with physical development, but the development goals actually are more than the physical aspect. The dependency between the Natural System and Economic System described by Economic Framework-based Natural Resources (Natural Resources Economy Framework) by Kneese, Ayres and D'Arge (1970). 2 In this framework, Natural System provides raw materials; accept pollution as well as providing a place for the economic system. Without considering the natural conditions, the development will lead to exhaustion of the resources or a disaster - natural disaster occurrence. On the other hand, these externalities will affect negatively greatly

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

on the economic system. Because of that, an investment to improve environmental conditions is needed (Thampapillai, 2002). 3 According to Whittaker, R.J. (1998) 4, islands can be vategorised as Oceanic Islands (Islands in the Sea) and the Continentals Shelf Islands (Offshore Islands in the Continental Plate). And Seribu Islands was the Continentals Shelf Islands are connected to Java and Sumatra in the past. On the other hand, Darwin, C. (1842) 5 classified the Seribu Islands as the islands formed by coral reefs with sea depth less than 100 m - 300 m, because the coral reefs require a temperature of between 23 C and 29 C. Therefore they are mostly located in the tropics and subtropics in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Because the reef life is threatened by global warming, the islands are threatened as well. Whittaker, R.J. (1998) 6 also warned the threat of sea level changes on the islands. This was caused by the sea water volume change because of the melting of the ice cap or the tectonic movements. Meanwhile, the water availability of the islands affects ecological conditions and activities - human activities (Whitehead and Jones 1969; Ecker 1976; Menard 1986). 7 So the main problem is the limited water resources. Moreover, it turns out the island in the Indonesian region has a varied biodiversity because of the spread of geological phenomena and fauna. The biodiversity on the unique islands was influenced by the Oriental and Australian zoogeographic regions zoogeographic regions can be explained in the research Carlquist S. (1965). 8 Therefore conservation on the islands was so important. 2.2. Case Study of the Maldives Islands

Republic of Maldives consists of 1.196 islands coral reef, spreading over of 90.000 km2 in the Indian Ocean, and are located 500 km southwest of India. The archipelago consists of 20 atolls administration group. Of 196 inhabited islands, 89 islands was developed into tourist resorts, while the rest were developed for other economic purposes (Amira, F., 2009). 9 The increase of sea level is the biggest challenge in the country. It was noted that a 20 - cm - increase of sea water happened within the last 10 years. It is estimated that sea level rise in Maldives will reach 60 cm in 2100. In 2008, the government of the Maldives expressed plans to purchase of land and relocate of the State in the future (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives). 10 There is contrast different between the several islands population density. Male, 'the capital of Maldives, is resided by 1/3 of the total population. Meanwhile, three islands have a population of more than 5,000 people. Lastly, there are 142 islands with a population of less than 1,000 residents and 76 islands that are less than 500 people. (Amira, F., 2009). 11 And Maldives Population was recorded at 313.920 in the year 2010 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives).
12

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

Maldives also suffered severe damage in the 26th December 2004 due to the tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Only nine islands survived the tidal wave of attack as high as 5 feet. Meanwhile, 55 islands suffered severe infrastructure damage, 14 islands abandoned, and 6 islands were destroyed. Twenty-one Resort Island were abandoned because of the devastation. Total loss reached U.S. $ 470 million, or 62% of GDP and of 108 people died 13 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives). For centuries, Maldives economy was based on fishing and other marine products. Fisheries absorbed about 11% of the workforce and contributed 6% of the GDP. So that the fisheries sector is still important in today's economy. Revitalization of traditional fishery in 1974 was a key point in the development of this fishery. Furthermore, a fish canning company was founded in New Felivaru 1977 with capital support Japanese companies. Then a Fisheries Advisory Board (the Advisory Board of Fisheries) was developed a strategy for the Government to develop the fishery sector including fishing education in 1980. Then, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives). 14

Figure 1. Environmental Problems in Maldives, which also faced by Panggang Island in Seribu Islands (Source: United Nations Environment Programme, 2005).15 Development of Tourism in the Maldives began in 1972. It was followed by the 5 development stages. The last stage occurred between 2002 and 2008. The development was governed by the Third Tourism Master Plan 2007 - 2011 (TTMP) in 2007. The Master Plan outlined the purpose of 'taking tourism to the people within the broader framework of sustainable development in the economic, environmental, and social spectra." This was supported by the Government's policy to restrict recruitment of foreign workers to 50% at each Resort (MTCA., 2007c). 16

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

In 2006, it was recorded the total of 89 Resorts, leased by the Government, comprising 68 Resorts to the local companies, 14 Resorts to a joint-venture companies and 7 Resorts to foreigners. And the total bed capacity reached 20.505. And every Island Resorts must provide their own infrastructure such as electricity, clean water, sewage treatment and waste management [incinerators, compactors and bottle crushers] (MTCA, 2007c). 17 The Third Tourism Master Plan 2007 - 2011 (TTMP) suggested creating a synergy between the sectors of fisheries, agriculture and handicrafts to reduce dependence on foreign imports and the flight of foreign tourism abroad. Besides the Master Plan also recommended developing a Tourism Culture and History activities unique to Maldives. As well as also proposed communitybased tourism to improve the welfare of local communities, promote and protect the cultural history of the Maldives (MTCA, 2007c). 18 On the other hand, environmental destruction emerged in Maldives, because the Islands development exceeded the environmental carrying capacity. Therefore, a Guideline for the Islands Spatial Planning based on Environmental Carrying Capacity. To maintain the beauty of the island, buildings are only allowed at 20% of the Islands. Two-story buildings are only permitted if there are sufficient vegetation for cover. The buildings were had to be within 5 m buffer friom the vegetation boundary. Bungalows on the water are only allowed to create unique atmosphere of the Resort. Each space built on the water or lagoon must be compensated by greening on the land. Because of the beaches charm of the Maldives, each room has a 5 m opening towards the beach and 68% area of the Hotel are used for Guest Room (Brown, K., et.all., 1995).19 The remaining 20% of the Islands must be used for public facilities such as jetties, reception and restaurants. Additionally, the 12% should be planned for open spaces. Lastly, the Ministry of Tourism decide beaches capacity depending land availability, layout and design of the Resort (Brown, K., et.all., 1995). 20 Environmentally friendly developmental approach of Maldives can be used as a good example for the the Seribu Islands. 2.3. Literature Review of Healthy Home

A home should become a private residence of a man, which is permanent and have a structural system (Humphrey, E., ed, 1963.) 21 and became a refuge from intruders (Burns, L., Grebler, L., 1977). 22 Because of that, home safety is very important to the human sustainability. On the other hand, healthy home is not enough according to by Roaf, S., Fuentes, M., Thomas, S., (2007), in Ecohouse: A Design Guide. 23 Sue Roaf recommended that eco-architecture was applied with perspective of the ecology of the planet and building as one living habitat. And design process should not be a buildings production, and the building as the end result in ignoring the quality and location of specific environmental contexts. How architecture should respond to global warming such as the development of appropriate technologies such as thermal mass (heat), ventilation

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

(ventilation), cold bridging (cooling), materials issues (issue - the issue of building material), passive solar design (design of passive heating), photovoltaics, cyclone design (design for hurricanes) and gray water systems (wastewater systems). Specifically for the Humid Tropics, Roaf stated that a house following the analogy of a leafy tree is very appropriate. This is because as the wind slowly and roof protecting occupants from heat (Roaf, S., Fuentes, M., Thomas, S., 2007). 24 One strategy to design sustainable houses is following LEED for Homes framework. LEED for Homes is a design strategy that improves the efficiency of resource use with the integration of green principles in the design process construction of homes (http://www.usgbc.org/, http://greenhomeguide.com/askapro/topic/12). 25 And there are 8 criteria discussed in the guideline of which are: Innovation and Design Process / ID, Location and Linkages / LL , Sustainable Sites / SS, Water Efficiency / WE , Energy and Atmosphere / EA, Materials and Resources / MR, Indoor Environmental Quality / EQ and Awareness & Education / AE. 3. METHODS

SWOT Analysis (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats Analysis) Method is used to check the condition of Panggang Island and and find important issues for identification of problems and solutions. Furthermore, an Integrated Comprehensive - Ecological - based - Spatial Planning is needed. It could be described as: "The planning that considers the condition of biodiversity (ecological condition), the carrying capacity of the environment (physical condition) as well as socio-economic conditions affecting the region. Later on, other infrastructure such as water management, mass transportation, waste management and waste, energy conservation, and others must be integrated. And it includes participation of stakeholders in the formation of spatial plan. "(Tanuwidjaja, G., Widjaya, J.M., 201026 dan Tanuwidjaja, G., Malone-Lee, L.C., 200927). Because of the Panggang Island built-up condition, a simplified method was suggested. The implementation phases are as follows: 1. Conduct an inventory and analysis of: Previous researches on the Seribu Islands and Panggang Island, Community Action Plan for Integrated Kampong Development Program in Panggang Island, Minimum service standards (SPM), and other standards set by national and international organizations related to environmental improvement program, 2. Perform rapid field visits involving community representatives on the condition of the infrastructure in Panggang Island,

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

3. 4. 4. 4.1.

Conduct a discussion about the field observations results, involving all Sections in Seribu Islands Regency and Community Representatives, Proposing the fishermens home and tourist homestay design for Panggang Island. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of Panggang Island

Panggang Island is part of the Panggang Village including some Panggang Island and Pramuka Island. The island topography varies between 1 - 1.5 m asl. Five km length beach of Panggang Island consisted of white sand, mangrove and used for ship yards. Meanwhile the Island was planned for the residential. And the island is accessible by motor boat from Muara Angke, North Jakarta. Distance from the Island to Muara Angke Port is approximately 38.30 kilometers. The Panggang Islands Residentss livelihood comprises of three professions, which are: Fishermen (76.97%), Private Employee (9.92%) and Civil Servants (8.5%). Additionally, there are 9% of small - and - medium - scale business persons. Panggang Island fishermen sell their catch directly to the Muara Angke or Muara Baru Fish Port. Then, some portion of fishes are sold to Island Residents. The sales results are directly spent on daily consumer goods, home materials. Besides that, there are grouper and milkfish aquaculture with cage system in the offshore of West Panggang Island. One significant problem in Panggang Island is land supply limiting the population growth. It was further resulted in irregular settlement, with limited open space and narrow alleys. On the other hand, Panggang Island had grown from 6 Ha to 9 Ha because of the landfilling process with household waste and corals since many years ago. And the Panggang Island settlement looks dirty and shabby. Meanwhile the Panggangs road infrastructure comprising with conblock alleys, the width varies between 0.5 and 2 meters. The land transportations of Island are motorcycles and three-wheeled motorcycle. And the drainage system is not available yet on side of alleys causing inundations. While the Clean water suplly for residents are found provided by several sources: water wells, rain water catchment, and RO (Reverse Osmosis). Most of the Island residents do not have latrines and septic tanks. People still use communal toilets located in sub neighbourhood units (RT) or seaside. Solid waste of Panggang Island community reaches 396.3 cubic meters per day. Residents dump waste in front of the house and later transported by garbage men to temporary dumping site. Additionally, waste also is used for illegal reclamation. MHT Plus program had been applied to the 2010-2012 year and benefits were felt such as construction and repair of footpaths, construction of communal septic tanks and sewer improvements as shown in Figure 2-4 as follows:

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

Figure 2. Sewerage System constructed in the MHT Program.

Figure 3. Communal septic tank constructed in the MHT Program, (Source: Tanuwidjaja, 2013)

Figure 4. Pathway constructed in the MHT Program,

But unfortunately, MHT Plus program has not been implemented integratively with Panggang Island development. Therefore, SWOT analysis and the design was conducted. 4.2. Analysis of Sample House Fishermen

In the field visit to Panggang Island, a simple interview was conducted in Mr Marzuki family, RW 02, Panggang Island. Mr Marzuki was a fisherman with substandard income because of the monsoon season. It further caused him not affording a healthy home. According to Pak Marzuki, his family used the unhealthy public toilets or defecated on the beachfront. The bathing - washing - toilet facility is not available in the house. Indeed, there are plans of making communal septic tank from Neighbourhood Unit Organisation, but it is not possible because of limited space.

Figure 5. Conditions Home of Mr. Marzuki

Figure 6. Public toilets are located on the beach that is used by Mr. Marzuki and family

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

(Source: Tanuwidjaja, 2013) It can be concluded that the Fishermens Homes need serious repairs and integration with the development of Panggang Island. Due to complex problems Panggang Island and the Seribu Islands, SWOT analysis was conducted producing the table. Table 1. Strategies based on SWOT Analysis for the Panggang Islands, in Seribu Islands
Strategy S-T (Facing Threats) Evaluate the feasibility of SeaFarming affected by severe solid and liquid waste pollution Develop a clearer Main Organisation Task (TUPOKSI) Seribu Islands National Marine Park (TNKS) management and Seribu Islands Regency Promotion of Tourism together with the Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta Cooperation in Solid and Liquid Waste Management from the mainland with Jakarta Provincial Government Strategy S-O (Strength Exploitation) Evaluation of Regional Spatial Planning based on Sustainable Ecotourism Investment and Planning for Integrated Sea-Farming Investment and Planning for Integrated Tourism (Eco-tourism) involving the Seribu Islands local workforce Integrated Islands Redevelopment (starting with MHT Plus) Skills Training for Sea-Farming and Ecotourism Establishment of Fishermen Group for Ships or Cages Credit Develop a clearer Main Organisation Task (TUPOKSI) for MHT Plus Program Strength Strategy W-T (Avoiding Threats) Design for the Settlements on Stilts for inhabited Islands Relocation of residents to the mainland or potentially habitable other islands Law Enforcement Prevention of hazards (fire, tidal, etc.).

Threat

Strategy W-O (Looking Weakness) Cooperation with the Private Party (with CSR program ) to answer a Community Action Plan that have not materialized Simple Financial Management Training for Community and Economic Cooperative Association Management Environmental Education om the importance for the People Procurement Infrastructure Water, Electricity, Telephone, Solid Waste, Drainage, MCK, and WWTP.

OpportunitY

Weakness

(Source: Tanuwidjaja, 2013) From those proposals, the paper further discusses the strategies of Fishermens Home Design Concept (House on Stilts and Floating Homes), Tourists

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

10

Homestay, Integrated Washing, Bathing Toileting Facility and Panggang Island Redevelopment Concept. 4.3. DESIGN SOLUTIONS

4.3.1. Fishermens Home Design Concept 4.3.1.1. House on Stilts

Answering the sub-standard condition of the homes, a Fishermens House on Stilts Design Concept was proposed with multifunctional space concept. It was adopted from the fishermens habit using spaces flexibly. For example, the living room can be used for sleeping and dining due to limited area of the homes and their habits to do activities on the floor. Because this proposal was based on LEED recommendation, then five LEED aspects of were adopted in the Fishermens Home. They included the Water Efficiency / WE;Energy and Atmosphere / EA; Materials and Resources / MR; Indoor Environmental Quality / EQ; and Awareness & Education / AE

Figure 7. Fishermens Home First Floor Plan

Figure 8. Fishermens Home Second Floor Plan

Figure 9. Axonometry of Fishermens Home

Figure 10. Axonometry of Fishermens Home

(Source: Tanuwidjaja, 2013) To overcome the rising sea levels problem and to accommodate existing fishermens activities, such as salted fishes production and repair of equipment, the sustainable house on stilts design was proposed. So, a multifunction space was created underneath. This was also proposed to facilitate the ease of movement of raw materials from the sea and temporary storage. Meanwhile,

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

11

the communal drying space was proposed in the open space belong to SubNeighbourhood Unit. On the second floor, a multi-function space proposed for gathering, dining, studying, and etc. This space is often used for communal activities such as religious gathering, meeting, and the other activities. The kitchen was placed in the back of the house. A semi-open kitchen was chosen because the food cooked will cause smell. This recommendation fulfils the strategy of Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ). The bathroom and rain collection tank are provided next to the kitchen. Collecting rainwater is current citizens behaviour. This water reservoir will increase the not potable water supply and fulfil Water Efficiency (WE) strategy. Two bedrooms are placed beside the house. Those rooms are designed with cross ventilation. This cross ventilation is applied in the house by layouting the window and jalousie in the roof opening. This recommendation was proposed to achieve the Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ). In Material and resources .aspects, the construction of the house is design with coconut wood, brick, or bamboo wall which is available in Jakarta coastal area. This recommendation to using local materials is selected for cost savings. 4.3.1.2. Floating Home

A Floating Home Design is the solution for residents without proper inland housing. The home was equipped with liquid waste treatment, so it can be used in water, or inland. In the water, floating house is balanced with the buoys on both sides. Meanwhile when inland, the home could be transported on wheel, towed by cars.

Figure 11. Plan Floating Home

Figure 12. Perspective of Floating Home when inland

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

12

Figure 13. Sectional Perspective of Floating Home

Figure 14. Perspective of Floating Home

(Source: Tanuwidjaja, 2013) 4.3.1.3. Tourists Homestay

Responding the tourists stay in Panggang Island, a more spacious design was proposed for the homestay. The homestay would be managed by administrator from the citizens association or economic cooperative unit. Local residents are given the opportunity to sell food, handicrafts, maintain and become guides for the tourists who live in the homestay. The proposal is to provide the income for the fishermen at the famine season. Homestay Design also fulfils the water efficiency strategy with rainwater collector. The Homestay is also designed considering the Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) with narrow building and on stilts structure.

Figure 15. The second floor plan in the Homestay for the tourists

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

13

Figure 16. Axonometry of the Homestay

Figure 17. Axonometry of the Homestay

(Source: Tanuwidjaja, 2013) 4.3.1.4. Integrated Washing, Bathing Toileting Facility

In addition to proposals above, Integrated Washing, Bathing and Toileting Facility (IWBTF) [Fasilitas Mandi Cuci Kakus / MCK] is very needed. One toilet is provided for each house, but they were located in a cluster because of the limited land. And the cleanliness of every toilet becomes the responsibility of its owner. This is expected to increase the sense of ownership, increase the hygiene level and prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. And each of those toilets is accompanied by innovative communal septic tank which using fish as water processing. The rainwater from integrated facility is collected for washing following the Water Efficiency / WE strategy.

Figure 18. Plan of Integrated Washing, Bathing and Toileting Facility (IWBTF)

Figure 19. Section of Integrated Washing, Bathing and Toileting Facility (IWBTF)

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

14

Figure 20. Perspective of Integrated Washing, Bathing and Toileting Facility (IWBTF)

Figure 21. Section of Integrated Washing, Bathing and Toileting Facility (IWBTF)

(Source: Tanuwidjaja, 2013) 4.3.2. Concept of Replanning of Panggang Island Some strategies from SWOT needed to be incorporated with the design such as: Participatory Replanning Panggang Settlement need to be proposed to integrate the needs of the community with the proposed Village District and other agencies in the MHT Plus Program Training for the simple financial management for Community and Cooperative Unit Managers, Socialisation of environmental importance for Society, Cooperation with Responsibility), the Private Party (utilizing Corporate Social

Integrated Tourism Planning (Eco-tourism) based on local wisdom and community participation, Settlement redesign Panggang Island participatory, Prevention of hazards (fire, tidal, etc.), Improvement of Clean Water, Electricity, Telephone, Solid Waste, Drainage, MCK, and WWTP Infrastructure.

Social change should be treated as the main strategy in the development Panggang Island. Firstly, Participatory Replanning Panggang Settlement need to be proposed to integrate the needs of the community with the proposed Village District and other agencies in the MHT Plus Program. Secondly, the involvement of Private Party with Corporate Social Responsibility needs to be improved to enable the welfare distribution in Panggang Island.

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

15

Socialisation on the Environment Protection and Simple Financial Management are also to be proposed to respond the social and economic needs of the local residents. Participatory Replanning Panggang Settlement will produce the rearrangement of existing home within a group (cluster). This is continued for rearrangement of the irregular alleys and houses. Some substandard houses could be rebuilt. Meanhwile, some proper homes could be maintained and equipped with basic infrastructure such as toilets and rain water collection. Due to the population growing needs, a limited reclamation is proposed. Reclamation should be done by considering the living coral reefs around the island. In addition, the floating houses are proposed on Southern part of the island. To improve marine transportation infrastructure, some berths were added in the Southwest of the island. This infrastructure can increase the mobility of people in the Panggang Island to Seribu Islands and Jakarta. Related with hazards prevention, infrastructure related to tides, tsunamis, excessive rainfall needed to be built. Due to the low topography of Panggang Island, protection against sea water tidal wave and tsunami needed to be proposed. The protection uses the Polder System. The polder system has five main elements that work in synergy, such as: dike, drainage channel, flood gate, retention basin, and pump. The dike is built to prevent the sea water seepage and serves as the ring road. A drainage system would be built and leading to the retention pond. At the low tide, the flood gates would be opened to gravitationally drain the water from the retention pond. Conversely, in a high tide, the water in the retention pond is pumped driven by wind power. Wind power generation facilities is designed integratively in the Integrated Washing, Bathing and Toileting Facility (IWBTF) [Fasilitas Mandi Cuci Kakus / MCK]

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

16

Figure 22. Proposed of Integrated Replanning of Panggang Island Settlement (Source: Tanuwidjaja, 2013) Meanwhile, to cope with the threat of a tidal wave (probably caused by a hurricane or tsunami) then temporary shelters is proposed. The first floor of this building is used as a Fish Market, while the both floor enable used to be daily grocery market. While Level 3 and 4 used as a protection against the tsunami. This is illustrated in the following figure 23 - 27.

Figure 23. First Floor Plan - Fish Market

Figure 24. Second Floor Plan - Wet Market

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

17

Figure 25. Third Floor Plan Temporary Tsunami Shelters

Figure 26. Section of Temporary Tsunami Shelters

Figure 27. Section perspective Temporary Tsunami Shelters (Source: Tanuwidjaja, 2013) Integrated Tourism Planning (Eco-tourism) based on local wisdom and community participation needs to be done. It is to create sustainable economic activity on the Panggang Island. Various local cultures can be presented as a cultural tourism, as recommended in the Maldives Islands. Additionally, the tourism management needs to take into account local residents Islamic culture. Bahaviour and dressing ethics of the tourists need to be regulated. One of the supporting eco-tourism is the preservation of coral reefs and mangrove reforestation. The proposed mangrove patches are planted around the island. It aims to protect the island from erosion and create eco-tourism destination in Panggang Island. Improvement of water infrastructure, electricity, telephone, garbage disposal, drainage, latrines, and wastewater also need to be done. For waste management, it is proposed by the communal waste separation, supported by composting and incineration. Because the incinerator will cause pollution, the incineration could be built in the uninhabited islands.

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

18

5.

CONCLUSION

Panggang Island, in the intermediate slum condition, needed the home redesign and replanning. This could be better executed with SWOT analysis and participatory process. The data collection and ground truthing were conducted to prescribe more accurate fishermens home design and strategy. Further, discussion with the stakeholders could be conducted in the following stage to prescribe more participatory solutions. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We acknowledged the assistance of Planning Agency of Seribu Islands, especially The Head of Planning Agency Mr. Drs. Triyatmo Bowolaksono, M.Si and Ex Section Head of Environmental Study, Mr. Rachmat Mulyadi, SE, M.Si. Also we acknowledged the Petra Christian University: Ir. Handoko Sugiharto, M.T. Dean of Civil Engineering and Planning Faculty; Agus Dwi Hariyanto, M.Sc., ST., Head of Architecture Department; and Ir. Joyce M. Laurens, M.Arch. REFERENCES Books and Journal: Amira, F., (2009), The Role of Local Food in Maldives Tourism: A Focus on Promotion and Economic Development, MPhil in Tourism Thesis Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand Tourism Research Institute (NZTRI). Brown, K., Turner, R.K., Hameed, H., Bateman, I., (1995) Tourism and Sustainability in Environmentally Fragile Areas: Case Studies from the Maldives and Nepal, CSERGE Working Paper GEC 95-30, http://www.cserge.ac.uk/sites/default/files/gec_1995_30.pdf Burns, L., Grebler, L., (1977), The Housing Nations Analysis and Policy in a Comparative Framework, Wiley , Michigan Carlquist S. (1965), Island Life: A Natural History of the Islands of the World, Natural History Press, New York Darwin, C. (1842), The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N., During the years 1832 36, Smith, Elder, and Company London. Ecker, A. (1976), Groundwater Behaviour in Tenerife, volcanic islands (Canary Island, Spain), Journal of Hydrology, 28, 73-86 Humphrey, E., (ed), (1963) The American Peoples Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Reference Work, Grolier, London Kneese A.V., Ayres R.U., and DArge R.C. (1970), Economics and Environment: A Material Balance Approach, Resources for the Future, Washington D.C. Menard, H.W. (1986), Islands. Scientific American Library, New York.

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

19

MTCA. (2007c). Maldives Third Tourism Master Plan 2007-2011. Male', Maldives: Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. Roaf, S., Fuentes, M., Thomas, S., (2007), Ecohouse : A Design Guide, Third edition, Architectural Press, Elsevier, New York. Statistics Bureau of Jakarta Province. (2008), Evaluation of Neighbourhood Units (Rukun Warga or RW) in Jakarta Province Slum

Tanuwidjaja, G., Malone-Lee, L.C. (2009), Applying Integrated Ecological Planning and Adaptive Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries in the Framework of Sustainable Spatial Planning and Development, Study Case Bintan Island, Indonesia, dalam Positioning Planning in the Global Crises International Seminar, Planning Department, School of Architecture Planning and Policy Development, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung. Tanuwidjaja, G., Widjaya, J.M., (2010), Integration of Spatial Planning and Water Resource Management for Reducing Floods in Surabaya (Integrasi Tata Ruang dan Tata Air untuk Mengurangi Banjir di Surabaya), utk Seminar Nasional Arsitektur [di] Kota: Hidup dan Berkehidupan di Surabaya, Universitas Kristen Petra, Surabaya. Thampapillai D.J. (2002), Environmental Economics: Concepts, Methods, and Policies, Oxford Universities, Melbourne United Nations Environment Programme, (2005), Maldives, Post-Tsunami Environmental Assessment Whitehead, D.R., Jones, C.E., (1969), Small Islands and the Equilibrium theory of insular biogeography, Evolution, 23, 171-9 Whittaker, R.J. (1998), Island Biogeography, Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Oxford University Press, New York Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives. http://greenhomeguide.com/askapro/topic/12 http://www.usgbc.org/
1 Statistics Burea u of Jaka rta Prov ince. (2008), Eval uation of Sl um Ne ighbourhood Units (R uk un Warga or R W) in Jakarta Province

2 Kneese A.V., Ayres R.U., and DA rge R.C. (1970), Economic s and Env ironme nt: A Material Ba lance A pproac h, Resource s for the Fut ure, Wa shington D.C.

3 Thampa pil lai D. J. (2002), Environme ntal Economics: Concept s, Methods, and Pol icies, Ox ford U niversitie s, Melbourne

4 Whitta ker, R.J. (1998), Isl and Biogeog raphy, Ecolog y, Evolut ion and Conservation, Ox ford U nive rsity Press, Ne w York

5 Darw in, C. (1842), The Structure a nd Distribution of Coral Re efs. Being t he first part of the ge olog y of t he Beagle, under the comma nd of Ca pt. Fitzroy, R. N., During t he years 1832 36, Smit h, Elder, a nd Com pa ny London.

6 Whitta ker, R.J. (1998), Isl and Biogeog raphy, Ecolog y, Evolut ion and Conservation, Ox ford U nive rsity Press, Ne w York

7 White hea d, D.R., Jones, C.E., (1969), Small Islands a nd the Equil ibrium theory of insular biogeog raphy, Evol ution, 23, 171- 9

Ecker, A. (1976), G roundwate r Beha viour in Te nerife, volca nic isla nds (Cana ry Isla nd, Spain), Journa l of Hydrology, 28, 73- 86

Menard, H.W. (1986), Islands. Scientific American Library, New York.

8 Carlquist S. (1965), Island Life: A Natural History o f the Islands of t he World, Nat ural History Press, Ne w York

9 Amira, F., (2009), The Role of Local Food in Maldives T ourism: A Focus on Promotion a nd Econom ic Devel opme nt, MPhil in Tourism The sis Auck land U nive rsity of Technology, Ne w Zeala nd Tourism Resea rch Instit ute (NZTRI).

10 http://e n.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Mal dive s.

11 Amira, F., (2009), The Role of Local Food in Maldives T ourism: A Focus on Promotion a nd Econom ic Devel opme nt, MPhil in Tourism The sis Auck land U nive rsity of Technology, Ne w Zeala nd Tourism Resea rch Instit ute (NZTRI).

12 http://e n.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Mal dive s.

13 http://e n.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Mal dive s.

14 http://e n.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Mal dive s.

15 Unite d Nations Environme nt Prog ramme, 2005, Maldives, Post-Tsunami E nvironmental A ssessment

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS

HABITechno International Seminar

20

16 MTCA. (2007c). Maldive s Third Tourism Master Pla n 2007- 2011. Male', Maldive s: Minist ry of Tourism and Civil A viation.

17 MTCA. (2007c). Maldive s Third Tourism Master Pla n 2007- 2011. Male', Maldive s: Minist ry of Tourism and Civil A viation.

18 MTCA. (2007c). Maldive s Third Tourism Master Pla n 2007- 2011. Male', Maldive s: Minist ry of Tourism and Civil A viation.

19 Brow n, K., Turner, R.K., Hameed, H., Bateman, I., Tourism and Sustainability in Env ironme ntall y Fra gile A reas: Case Studie s from the Mal dive s a nd Nepa l, CSERGE Working Pape r GEC 95-30, http://w ww.cse rge.ac.uk/ sites/de fault/files/ gec_1995_ 30.pdf

20 Brow n, K., Turner, R.K., Hameed, H., Bateman, I., Tourism and Sustainability in Env ironme ntall y Fra gile A reas: Case Studie s from the Mal dive s a nd Nepa l, CSERGE Working Pape r GEC 95-30, http://w ww.cse rge.ac.uk/ sites/de fault/files/ gec_1995_ 30.pdf

21 Humphrey, E., (ed), (1963) The America n Peoples E ncyclope dia : A Comprehe nsive Re fere nce Work, Grol ier, London

22 Burns, L., Gre bler, L., (1977), The Housing Nat ions A naly sis a nd Pol icy in a Com parat ive Framework, Wiley , Michigan

23 Roaf, S., Fue ntes, M., Thomas, S., (2007), Ecohouse : A De sig n Guide, T hird edition, Architectura l Press, Elsev ier, Ne w York.

24 Roaf, S., Fue ntes, M., Thomas, S., (2007), Ecohouse : A De sig n Guide, T hird edition, Architectura l Press, Elsev ier, Ne w York.

25 http:// www. usg bc.org/

http://g ree nhomeguide.com/a ska pro/topic/12

26 Tanuwidjaja, G.,Widjaya, J.M.,(2010), Integrasi Tata R ua ng da n Tata Air unt uk Me ngurangi Ba njir di S ura baya, ut k Seminar Nasional Arsite ktur [ di] K ota: Hidup da n Berkehidupa n di Surabaya, U nive rsita s Kriste n Petra, Surabay a.

27 Tanuwidjaja, G., Malone-Lee, L.C. (2009), Applying Integrated Ecolo gi cal Planni ng and Ad aptive L and scape Evaluation To ol fo r Developi ng Countries i n the Framewo rk of S ustai nable Spati al Planni ng and Develo pme nt, Study Case Bi ntan Isl and, Indones ia, dalam Positioning Planning in the Gl obal Crise s Internationa l Seminar, Planning De pa rtment, School of Arc hitecture Pla nning and Policy Devel opme nt, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ba ndung.

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, Mustakim, Leonardo A.M. LO, Devi C. SILVANUS