FRAME OF THEORIES
Learning vocabulary is important because we are able to speak, write, and listen
nicely we have to know vocabulary first. A person said to ‘know ‘ a word if they
can recognize its meaning when they see it (Cameron, 2001: 75). It means that in
learning vocabulary we have to know the meaning of it and also understand and
knowing the meanings of words and therefore the purpose of a vocabulary test in
to find out whether the learners can match each word with a synonym, a
words it self and can use it in sentences. Wilkins (1972: 130) states that
in the target language from the meanings of their nearest ‘equivalent’ in the
mother tongue. It is also learning to make the most appropriate lexical choices for
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Surely, there are some words in a sentence and those collections of words
arranged in alphabetical order and explained. Those words could be Noun which
The sentence may be further divided according to the functions of each word
1. Noun
Example :
a. It is a magazine
b. There is an umbrella
2. Verb
Example :
3. Adjective
Example :
5. Adverb
another adverb.
Example :
6. Conjunction
another one.
Example :
7. Pronoun
Example :
b. He goes to office.
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8. Interjection
emotion.
Example :
(Frank, 1972: 1)
vocabulary like word family, word classes, synonyms, antonyms that can help
1. Word Family
word or root. In word family, we discuss about affixes. There are two affixes.
They are prefix and suffix. Here is the explanation and example both of them.
1.1 Prefix
meaning. The words of prefixes are un-, in-, dis-, mis-, re-, pre-, etc. the prefix un-
and in-, are the most common negative prefix which both mean not. Prefix mis-,
means wrong, pre-, means before, re-, means again, etc. the example words of
prefixes are :
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From the example, we can see both of them have similar meaning, but the
difference only in the “popular” word. In the first sentence, the popular word does
not use prefix but it used to be + Not to express negative meaning. While in the
second sentence, the popular word is added by prefix un-to express negative
1.2 Suffix
their part of speech. The words of suffix are -ment, -ion, -ness, -less, -er/-or, -ist,
etc. the suffix –ment, -er /-or, and –ist are changed verb form becomes noun. The
example is act (Verb) added suffix or becomes actor (Noun), etc. while the
suffixness is used to change adjective form becomes noun. The example is weak
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(Adj) added suffix ness becomes weakness (Noun). While the suffix less means
Art artist
Direct director
Use useless
Kind kindness
Agree agreement
From the example, we can see both of them have differences in the word
classes. In the first sentence, the word of play without added by suffix and the
word class is verb. It describes about what the noun does. While in the second
sentence, the word play is added by suffix –er. So, the word class changes from
in English sometimes have more that one meaning. So there are many words
although different but has similar meaning called synonyms. Beside similar,
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sometimes we must know the opposite meaning of the word called antonym. To
2.1 Synonyms
Synonyms are words that share a similar meaning. For example, old,
ancient, antique, elderly are all synonyms in that they share the common meaning
of not young /new. However, there the similarity ends. Synonyms are similar, but
seldom the same. Even between words that seem interchangeable, such as taxi and
cab or aubergine and eggplant, one will be preferred over the other in certain
For example :
Words Synonyms
Look See
Use Wear
Good Excellent
From the example, we can see that the uses of use, and wear, in the sentence
have same meaning or synonyms but it s used in different context. Use can be
used to describe for everything in general, while for wear is used to describe for
2.2 Antonym
Antonyms are words with the opposite meaning. For example like old and
new. It is called antonym, because the antonym of old is new. Like synonyms, the
relation between such opposite is not always black and white (to use two
old woman is a young woman, but opposite of an old record is a new record not a
young record. So, it can be assumed that both synonyms and antonyms have
For example :
Words Antonyms
Man woman
Old New
Young New
2. He is an old man.
From the examples, we can compare between first example and second
example. Although both of the sentences use old word but the antonym is
different. For the first example, the antonym of old is young because it describes
age. While for the second example, the opposite meaning of old is new because it
describe the condition of car. So, the writer can assumes that when we will use
both antonym and synonym, it must be appropriate with the context in a sentence
or text.
(1981: 149), there are some steps in teaching and developing vocabulary to
students :
blackboard.
2. Pronounce the world for the child, making sure that he or she looks at
3. Have the child pronounce the word, a gain making sure that the child
4. Explain the meaning of the word and present the word in written
sentence context :
c. Have the students identify the word, underlined the word and give
its meaning.
7. Present the word in isolation again, let the students pronounce it and
when guessing from context’s strategies fail. But, it can also be used productively,
both for generating text and as resources for vocabulary acquisition. Its usefulness
depends on learners being able to access the information they contain both
speedily and accurately. There are some key skills in using dictionary effectively :
etc.
translation equivalent that is offered is the best choice for the meaning
that is required.
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5. Inferring the spelling of an unfamiliar word from only having heard it,
appropriate with their age. According to Richard (1989: 177) for native speakers
development beyond the childhood years with adults constantly adding new words
to their vocabulary through reading, occupation, and other activities. The primary
approximately. According to Watts (1994) suggest that the average child enters
elementary school with a recognition vocabulary of 2.000 words, that at age 7 this
has reached some 7.000 words, so at age 14, the child should be able to recognize
14.000 words. According to Mackey (1965: 173) the vocabulary of adults has
been variously estimated at between 10.000 words for non-academic adult to over
some 60.000 to 100.000 words. Berry estimates that for spoken English the
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language that is taught in school, they have limited words or vocabulary that they
newspaper, and literary works in English can help learners to increase their
mastery in vocabulary.
concerned with learning to recognize the printed symbols, which present speech,
spoken rather than printed. According Widdowson (1985: 5) reading is the process
From the expert’s opinion above, the writer can assumes that reading is a
and printed out via print and it is a process to recognized the printed symbols to
the reader.
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news, up-date information that happens and worth knowledge by reading. Reading
books, newspaper, magazine, and literary works in English can help learners to
the process of getting linguistics information via print. Harirs and Sipay (1997: 7)
state that reading is mainly concerned with learning to recognized the printed
From the expert above, the writer can assumes that reading is process to
printed out via print and it is a process to recognized the printed symbols to the
reader.
getting information. There are two techniques in reading, they are scanning and
skimming.
1. Scanning
Scanning is technique used to look for specific information. Scanning is not fast
readers concentrate on horizontal distance between pauses, but when they scan
they also use the vertical extent. In scanning, the reader lets his eyes low down the
page, maybe following a set pattern, may be reading around word that catches his
eyes. The exact technique Scanning depends on the purpose. Scanning is used to
be used to review an article just read in order to mentally fix the important
preview an article.
2. Skimming
Skimming is used to quickly identify the main idea of the text. Skimming is done
at a speed three to four times faster than normal reading. People often skim when
There are many strategies that can be used when skimming. Some people
used strategy by reading the first and last paragraphs using heading, summarizes
and other organizer as they move down the page or screen. You also might read
relative positions of planets and signs of the zodiac at a specific time (as at one’s
birth) for use by astrologers in inferring individual character and personality traits
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and in for telling events of a person’s life. Horoscope the representation made of
the aspect of the heavens at the moment of person’s birth, by which the astrologer
professed to foretell the events of the person’s life; especially the sign of zodiac
good place to find idioms about moods and states, since the horoscope usually
tries to tell you how you are going to feel during the coming day, week, and
month.
moon, and planets, the astrological aspects, and sensitive angles at the time of an
astrology)
As a teacher will try find essential to develop systematic strategies for the
materials which have been issued trough the support system. The principles is
now widespread of enabling pupils to understand, teacher often present the pupils
with articles or text for stimulating in them greater interest in reading and improve
them in vocabulary. The Variety of subject, and many of them, consequently, lack
knowledge about or interest in Greek and Rome antiquity. But they all had an
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interest in concepts like ‘fate’ and ‘destiny’, because these imply questions which
effect the students’ own lives. Seem this background, a course in Greek and Rome
astrology is still around and constantly brought to our attention through horoscope
2005:22.http://www.jstor.Org/pss/3585558).
money, love and lucky based on individual’s birth itself. It’s mean horoscope used
about the current state of their future. And the function of horoscope itself in
communicate either in our country or foreign. But learning the language is not
easy . sometimes we get the difficulties in learning it, for example when we find
the new words, especially at the beginners level of non native speaker.
In this case, we need the media in learning, so that the learning process
occurred maximal. As Sadiman (2003: 6) states that media is all of the things
which could be used to convey the message from the sender to the receiver, so it
can stimulate the thinking, feeling, talent, and also the students’ attention in order
One media which used in teaching learning process is magazine that are a
great source of ideas and materials for teaching and keep your students interested
and talking for ours on a whole range of subjects. C’nS (Cool and Smart)
Magazine it is one media would be interested and feel easier directly In learning
for English learners in Indonesia between 15-22 years of age who want to
improve their English competence in a fun and entertaining way. Its objective is to
publish educational materials in the form of books, magazines, and journals both
for the use of participants of Yayasan LIA’s English language programs and for
monthly.
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2. Learners read the text again and are asked to attempt a rough summary
of its gist.
3. Ask learners to find all the examples of the lexical feature that is being
targeted.
4. Learners then work out the meanings of the phrases either from their
targeted words, and ask them to find the words in the text that match.
6. Ask learners to study the targeted items and analyze them in terms of
7. Provide the learners with the same texts, but with the targeted items
blanked out.
8. Ask learners to write their own texts, to include some of the items they
sign and the personality traits that are associated with these signs is great way to
quickly improve your vocabulary related to personality. In your English class you
can use them to find out about your students personalities while having fun with
the future