Thermal Energy Storage: The Report of a NATO Science Committee Conference Held at Turnberry, Scotland, 1st-5th March, 1976

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

The report of a NATO Science Committee Conference held at Tumberry, Scotland 1st-5th March, 1976

EUGENE G. KOVACH

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Other Pergamon Titles of Interest

Copyright

Science Committee Conference on Thermal Energy Storage

Preface

Introduction

Publisher Summary

Organization

Summary

Thermal Exergy and its Storage

Publisher Summary

WORKING GROUP A: HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

Publisher Summary

I Introduction

II Sensible heat storage

III Latent heat storage

IV Chemical Energy Storage

V Summary and Conclusions

Thermal Storage for Solar Applications

WORKING GROUP B: LOW TEMPERATURE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

Publisher Summary

I Introduction

II Small Scale TES

III Large–scale TES

IV General Recommendations

V Specific Recommendations

WORKING GROUP C: HEAT TRANSFER AND THERMAL ENERGY TRANSPORT

Publisher Summary

I Transferring Thermal Energy into and out of the Store

WORKING GROUP D: THE IMPACT OF TES ON ENERGY STRUCTURES

Publisher Summary

I Introduction

II Residential and Commercial Energy Structures

III Industrial Energy Structures

6 Institutional Barriers

IV Urban Energy Structures

V Thermal Energy Transport

VI Transportation Systems

VII TES within Electric Utilities

VIII Impact of TES on Electric Utilities

IX Summary Conclusions and Recommendations

Index

Other Pergamon Titles of Interest

Copyright

First edition 1976

Reprinted 1977, 1978 (twice)

Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 77 71233

Printed in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd., Guildford, Surrey

ISBN 0-08-021724-9

Science Committee Conference on Thermal Energy Storage

Participants

Chairman

Prof. N. Kurti, CBE, FRS,     Department of Engineering Science, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, England

R. Aureille, Mr.,     Electricité de France, 6 quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France

M.F. Barabas, Mr.,     Director, Research and Development Centre, Saskatchewan Power Corporation, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

L. Barbouteau, Mr.,     C.N.R.S., 15 quai Anatole France, 75700 Paris, France

G. Beckmann, Dr.,     Jacquingasse 55/10, A-1030 Wien, Austria

J. Bonnin, Mr.,     Electricité de France, 6 quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France

B. Bourgeois, Mr.,     Institut Economique et, Juridique de l’Energie, Equipe de Recherche No. 94, C.N.R.S., BP. 47 X, 38040 Grenoble Cédex, France

A. Bricard, Mr.,     C.E.N.G., B.P. 85, DTCE – STT, Centre de Tri, 38041 Grenoble, France

T.D. Brumleve, Mr.,     Solar Energy Technology Division, Sandia Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA

G.B. Delancey, Dr.,     Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N.J. 07030, USA

E.R.G. Eckert, Prof.,     University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical, Engineering, 125 Mechanical Engineering Building, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA

D.E. Elliott, Prof.,     Department of Mechanical, Engineering, University of Aston, Gosta Green, Birmingham B4 7ET, England

I. Fells, Prof.,     University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Department of Chemical Engineering, Merz Court, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, England

I. Glendenning, Mr.,     Marchwood Engineering Laboratories, Marchwood, Southampton, Hampshire SO4 4ZB, England

D.R. Glenn, Mr.,     General Electric Company, Valley Forge Space Center, P.O. Box 8555, Philadelphia, Penn. 19101, USA

D.N. Glew, Dr.,     Dow Chemical of Canada Ltd., Modeland Road, P.O. Box 1012, Sarnia, Ontario N7T 7K7, Canada

D. Golibersuch, Dr.,     General Electric Company, Research and Development Center, P.O. Box 8, Schenectady, N.Y. 12301, USA

T. Grjebine, Dr.,     Commissariat ´ l‘Energie Atomique, Direction des Productions, Boîte Postale No. 74, 92320 Chatillon, France

D.M. Gruen, Dr.,     Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA

E. Hanne, Prof. Dr.,     Lehrstuhl und Institut für, Wärmetechnik und technische, Thermodynamik, 7000 Stuttgart, 1 Seidenstr. 36, Germany

K. Hannes, Dr.,     STEAG-Anlagentechnik, 4300 Essen, In der Hagenbeck 64, Germany

G.F. Hewitt, Dr.,     Heat Transport and Fluid, Flow Service, Building 392, Atomic Energy Research Estab’t, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 ORO, England

J.W. Hodgins, Dr.,     Director of Research, Domtar Research Centre, Senneville, Quebec, Canada

H. Hörster, Dr.,     Philips Forschungslaboratorium, Aachen GmbH, D-51 Aachen, Weisshausstrasse, Germany

H.W. Hoffman, Dr.,     Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bldg. 9204 – 1, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA

F.C. Hooper, Prof.,     Mechanical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A4, Ontario, Canada

J.A. Knobbout, Mr.,     Centre for Energy Problems TNO, Postbus 342, Apeldoorn, Netherlands

J. Koefoed, Prof.,     Fysisk-Kemisk Institut, Technical University of Denmark, Building 206, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark

Ch. A. Kruissink, Dr.,     Centraal Laboratorium TNO, P.O. Box 217, Delft, Netherlands

G.A. Lane, Dr.,     The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, USA

W.R. Laws, Mr.,     Head, Plant & Energy Division, Corporate Engineering Laboratory, British Steel Corporation, 140 Battersea Park Road, London SW11 4LZ, England

P. Le Goff, Prof.,     E.N.S.I.C., 1 rue Grandville, 54042 Nancy Cédex, France

P.A. Lowe, Dr.,     Chief, Thermal Energy Storage, Branch, Energy Research and Development, Administration, Washington, D.C. 20545, USA

C.F. Meyer, Mr.,     General Electric – TEMPO, Center for Advanced Studies, P.O. Drawer QQ, Santa Barbara, California 93102, USA

W. Murgatroyd, Prof.,     Department of Mechanical, Engineering, Imperial College, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2BX, England

J. Pauls, Mr.,     Forschungsinstitut für Energietechnik, 7441 Wolfschlugen, Hauffstr. 14, Germany

J.L. Peube, Prof.,     Laboratoire d’Etudes, Aérodynamique et Thermiques, C.N.R.S., 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cédex, France

J. Pouget, Mr.,     Direction des Etudies et Recherches, Electricité de France, 6 quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France

B. Qvale, Prof.,     Laboratory for Energetics, Building 403, The Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark

R.F.S. Robertson, Dr.,     Whiteshell Nuclear Research, Establishment, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Pinawa, Manitoba ROE 1LO, Canada

J.K. Royle, Prof.,     University of Sheffield, Department of Mechanical, Engineering, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, England

H. Sandner, Dr.,     Lehrstuhl A für Thermodynamik, Techn. Universität München, 8000 München 2, Arcisstrasse 21, Germany

T.R. Schneider, Dr.,     Public Service Electric and Gas Company, Research and Development Dept., Room 12329, 80 Park Place, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA

G. Schöll, Prof. Dr.,     Forschungsinstitut für Energietechnik, 7441 Wolfschlugen, Hauffstr. 14, Germany

J. Schroeder, Dr.,     Philips Forschungslaboratorium, Aachen GmbH, D-51 Aachen, Weisshausstrasse, Germany

J.B. Siviour, Dr.,     Electricity Council Research Centr., Capenhurst, Chester CH1 6ES, England

T. Stephens, Mr.,     M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory, Box 73, Mail Stop D-382, Lexington, Mass 02173, USA

D.G. Stephenson, Dr.,     Building Services, Division of Building Research, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

R.K. Swartman, Prof.,     Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada

R.T. Tamblyn, Mr.,     Engineering Interface Ltd., 1200 Sheppard Avenue East, Willowdale (Toronto), Canada M2K 2R8

M. Telkes, Dr.,     Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA

T. Thalhammer, Mr.,     Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, Netherlands

C.W. J. Van Koppen, Prof.,     Gebouw W & S 4.06, Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven, Postbus 513, Eindhoven, Netherlands

J.E.I. Wilson, Mr.,     Energy and Environmental, Studies Department, Ontario Hydro, 700 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X6, Canada

S.J. Wozniak, Dr.,     Building Research Establishment, Building Research Station, Garston, Watford WD2 7JR, England

Observers

A.C. Gringarten, Dr.,     Ingénieur du Bureau de Recherches, Géologiques et Miniéres, Service Géologique National, 45 018 Orleans Cédex, France

F. Scholz, Dipl. Ing.,     Institut für Reaktorbauelemente, der Kernforschungsanlage, Jülich GmbH, D-517 Jülich 1, Postfach 1913, Germany

E.G. Kovach, Dr.,     Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Scientific Affairs, NATO, 1110 Brussels, Belgium

E.I. Austin,     Scientific Affairs Division, NATO, 1110 Brussels, Belgium

E.M. Speirs,     Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire HP17 9PX, England

Preface

This Conference on Thermal Energy Storage was held under the auspices of the NATO Science Committee as part of its continuing effort to promote the advancement of science through international cooperation.

The Science Committee Conferences deal with timely and important subjects, sufficiently limited to permit treatment in depth. They are deliberately planned and designed to focus attention on what is not known, rather than what is known. Participants are invited with the aim of assembling a variety of complementary viewpoints. Through intensive group discussion they seek a consensus on assessments of past, and recommendations for future research which will be of value to the scientific community. The subjects treated have been as disparate as science itself—e.g. computer software, catalysis, oceanography and eco-toxicology.

This is the second time the Science Committee has given this kind of attention to energy. It sponsored a Conference on Technology of Efficient Energy Utilization in October 1973—in retrospect a prophetic date since it coincided with the onset of the energy crisis which has brought about widespread preoccupation with all aspects of energy production, consumption and conservation. In reviewing current activities, the Committee singled out Thermal Energy Storage as a topic deserving of more attention than it had received to date. Storage measures