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    Nutritional Genetics Part 3: Diseases A
    Nutritional Genetics Part 3: Diseases A
    Nutritional Genetics Part 3: Diseases A
    Ebook174 pages1 hour

    Nutritional Genetics Part 3: Diseases A

    By Ronald Steriti

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    About this ebook

    Nutritional Genetics is a very brief review of nutrition and genetics with a summary the published research, primarily from PubMed.
    Part 1 is an introduction, beginning with DNA damage and repair, nutrigenomics, nutrigenetics and epigenetics, genetic testing. It also contains sections on vitamins and nutrients and metabolism. Part 2 describes nutritional genetics lab tests.
    Parts 3 to 6 have sections on diseases. Part 3 includes Eyes, Ears, Respiratory, Cardiology, and Vascular diseases. Part 4 includes Gastrointestinal, Liver and Gallbladder, Pancreas, Thyroid, Urology, Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Men. Part 5 includes Neurology, Dermatology and Immunology. Part 6 includes Musculoskeletal, Hematology, Oncology, Psychiatry and Miscellaneous.

    Nutritional Genetics 3 - Diseases A

    Eyes
    1. Cataracts
    2. Dry Eyes
    3. Glaucoma
    4. Macular Degeneration
    5. Retinitis pigmentosa
    6. Retinopathy

    Ears
    7. Hearing Loss
    8. Meniere’s Disease

    Respiratory
    9. Asthma
    10. Bronchitis
    11. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
    12. Cystic fibrosis
    13. Emphysema
    14. Sarcoidosis

    Cardiology
    15. Aneurysm
    16. Angina
    17. Atrial Fibrillation
    18. Cardiac Syndrome X
    19. Cardiomyopathy
    20. Coronary Artery Disease
    21. Hypertension
    22. Resistant Hypertension
    23. Myocardial Infarction
    24. Stroke
    25. Low HDL
    26. Homocysteine
    27. Hypertriglyceridemia

    Vascular
    28. Arteriosclerosis
    29. Atherosclerosis
    30. Deep Vein Thrombosis
    31. Intermittent Claudication
    32. Peripheral Arterial Disease
    33. Thrombophlebitis
    34. Varicose Veins

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherRonald Steriti
    Release dateJun 23, 2016
    ISBN9781311031648
    Nutritional Genetics Part 3: Diseases A
    Author

    Ronald Steriti

    Dr. Ronald Steriti is a graduate of Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine and currently is researcher for Jonathan V. Wright at the Tahoma Clinic.

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      Nutritional Genetics Part 3 - Ronald Steriti

      Chapter 1. Cataracts

      MTHFR (677CC/1298AA)

      Patients with nuclear (n = 77), cortical (n = 155), posterior subcapsular (n = 119), and mixed (n = 151) cataract, and 187 controls were analyzed for the MTHFR 677C-->T and 1298A-->C polymorphisms. The wild-type MTHFR 677CC/1298AA genotype was strongly overrepresented among cataract cases (P = .003). This effect was most pronounced in the mixed cataract group (P < .001). (Zetterberg et al., 2005)

      Glutathione S-Transferase (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1)

      Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) gene polymorphisms were genotyped in 422 Han Chinese patients with age-related cortical cataract, and in 312 age, sex, and ethnically matched healthy controls. the GSTM1 positive genotype had an increased risk of developing cortical ARC (p=0.0002, OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.34). There was a statistically significant association between the GSTM1 positive genotype and the risk of cataract development in both female and male groups (p=0.026, OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.36; p=0. 002, OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.04, respectively). A combination of GSTM1 positive and GSTT1 null genotypes was associated with the risk of developing age-related cortical cataract (p=0.002, OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.33 to 3.60). The results revealed that the GSTM1 positive genotype was significantly higher in the smoker patients group as compared to the non-smoker patients group (p=0. 016, OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.39). Logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking may be a risk factor for the development of ARC (r=0.120, p=0.013). (Jiang et al., 2012)

      In 455 patients with ARCs (108 with nuclear (NC), 105 with cortical (CC), 96 with posterior subcapsular, (PSC) and 146 with mixed type (MT)) and 205 age and sex matched controls. The frequency of GSTM1 positive individuals was significantly higher in MT cataracts followed by NC, CC and PSC types with corresponding decrease in the GSTM1 null genotypes as compared to controls. (Sireesha et al., 2012)

      Eleven studies on GSTM1 (1871 cases and 1267 controls) and five studies on GSTT1 (1180 cases, 706 controls) were included in a meta-analysis. Overall analysis showed that the association between GSTM1 null genotype and risk for senile cataract is not statistically significant (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.99-1.94; P = 0.054) and that the association between GSTT1 null genotype and risk for senile cataract is not significant (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.87-1.36; P = 0.454). Subgroup analysis showed that the association between GSTM1 null genotype and risk for senile cataract is statistically significant in Asians (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.03-2.67; P = 0.039) but not in Caucasians (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.74-1.96; P = 0.443). Similar results were observed for the association between GSTT1 null genotype and risk for senile cataract. (Sun et al., 2010)

      Superoxide (SOD)

      A study included 415 cataract patients (121 patients with cortical, 109 with nuclear, 59 with posterior subcapsular, and 126 with mixed type) and 386 healthy control group of similar age. SOD1 G/G genotype frequency was significantly higher in cataract patients (p=0.012, OR=1.642, 95% CI=1.129-2.389). SOD1 A/A genotypes (p=0.001, OR=0.613, 95% CI=0.461-0.817) seem to have a protective role against cataract, and the G allele (p=0.001, OR=1.479, 95% CI=1.208-1.810) plays a dangeous effect against in the development of cataract. In CAT-21A/T and GPX1-198C/T polymorphisms, there were no significant differences in the variant homozygous frequencies in patients compared to controls (p=0.226, OR=1.358, 95% CI=0.839-2.199; p=0.521, OR=1.205, 95% CI=0.726-2.001, respectively). Stratification by the subtypes revealed that association between SOD polymorphism and cataract was in cortical and mixed type cataract. The genotype frequency of the GG and AA of SOD1-251A/G was significantly different in cortical and mixed type cataract group (p=0.031; OR: 1.805, 95% CI: 1.076-3.026; p=0.002; OR: 2.229, 95% CI: 1.364-3.645; p=0.026; OR: 0.608, 95% CI: 0.396-0.933; p=0.001; OR: 0.474, 95% CI: 0.305-0.734, respectively) compared to healthy controls. Results suggest that the G/G genotype of the SOD1-251A/G polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk of cataract. However, in CAT-21A/T and GPX1-198C/T polymorphisms, there were no significant differences in the variant homozygous frequencies in patients compared to controls. (Zhang et al., 2011)

      References

      Jiang, Z., et al. (2012), ‘Glutathione S-transferases polymorphisms confer susceptibility to senile cortical cataract in the Han Chinese population’, Mol Vis, 18 1247-52. PubMedID: 22665971

      Sireesha, R., et al. (2012), ‘Total activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes conferring risk for the development of age related cataracts’, Exp Eye Res, 98 67-74. PubMedID: 22446016

      Sun, L., et al. (2010), ‘Association of glutathione S-transferases polymorphisms (GSTM1 and GSTT1) with senile cataract: a meta-analysis’, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 51 (12), 6381-86. PubMedID: 20574021

      Zetterberg, M., et al. (2005), ‘Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genetic polymorphisms in patients with cataract’, Am J Ophthalmol, 140 (5), 932-34. PubMedID: 16310481

      Zhang, Y., et al. (2011), ‘Genetic polymorphisms of superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in age-related cataract’, Mol Vis, 17 2325-32. PubMedID: 21921984

      Chapter 2. Dry Eyes

      Interleukin-1β (rs1143634) and Interleukin-6 (rs8192284)

      Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of unrelated non-Sjogren dry eye patients and healthy control individuals who visited the Eye Center and Health Promotion Center of St. Mary's Hospital in Seoul, Korea. Among the polymorphisms, rs1143634 (F105F) in exon 5 of IL1B was significantly different between the patient and control groups. The frequency of the C/T genotype in dry eye patients was decreased relative to that of the control subjects (10.4% versus 3.9%, p=0.043, OR=3.337). For the IL6R gene, the genotypic and allelic distribution of rs8192284 was different between the dry eye patients and the controls: CC genotype (p=0.017, OR=2.12) and C allele (OR=1.26). This is the first report of genetic variation screening of proinflammatory cytokine genes in Korean non-Sjogren dry eye patients. It is suggested that rs1143634 of IL1B and rs8192284 of IL6R act as susceptibility variations in Korean non-Sjogren dry eye patients. (Na et al., 2011)

      References

      Na, K. S., et al. (2011), ‘Proinflammatory gene polymorphisms are potentially associated with Korean non-Sjogren dry eye patients’, Mol Vis, 17 2818-23. PubMedID: 22128229

      Chapter 3. Glaucoma

      MTHFR (C677T, A1298C)

      A recent meta-analysis found significant associations between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and POAG in allelic model and additive model for PB subgroup which indicated that the T allele or TT genotype might increase the risk of POAG. (Huo et al., 2013)

      A prospective study consisted of 150 patients (90 POAG and 60 PCAG) and 70 control subjects. The prevalence of the MTHFR C/T genotype was 22.2% in POAG, 13.3% in PACG, and 18.6% in controls whereas the MTHFR T/T genotype was present solely in the PACG group (6.9%). The difference regarding the T/T genotype between PACG and controls was statistically significant (p<0.01). The MTHFR C677T polymorphism was found to be associated with PCAG but not POAG in patients of Pakistani origin. (Michael et al., 2008)

      A study included a total of 295 patients (173 POAG, 122 PCAG) and 143 age- and sex-matched controls. The overall distribution of the C677T genotype was found to be significantly associated with PCAG (CC 69%, CT 21%, TT 10%; p=0.001, chi(2)=12.6), but not with POAG (CC 71%, CT 28%, TT 1%; p=0.98, chi(2)=0.02) as compared to the controls (CC 71%, CT 29%, TT 1%). Correlation with the high serum tHcy levels were seen in these patients. (Micheal et al., 2009)

      Apolipoprotein E (APOE4)

      Apolipoprotein E genotype was examined in a Tasmanian population sample comprised of glaucoma sufferers with elevated or normal intraocular pressure and compared to a control sample of elderly Tasmanians without glaucoma. Approximately twice as many normal tension (38.0%) and high tension (34.2%) glaucoma cases possessed an epsilon4 allele compared to control cases (18.9%). The odds of epsilon4 carriers having normal tension glaucoma were significantly greater than for epsilon3 homozygotes (odds ratio 2.45, 95% confidence interval [1.02-5.91]) even after adjusting for age and gender (odd ratio 2.87 [1.02-8.05]). The increased odds of high tension glaucoma among [epsilon]4 allele carriers were not significant (adjusted odds ratio 1.53 [0.64-3.68]). The data indicate that, in the Tasmanian population, inheritance of the [epsilon]4 allele is associated with elevated risk for glaucomatous changes that are not related to increased intraocular pressure. (Vickers et al., 2002)

      Glutathione S-Transferase (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1)

      Twelve studies on GSTM1 (1109 cases and 844 controls), ten studies on GSTT1 (709 cases and 664 controls) and four studies on GSTP1 (543 cases and 511 controls) were included. By pooling all the studies, either GSTM1 or GSTT1 null polymorphism was not associated with a POAG risk, and this negative association maintained in Caucasian. The GSTP1 Ile 105 Val polymorphism was significantly correlated with increased POAG risk among Caucasian in a recessive model (Val/Val vs. Ile/Ile+Ile/Val: OR, 1.62, 95%CI: 1.00-2.61). Interestingly, increased glaucoma risk was associated with the combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.47-3.31), and with the combined GSTM1 null and GSTP1 Val genotypes (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.15-3.01). This meta-analysis suggests that combinations of GST polymorphisms are associated with glaucoma risk. (Yu et al., 2013)

      Eleven studies on GSTM1 (1339 cases and 1412 controls) and seven studies on GSTT1 (958 cases, 1003 controls) were included. Overall analysis showed that the association between GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype and POAG risk is not

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