Jeweled Bearings for Watches - A Full and Complete Description of the Manufacture, Gauging and Setting of Jeweled Bearings in Timekeeping Instruments
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Jeweled Bearings for Watches - A Full and Complete Description of the Manufacture, Gauging and Setting of Jeweled Bearings in Timekeeping Instruments - Charles T. Higginbotham
JEWELED BEARINGS FOR WATCHES.
There has been no single improvement in watch manufacturing of so great a value to time keeping as the jeweled bearing, which has universally superceded the brass and gold plugs, or bushings which were formerly’ used and which were found very unsatisfactory because of friction, wear and corrosion. The honor of being the first to use gems—jeweled bearings—for watches is due to an Italian, Nicholas Facio, who after prolonged experiments and repeated failures finally succeeded, about the year 1723, in successfully applying them to watches, although the reader must not imagine that they bore any similarity to the watch jewel of today other than that the material was the same.
Instead of a hole piercing the jewel there was ground in one face a V-shaped depression (See Fig. 1) which made it extremely difficult to finish because of the tendency to form a tit at the bottom of the depression during the operation; furthermore such a shape was only suitable for V-shaped pivots such as are now found only in cheap clock movements. Nor must the reader imagine that the art of cutting precious stones was previously unknown, nor that up to the time of Facio, jewels had not been drilled, for such was not the case. Cutting gems had been extensively done and there is a record of a Roman architect, Vitruvius, who about the year 250 B. C. constructed a clepsydra in which was used a drilled jewel for the opening through which water, by which it was actuated, found egress.
Although the Swiss were quick to realize the advantages to be secured by jewelled bearings and began experimenting on their manufacture, the difficulty of making and polishing a V-shaped depression without leaving, either a tit, or a flat bottom was very great, in fact practically insurmountable, so that not until about a century later did jewels for watches come into general use, and even then, only for the balance and escapement pivots. By this time the pierced jewel had superceded the V cup. The process of drilling and shaping such minute openings as are required for watch pivots was entirely new and was fraught with many difficulties. These difficulties required a long time to overcome, so that as late as the present century many great improvements in the method of manufacture have been