Abnormal Psychology

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Learning System

Chapter 1. Looking at Abnormality

Chapter 2. Theories and Treatment of Abnormality

Chapter 3. Assessing and Diagnosing Abnormality

Chapter 4. The Research Endeavor

Chapter 5. Trauma, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorders

Chapter 6. Somatic Symptom and Dissociative Disorders

Chapter 7. Mood Disorders and Suicide

Chapter 8. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Chapter 9. Personality Disorders

Chapter 10. Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders

Chapter 11. Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders

Chapter 12. Eating Disorders

Chapter 13. Sexual Disorders

Chapter 14. Substance Use and Gambling Disorders

Chapter 15. Health Psychology

Chapter 16. Mental Health and the Law

Other Facts101 Titles

Title

Textbook Outlines, Highlights, and Practice Quizzes

Abnormal Psychology

by Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, 6th Edition

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1. Looking at Abnormality

Abnormality, in the vivid sense of something deviating from the normal or differing from the typical (such as an aberration), is a subjectively defined behavioral characteristic, assigned to those with rare or dysfunctional conditions. Defining who is normal or abnormal is a contentious issue in abnormal psychology.

Kay Redfield Jamison is an American clinical psychologist and writer whose work has centered on bipolar disorder which she has suffered from since her early adulthood. She is Professor of Psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and is an Honorary Professor of English at the University of St Andrews.

The word psychopathology has different meanings. One of them is the study of mental disorder, mental distress, and abnormal/maladaptive behavior. In this context the term is most commonly used within psychiatry where pathology refers to disease processes.

Slavery is a system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation. Historically, slavery was institutionally recognized by many societies; in more recent times, slavery has been outlawed in most societies but continues through the practices of debt bondage, indentured servitude, serfdom, domestic servants kept in captivity, certain adoptions in which children are forced to work as slaves, child soldiers, and forced marriage.

Dahmer is a 2002 American biopic about the American serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer. Jeremy Renner stars in the title role.

There are two timelines in the film: The 'present' of the film runs in ordinary chronological order covering the period of one-to-two days; the flashbacks go in reverse order, so that Dahmer is seen as successively younger until the movie arrives at his first murder and its aftermath.

Compare moral relativism, aesthetic relativism, social constructionism, and cognitive relativism.

Cultural relativism is a principle that was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: '...civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes.' However, Boas did not coin the term.

The first use of the term recorded in the Dictionary was by philosopher and social theorist Alain Locke in 1924 to describe Robert Lowie's 'extreme cultural relativism', found in the latter's 1917 book Culture and Ethnology.

A lesbian is a female who expresses romantic or sexual attraction to other females, whether primarily or exclusively, or a female who self-identifies as lesbian. The term is also used as a noun, to refer to girls or women who are characterized by others as having the primary attribute of female homosexuality, or as an adjective, to describe characteristics of an object or activity related to female same-sex attraction.

The concept of 'lesbian,' to differentiate women with a shared sexual orientation, is a 20th-century construct.

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of well-being. Depressed people may feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, worried, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, hurt, or restless. They may lose interest in activities that once were pleasurable, experience loss of appetite or overeating, have problems concentrating, remembering details, or making decisions, and may contemplate or attempt suicide.

Psychosurgery, also called neurosurgery for mental disorder, is the neurosurgical treatment of mental disorder. Psychosurgery has always been a controversial medical field. The modern history of psychosurgery begins in the 1880s under the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt.

Hysteria, in its colloquial use, describes unmanageable emotional excesses. People who are 'hysterical' often lose self-control due to an overwhelming fear that may be caused by events in one's past that involved some sort of severe conflict. The fear can be centered on a body part, or most commonly, on an imagined problem with that body part.

Deception, beguilement, deceit, bluff, mystification and subterfuge are acts to propagate beliefs that are not true, or not the whole truth . Deception can involve dissimulation, propaganda, and sleight of hand, as well as distraction, camouflage, or concealment. There is also self-deception, as in bad faith.

Tarantism is an alleged, possibly deadly envenomation, popularly believed to result from the bite of a kind of wolf spider called a 'tarantula' . (These spiders are different from the broad class of spiders called 'Tarantulas'). Later through extensive research it was shown to be caused by the bite of Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, commonly known as the Mediterranean black widow or steppe spider.

In psychology, a rush is an acute transcendent state of euphoria. Psychoactive drugs which enhance dopaminergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS) are commonly capable of such an event.

These drugs include opiates and opioids, such as heroin and morphine, and psychostimulants, such as methamphetamine and cocaine.

Moral treatment was an approach to mental disorder based on humane psychosocial care or moral discipline that emerged in the 18th century and came to the fore for much of the 19th century, deriving partly from psychiatry or psychology and partly from religious or moral concerns. The movement is particularly associated with reform and development of the asylum system in Western Europe at that time. It fell into decline as a distinct method by the 20th century, however, due to overcrowding and misuse of asylums and the predominance of biomedical methods.

Hypnosis has been defined as '...a special psychological state with certain physiological attributes, resembling sleep only superficially and marked by a functioning of the individual at a level of awareness other than the ordinary conscious state.' This definition captures our common understanding of hypnosis; however, research has not only revealed that hypnosis is a much more complicated thing, but it has also given rise to a number of definitions. One suggestion is that hypnosis is a mental state, while another links it to imaginative role-enactment.

Persons under hypnosis are said to have heightened focus and concentration with the ability to concentrate intensely on a specific thought or memory, while blocking out sources of distraction.

Psychoanalytic theory refers to the definition of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that underlie and guide the psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy, called psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work. Psychoanalytic theory came to full prominence in the last third of the twentieth century as part of the flow of critical discourse regarding psychological treatments after the 1960s, long after Freud's death in 1939, and its validity is now widely disputed or rejected.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The primary route of transmission is through sexual contact; it may also be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy or at birth, resulting in congenital syphilis. Other human diseases caused by related Treponema pallidum include yaws (subspecies pertenue), pinta (subspecies carateum), and bejel (subspecies endemicum).

Catharsis is the purification and purgation of emotions--especially pity and fear--through art or to any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration. It is a metaphor originally used by Aristotle in the Poetics to describe the effects of tragedy on the spectator.

Psychoanalysis is a set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques, originally popularised by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and stemming partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Since then, psychoanalysis has expanded and been revised, reformed and developed in different directions. This was initially by Freud's colleagues and students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung who went on to develop their own ideas independently from Freud.

Coca is any of the four cultivated plants which belong to the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America. The plant is a cash crop in Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru. It also plays a role in many