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    Artificial Neural Networks for Engineering Applications
    Artificial Neural Networks for Engineering Applications
    Artificial Neural Networks for Engineering Applications
    Ebook508 pages9 hours

    Artificial Neural Networks for Engineering Applications

    By Alma Y Alanis, Nancy Arana-Daniel and Carlos Lopez-Franco

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    About this ebook

    Artificial Neural Networks for Engineering Applications presents current trends for the solution of complex engineering problems that cannot be solved through conventional methods. The proposed methodologies can be applied to modeling, pattern recognition, classification, forecasting, estimation, and more. Readers will find different methodologies to solve various problems, including complex nonlinear systems, cellular computational networks, waste water treatment, attack detection on cyber-physical systems, control of UAVs, biomechanical and biomedical systems, time series forecasting, biofuels, and more. Besides the real-time implementations, the book contains all the theory required to use the proposed methodologies for different applications.

    • Presents the current trends for the solution of complex engineering problems that cannot be solved through conventional methods
    • Includes real-life scenarios where a wide range of artificial neural network architectures can be used to solve the problems encountered in engineering
    • Contains all the theory required to use the proposed methodologies for different applications
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAcademic Press
    Release dateFeb 7, 2019
    ISBN9780128182482
    Artificial Neural Networks for Engineering Applications

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      Book preview

      Artificial Neural Networks for Engineering Applications - Alma Y Alanis

      Gomez.

      Chapter 1

      Hierarchical Dynamic Neural Networks for Cascade System Modeling With Application to Wastewater Treatment

      Wen Yu, DSc; Daniel Carrillo, DSc

      Abstract

      Many cascade processes, such as wastewater treatment, include complex nonlinear subsystems and many variables. The normal input–output relation only represents the first block and the last block of the cascade process.

      In order to model the whole process, we use hierarchical dynamic neural networks to identify the cascade process. The internal variables of the cascade process are estimated. Two stable learning algorithms and theoretical analysis are given. Real operational data of a wastewater treatment plant are applied to illustrate this new neural modeling approach.

      Keywords

      Hierarchical neural networks; Cascade system; Wastewater treatment

      1.1 Introduction

      The input–output relation within a cascade process is very complex. It usually can be described by several nonlinear subsystems, as is for example the case with the cascade process of wastewater treatment. Obviously, the first block and the last block cannot represent the whole process. Hierarchical models can be used to model this problem. When the cascade process is unknown, only the input and output data are available. Black-box modeling techniques are needed. Also, the internal variables of the cascade process need to be estimated.

      There are three different approaches that can be used to model a cascade process. If the input/output data in each subblock are available, each model is identified independently. If the internal variables are not measurable, a general method is to regard the whole process as one block and to use one model to identify it [6,3,19]. Another method is to use hierarchical models to identify cascade processes. Advantages of this approach are that the cascade information is used for identification and that the internal variable can be estimated. In [2], discrete-time feedforward neural networks are applied to approximate the uncertainty parts of the cascade system.

      Neural networks can approximate any nonlinear function to any prescribed accuracy provided a sufficient number of hidden neurons can be incorporated. Hierarchical neural models consisting of a number of low-dimensional neural systems have been presented by [9] and [11] in order to avoid the dimension explosion problem. The main applications of hierarchical models are fuzzy systems, because rule explosion problem can be avoided in hierarchical systems [9], for example, in hierarchical fuzzy neural network [17], hierarchical fuzzy systems [12], and hierarchical fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) networks [15]. Sensitivity analysis of the hierarchical fuzzy model was given in [12]. A statistical learning method was employed to construct hierarchical models in [3]. Based on Kolmogorov's theorem, [18] showed that any continuous function can be represented as a superposition of functions with the natural hierarchical structure. In [16], fuzzy CMAC networks are formed into a hierarchical structure.

      The normal training method of hierarchical neural systems is still gradient descent. The key for the training of hierarchical neural models is to get an explicit expression of each internal error. Normal identification algorithms (gradient descent, least square, etc.) are stable under ideal conditions. They might become unstable in the presence of unmodeled dynamics. The Lyapunov approach can be used directly to obtain robust training algorithms of continuous-time and discrete-time neural networks. By using passivity theory, [5], [8], and [14] successfully proved that gradient descent algorithms of continuous-time dynamic neural networks were stable and robust to any bounded

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