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    English History: A Concise Overview of the History of England from Start to End
    English History: A Concise Overview of the History of England from Start to End
    English History: A Concise Overview of the History of England from Start to End
    Ebook156 pages2 hours

    English History: A Concise Overview of the History of England from Start to End

    By Eric Brown

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    Explore the History of England From Start to End...


    Are you fascinated by English history?


    Are you studying for an exam or just have a passing interest in the subject?


    This book is a must read for anyone who wants to know a bit more!


    England is a fascinating and intriguing country. From its pre Christian roots, through Roman occupation, Viking invaders, the Norman Conquest and the building of the largest empire the world has known, this small country has punched well above its weight on the world stage.


    Now, in this absorbing book, English History: A Concise Overview of the History of England from Start to End, you can learn much more about the country, its people and their rich history, including:



    The Medieval age
    The Reformation
    Kings and queens
    Renaissance period
    Civil wars
    The British Empire
    World Wars
    And much more…
     


    From humble beginnings of nomadic tribes, through to an empire that reached across the globe, England has stood and prevailed against every threat it ever faced and still commands respect even today....


    If you want to delve deeper into its past and how it came to occupy its place in history, get a copy of English History and immerse yourself in the past of this fascinating country...

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherMark Williams
    Release dateMay 13, 2019
    Author

    Eric Brown

    Twice winner of the British Science Fiction Award, Eric Brown is the author of more than twenty SF novels and several short story collections. His debut crime novel, Murder by the Book, was published in 2013. Born in Haworth, West Yorkshire, he now lives in Scotland.

    Read more from Eric Brown

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      Book preview

      English History - Eric Brown

      Conclusion

      Introduction

      The history of England is just as interesting as its land and people. It's a long and winding summary of accounts relating to its centuries of struggle, turmoil, upheavals, and scandals. Although to an outsider, it's interesting to note that England's history was formed by a violent autocratic powerplay among long lines of dynasties and anarchy exhibiting their greed for power and bloodshed, still everything had helped formed what England is today.

      Even what seems to be an unending battle of wills between the state and religion is another factor that's noteworthy along with the long lists of women who played significant roles in major events which had contributed much to the development of its culture.

      The history of England, just like the history of any nations revealed to us the constant fight for supremacy among those in power which had not only sacrificed so many lives - especially of people born with less luck if not the lack of it.

      It's sad to note that the authority given unto these people along with many lives that were put into their hands were exploited and rummaged while they go after their own personal whims and schemes. As history unfurls itself before our eyes, it showed us that even religion was only a tool for those who seek for power but was not lucky enough to take the throne. There's really no difference between these two superpowers. In fact, they share the same goal which is to rule the world at the expense of the land and people.

      Regardless of the countless bloodsheds and sacrifices of many who were regarded as a pawn in their persistent powerplay, the constant struggle always leads to a change and it's this changes which brought humanity to where it is now.

      Despite the many losses in the past, England remained to be a symbol of power and wealth. Even as England has become more diverse culturally, it continues to exert a strong cultural influence on the rest of the countries all over the world. English literature, arts, and culture are still enjoying a wide audience overseas, and the English language remains to be the preferred medium of communication in many parts of the globe especially in the world of business.

      Chapter 1: Prehistory and Antiquity

      The English prehistory includes massive spans of time, so archeologists at that time divide history into three major periods.

      Stone Age

      Bronze Age

      Iron Age

      Each of these periods was further subdivided. Take for example the Stone Age which was further subdivided into:

      Paleolithic (Old)

      Mesolithic (Middle)

      Neolithic (New Stone Age)

      Archeological findings and the use of cutting-edge technologies including DNA, Isotopic, and chemical analyses along with the new ways of interpreting carbon dating all helped in overturning old certainties while challenging long-held ideas and raising new questions about the fascinating pre-historical events in the history of England.

      The Early Dwellers

      The Ice Age

      Some archeologists working in an area near Happisburgh in Norfolk were able to uncover flint tools dating back to about 900,000 years ago. These tools were used by hominoids who would periodically visit Britain during warmer eras between Ice Ages. At this time, Britain wasn’t even an island but a peninsula of the Continent of Europe.

      So far, the oldest human remain found in England dated back to 500,000 years ago of a six-foot-tall species of Homo Heidelbergensis. Based on archeological studies, the Neanderthals who were shorter and stockier visited Britain between 30,000-35,000 years ago. Following them were the direct ancestors of the modern human race.

      The people during the Ice Age created the earliest known cave art in England about 13,000 years ago at Creswell Crags in Derbyshire.

      The Stone Age

      Hunters and Gatherers (9500-4000 B.C.)

      As the climate improved at the end of the Ice Age, people in Britain were preoccupied with hunting and gathering of food. Although these people were generally nomadic, recent discoveries showed that some had settled lifestyle. Around 6500 B.C., the rising water level had buried the land bridge connecting to Europe leaving behind Britain as an island.

      Over a thousand years ago, the first group of people that settled in England were from Europe. They were Stone Age hunters living all over Europe and the British Isles. It was around 2400 BC when a group of farmers arrived in England from Southern Europe. These people built the mysterious stone monuments including the Stonehenge.

      In about 1700 B. C., another group of invaders came. These people were taller and stronger. They came from Germany and Holland and were using metal tools. Like all the settlers who came before them, they mixed and married with the natives.

      First Farmers (4000 B. C.)

      Farming was first introduced in England around 4000 B. C. by people from Europe who traveled by boat. They planted barley, wheat, and pulses, but people at that time still relied mainly on wild food and resources. Because Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people were used to hunting, instead of settling in one place, they moved around within territories. Such territories were focused on communal monuments. Some of these were gathering places while others were burial sites.

      Sacred Landscapes (3500-2300)

      During the Middle up to the late Neolithic era, there were new types of monuments which appeared including timber circles like Woodhenge at about 2300 B. C. Stone circles like Castlerigg in Cumbria appeared at around 3000 B. C. There were also earthwork henges like the Knowlton in Dorset. Sometimes, henges and circles are combined such as those stone circles at Avebury and Stone henge which were both estimated to be built about 2500 B. C.

      In some other places, there are several types of monuments that were built in the same area over long periods like those sacred landscapes at Avery, Stonehenge, and Marden Henge. It is somewhere during this time when flint tools and weapons were first discovered at Grime's Graves in Norfolk.

      Bronze Age

      The first metal and jewelry reached Britain along with the new kind of pottery known as Beaker. When people died in the early days, these objects were buried along with them. Initially, metals used were made of copper but later - about 2200 B.C. bronze was introduced.

      Iron Age

      From the early - middle Iron Age, people began to make tools and weapons out of iron in addition to building bigger and elaborated hillforts like the Old Oswestry in Shropshire and Maiden Castle in hillforts.  There were likewise many pieces of evidence recovered suggesting the dominance of a warrior aristocracy and emergence of tribal territories at that time.

      It was during the late Iron Age that tribal centers were created and emerged such as Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications, North Yorkshire and Lexden Earthworks, Essex. It was also during this period that they deal with the Romans, and this became the beginning of the famous entry in English history as a result of their contacts with the Greeks and Romans. Famous among these accounts were those of Julius Caesar who raided Britain in 55-54 B.C. Accounts during this period include chariot warfare and the Druids - who were religious leaders who were said to have worshipped in oak graves and performed sacrifices. After a hundred years from the time of Caesar’s raids, Emperor Claudius ordered for the invasion of the British territory.

      The first metal and jewelry reached Britain along with the new kind of pottery known as Beaker.  

      The Celts

      The Celts first step foot in England in about 800 B.C. They came from Germany and France. Another group of Celts who were fierce warriors came in the 4th century invading lands in the north of England and Ireland. They were the first group of the aristocracy to control a large part of Britain. They

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