Temukan book favorit Anda selanjutnya

Jadilah anggota hari ini dan baca gratis selama 30 hariMulai 30 hari gratis Anda

Informasi Buku

Jet Prototypes of World War II: Gloster, Heinkel, and Caproni Campini's wartime jet programmes

Oleh Tony Buttler dan Adam Tooby

Tindakan Buku

Mulai Membaca

Panjangnya: 138 halaman1 jam

Penerbit:: Bloomsbury Publishing
Dirilis:: Sep 19, 2019
ISBN:: 9781472835994
Format:: Buku

Deskripsi

While World War II raged, pioneering aircraft and engine designers were busy developing the world's first practical jet-powered research aircraft to test and prove the new technology. This book examines the aircraft that paved the way for Germany's Me 262 and Britain's Meteor - the world's first jet fighters.
Throughout the war, Germany, Italy and Britain engaged in top-secret jet programmes as they raced to develop the airpower of the future. Various experimental aircraft were trialled in order to achieve the goal of producing an effective engine and fighter that could harness the potential of the jet power. These included the German Heinkel He 178 research aircraft and Heinkel He 280 jet fighter prototype, the famed British E.28/39 research aircraft built by Gloster Aircraft as well as the stillborn E.5/42 fighter and E.1/44 Ace fighter prototype, and finally the remarkable Italian Caproni-Campini N.1/CC 2 research aircraft.
Illustrated throughout with full-colour artwork and rare photographs, this fascinating study examines the fore-runners to the military jet age.

Baca Selengkapnya

Tindakan Buku

Mulai Membaca

Informasi Buku

Jet Prototypes of World War II: Gloster, Heinkel, and Caproni Campini's wartime jet programmes

Oleh Tony Buttler dan Adam Tooby

Panjangnya: 138 halaman1 jam

Deskripsi

Baca Selengkapnya

Penerbit:: Bloomsbury Publishing
Dirilis:: Sep 19, 2019
ISBN:: 9781472835994
Format:: Buku

Tentang penulis

Tony Buttler

Tony Buttler joined High Duty Alloys in 1974 as a metallurgist and for nearly 20 years was involved in the testing of aluminum and titanium airframe and engine components. After leaving HDA, he earned his Masters degree in Archives and Library Studies at Loughborough University, and in 1996 began his career as an aviation historian. He has since written 30 books and numerous articles, and has become particularly well known for his work on prototypes and secret projects.

Penulis Terkait

Skip carousel

carousel previous carousel next

Terkait dengan Jet Prototypes of World War II

Kategori Terkait

Lewati carousel

Pratinjau Buku

Jet Prototypes of World War II - Tony Buttler

CHAPTER ONE

JET PROPULSION

During the six long years of World War II the major nations involved developed a string of outstanding piston-engined fighter aircraft. Production types like the late marks of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, North American P-51 Mustang and Supermarine Spitfire, plus various advanced prototypes flown towards the end of the conflict, represented a peak of development for piston-engined combat aircraft and their powerplants. Yet behind the scenes, even before war had broken out, programmes for more advanced forms of aircraft propulsion were underway in Britain, Germany and Italy. These would result in some fascinating prototypes and, although the approach taken by the latter nation would come to nothing, the development of the jet engine by the remaining two countries would lay the ground for all of the high performance military and civil aircraft produced since 1945.

The extraordinary Whittle Unit, which was successfully run on the bench for the first time on 12 April 1937. Although clearly not suitable for installation in an aeroplane, this engine provided Frank Whittle and his team with important knowledge and experience in jet operation prior to the construction of their first aero engine. (Author’s Collection)

GREAT BRITAIN

The story of the development of the jet engine in Great Britain is well known, having been covered in many books and articles. It was also a very political affair, but that side has been ignored in the brief account given here.

The jet was the brainchild of Frank Whittle. In fact, quite rightly, he is credited with single-handedly inventing the turbojet engine. Whittle worked on his early theories of jet propulsion during the first half of the 1930s while serving as an RAF officer, and he patented his engine design in 1930. Frenchman Maxime Guillaume had actually filed a patent to use an axial-flow gas turbine to power an aircraft as early as 1921, but at that time the state of the art in compressors and materials made such a concept impossible to bring to fruition.

Sir Frank Whittle photographed in 1949 in front of the de Havilland Comet, the world’s first commercial jet airliner. When Whittle initially formed his theories for jet propulsion he had civil aircraft in mind, not military types. He received his knighthood, and retired from the RAF, in 1948. (BAE Systems Heritage)

In 1936, and at this stage without any official (Ministry) backing, Whittle and two colleagues formed Power Jets Ltd at Rugby, in Warwickshire, in premises hired from the British Thomson-Houston Company (BTH). Despite a lack of finance, its first jet engine, the Whittle Unit (WU), was successfully run on the bench on 12 April 1937. However, the WU was rather large and in no way could be described as a ‘flyable’ engine, but its success did at last stimulate some official interest. As regards his RAF career, Whittle had now been put on the ‘Special Duty List’ because he was involved in research work.

In 1938 Power Jets moved to BTH’s nearby Ladywood foundry in Lutterworth, Leicestershire, and in 1939, now with an Air Ministry contract secured, the firm began the development of the W1 – the first Power Jets aero engine. By 1940 the firm was employing about 25 people, so this landmark effort was undertaken by a very small team. It was the W1 that powered the Gloster E.28/39 (the subject of Chapter Five) on its maiden flight in 1941.

An important decision made by Whittle was to keep his engine as simple as possible, in particular through the use of the centrifugal compressor arrangement with a single large aluminium impeller to compress the air before it passed through into the combustion chamber. The alternative was the axial arrangement in which the compressor had discs, with sets of small blades fitted around their circumference. This was the approach adopted by Germany and also pushed in Britain by specialists (specifically Dr A. A. Griffith) at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) at Farnborough, in Hampshire.

Two approaches to jet engine design. The first drawing shows an example of a centrifugal jet – in fact a de Havilland Ghost, a type which first ran in 1945. This had a single-sided impellor for its compressor, separate combustion chambers and a single-stage turbine. The second is an axial jet, in this particular case the small low-thrust Armstrong Siddeley Viper from the early 1950s. This featured a nine-stage compressor (nine discs, each with their own set of blades), an annular combustion chamber and a single-stage turbine. (Author’s Collection)

Another factor that helped Whittle was the availability of suitable metals capable of coping with the severe heat conditions and stresses found inside a jet engine. A company called High Duty Alloys based at Slough, in Berkshire, and Redditch, in Worcestershire, in collaboration with Rolls-Royce, produced special aluminium alloys under the trade name Hiduminium that possessed properties ideal for operation within a jet engine compressor. Furthermore, during 1940, Henry Wiggin of Hereford, in Herefordshire, developed the Nimonic family of nickel-based ‘superalloys’ that could retain their strength at the very high temperatures (to begin with around 800°C) produced within a jet’s turbine.

The creation of these metals gave Whittle a big advantage over his German counterparts who had no access to large supplies of nickel. Instead, they had to use stainless steel alloys in their jet turbines (Tinidur for example) that could not cope with the temperatures to which they were exposed. This in turn meant that these engines had to be overhauled after very short periods, at most after just 25 hours. Tinidur was also very difficult to work and it could not be welded.

A forged compressor impellor ready for final machining. When the engine was running this would rotate at high speed to compress the incoming air. This particular example was manufactured for the de Havilland H.1 Goblin engine. (Author’s Collection)

A bladed turbine disc – an axial compressor disc would look quite similar. The spinning blades fitted to the edge of the disc had aerofoil sections to help compress the air. Each disc and its blades were known as a ‘stage’. (Author’s Collection)

The Rover Car Company was given the task of putting the Whittle engine into production, but its relationship with Power Jets was never harmonious and in 1943 Whittle’s company began working instead with Rolls-Royce. The next Power Jets design was called the W2, and with Rolls-Royce’s help in development this became the RB.23 Welland that powered the earliest marks of the Gloster Meteor, Britain’s first jet fighter.

The existence of the jet engine was finally made public in newspaper reports published in January 1944. Two months later Power Jets was officially nationalised to become Power Jets (Research and Development) Ltd. Then in July 1946 the organization was merged with the gas turbine division of RAE Farnborough to form the National Gas Turbine Establishment (NGTE). Sadly, after these moves, Whittle turned his back on the industry. In 1948 he was knighted for his work.

It must be mentioned that by the late 1940s five major British companies had all become involved in the development and manufacture of jet engines. In 1941 de Havilland began a jet fighter project which became the DH.100 Vampire, Britain’s second jet fighter. This was powered by de Havilland’s own H.1 Goblin centrifugal engine designed by Frank Halford. Compared to Whittle’s designs, the H.1 was ‘cleaned up’ in that it used a single-sided compressor with the inlet at the front and a ‘straight through’ layout with the combustion chambers exhausting directly onto the turbine. Whittle had used a double-sided compressor and a ‘reverse flow’ layout that piped the

Anda telah mencapai akhir dari pratinjau ini. Daftarlah untuk membaca selengkapnya!

Mulai uji coba gratis Anda

Halaman 1 dari 1

Ulasan

Pendapat orang tentang Jet Prototypes of World War II

Penilaian: 0 dari 5 bintang

0 peringkat / 0 ulasan

Bagaimana pendapat Anda?

Penilaian: dari 5 bintang

Tulis ulasan (opsional)

Bahasa

Selamat datang di Scribd!

Temukan book favorit Anda selanjutnya

Informasi Buku

Jet Prototypes of World War II: Gloster, Heinkel, and Caproni Campini's wartime jet programmes

Tindakan Buku

Deskripsi

Tindakan Buku

Informasi Buku

Jet Prototypes of World War II: Gloster, Heinkel, and Caproni Campini's wartime jet programmes

Deskripsi

Tentang penulis

Penulis Terkait

Terkait dengan Jet Prototypes of World War II

Taming the Skies: A Celebration of Canadian Flight

Flight to Mons

Pearson Field: Pioneering Aviation in Vancouver and Portland

Blind Descent

Long Island Aircraft Manufacturers

Supersonic Jets

How To Not Spoil Your Day

How Do Jets Work?

1915 Fokker Scourge

Air Force

Modelling a Focke-Wulf Fw 190A-8/R8: In 1/32 scale

Postcards from the Sky: Adventures of an Aviatrix

The Complete SIFT Study Guide

Flying the Buccaneer: Britain's Cold War Warrior

Unification

Wings of Their Dreams: Purdue in Flight, Second Edition

Kiss the Sky: Helicopter Tales

Flying Carpet: The Soul of an Airplane

The Complete Multi-Engine Pilot

Sky Birds Dare!

Contrails: Airline Flying in Eastern Europe Before the “Wall” Came Down

The Adventures and Misadventures of Ace the Pilot

The Lady Flyer

Project Firefly

Jet-Set Billionaire

You Can Fly!

Weather to Order

RFT 154: Ryan Rankin's Victory: In Ready For Takeoff episode 83 we met Ryan Rankin, a Navy Instructor Pilot who had the goal of flying in 52 different aircraft over the course of one year - one per week. In this episode we catch up with Ryan, to see if he reached his goal and to...

SMAC087 – Best of 2014: Pre-Flight Checklist This episode features segments from the best of 2014, as voted by you the listeners and our staff! Cruise Flight SMAC066 – How To Build An Instrument Approach With Russ Roslewski SMAC069 – Goodbye Len Costa and Three Places To Land...

Airline App

Technology in the Cockpit: How do we as Private Pilots use technology to increase situational awareness?

SonexFlight Episode 30: Flying the JSX-2 SubSonex: SonexFlight Episode 30: Flying the JSX-2 SubSonex

029 - The Cessna 310 w/ Owner/Pilot Art Billingsley, 3 Tips for More Speed + More!: 029 - The Cessna 310 w/ Owner/Pilot Art Billingsley, 3 Tips for More Speed + More!

16: Tenerife: In 1977 on the small island of Tenerife two 747 Jumbo Jets collided on the runway in poor visibility. A miscommunication clearly occurred, but even today, the same elements still exist and it could happen again.

NASA App for Airlines

Safe 2 Ditch

AviatorCast Episode 81: Flying While Grounded: Today’s Flight Plan Sick of not being able to fly during the winter months? Well, flight simulation can be your medicine! Today we talk about what it takes to get into flight simulation, from the cost, all the […]

RFT 222: Pilot/Aviation Historian Chuck Stout: From the Wings Over The Rockies website: Chuck enjoys working as an aviation writer and as a museum exhibit designer. He gets to do both in his current career as director of the Colorado Aerospace History Project. Before this, he spent many years...

What will airplanes look like in 2025?: Most modern airplanes have a similar design, but NASA has a plan to move the world of aviation into the future by partnering with the world's airplane manufacturers to radically redesign the typical airplane. Tune in to learn more.

Student Pilot Journal Podcast #1: Well.....I took my first discovery flight at Valkaria airport (X59) with CFI Casey Allen from Indian River Flying Club. I wish I had accomplished at 20 years old what he has. I was not able to get video during flight as I had to feel things out with Casey

ACP118 How do I Decide What to Do in Life?: Welcome to episode 118 of the podcast that answers your questions about aviation careers and helps you take that next step to that rewarding career! Today I am joined by Paul Grieco to answer questions about choosing between aviation and other passions...

SMAC138 Flight Plan Fear, Dead Reckoning Legs, and More: Preflight Checklist: Carl is here with Russ, Tom and Larry to discuss flight plan fear, dead reckoning legs, and a number of other topics. Rick is out tonight, battling a big snowstorm. Sponsor : AviationCareersPodcast.

SMAC169 SeaPlane A Palooza 2018 Day 1: Preflight Checklist: Welcome to a special episode of the Stuck Mic AvCast. Today we are reporting live from SeaPlane-A-Palooza 2018. Both Victoria Neuville and Carl Valeri spent the day interviewing pilots, instructors,

SMAC170 SeaPlane A Palooza 2018 Day 2: Preflight Checklist: Welcome to a special episode of the Stuck Mic AvCast. Today we are reporting live from SeaPlane-A-Palooza 2018. Both Victoria Neuville and Carl Valeri spent the day interviewing pilots, instructors,

Episode 3 - Learning to fly: Advice on learning to fly

602 The Life of a Pilot: Chris Manno’s 42 years as a professional pilot, industry Q1 losses, production cuts, furloughs, and layoffs. Airline and airport safety measures, Federal bailout money, a hybrid-electric aircraft, and the Treaty on Open Skies.

Episode 106 — Flight Test: Aerospace engineer Eric Becker explains the duties of a flight test engineer, and offers a few insights on dealing with operational risk, in this episode of The Engineering Commons. Like most engineers, Carmen occasionally worries whether he’s made the...

75 I Love it!: In this show I interview a new flight attendant who actually loves the smell of the airplane, a touching air traffic controler story and a fantastic inflight concert. Contact... flywithbetty@gmail.com CLICK HERE TO WATCH THE MAT KEARNEY VIDEO...

Crop dusters Tail dragers and gliders: Join Chris and I as he talks about his aviation adventure ! from The Air Force to Flying young Eagles to towing gliders.

ACP202 Seven Children With A Full Time Job And Now An Airline Pilot: Seven Children With A Full Time Job And Now An Airline Pilot. Welcome to the inspirational, informational, and transparent aviation careers podcast. Today we answer your questions but before we begin a few words from our sponsors.

23 - Sun n Fun - Day 4: Interviews with: Searay aircraft http://www.searey.com/ Flight design aircraft http://flightdesign.com My Radar http://myradar.acmeaom.com/

Ownership

Lawn Chair Larry

The American Dream: Airline Style

Waiting In The Wings

Cross Check

Eating the Elephant

1921-1930

An Airline Pilot Life – Chapter 43 Part Two

Aircraft Conversions

Smith Does It Again!

Dodging Diamonds and Disasters

Nice Landing, Pop

UPS Gets Government Approval To Become A Drone Airline

Mother of All Cubs

Latest News and Releases