Energy Calculations & Problem Solving Sourcebook: A Practical Guide for the Certified Energy Manager Exam

Energy Calculations & Problem Solving Sourcebook:

A Practical Guide for the Certified Energy Manager Exam

Scott Dunning & Larry S. Katz

Copyright

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Dunning, Scott, author. | Katz, Larry S., author.

Title: Energy calculations & problem solving sourcebook: a practical guide for the Certified Energy Manager Exam / Scott Dunning & Larry S. Katz. Other titles: Energy calculations and problem solving sourcebook Description: Lilburn, GA : The Fairmont Press, Inc., [2017] | Includes index.

Subjects: LCSH: Buildings--Energy

conservation--Mathematics--Examinations--Study guides. | Buildings--Energy consumption--Estimates--Examinations--Study guides. | Building management--Examinations--Study guides.

Classification: LCC TJ163.5.B84 D86 2017 | DDC 658.2/6--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017003858

Energy calculations & problem solving sourcebook: a practical guide for the certified energy manager exam / Scott Dunning and Larry S. Katz

©2017 by The Fairmont Press, Inc.

ISBN: 978-1-365-93058-4

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

CEM® and Certified Energy Manager® are registered trademarks of The Association of Energy Engineers, Inc., and are used with permission.

Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc. 700 Indian Trail

Lilburn, GA 30047

tel: 770-925-9388; fax: 770-381-9865

http://www.fairmontpress.com

While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher.

Foreword

In 2008, when my 25+ year career in the telecom industry came to an abrupt close, I decided to pursue opportunities in the energy industry. I learned about energy efficiency equipment and cost measures, electricity and gas generation and distribution, energy procurement, demand-side management, lighting, HVAC, refrigeration, solar, and energy management software. I advised small and mid-size clients to implement or reject energy cost measures by presenting tariff-based cost saving analysis that determined simple payback periods.

To expand my opportunities for professional and personal growth, I opted to attain my Certified Energy Manager credential in 2014. For exam preparation, I studied one of the recommended energy management textbooks from the Association of Energy Engineers website, searched for additional information online across all topic areas, and took copious notes throughout the learning process. I believed my prospects to both pass the exam and gain a strong understanding of the material would be enhanced by organizing information in an easily accessible manner to reference during the 4-hour test, and later in my energy consulting work.

The subsequent compendium of energy management information became the basis for Energy Calculations & Problem Solving Sourcebook—A Practical Guide for the Certified Energy Manager Exam. Scott Dunning reviewed my compilation of material and suggested that we partner to create a guidebook for individuals studying for the CEM exam. Scott has served as one of the primary course instructors for over 10 years and recently chaired the CEM exam committee through the transition to an ANSI-certified exam.

Our goals for the Sourcebook are three-fold:

Present an overview of the material for the CEM exam with a guidedstudythatcomplimentsdetailedreferencematerial.

Provide a reference during the AEE Training Program for Energy Managers seminar and the CEM exam.

Be a useful reference throughout an energy manager’s professionalcareer.

Practice questions and examples are included throughout the document. While the sourcebook provides a structured approach to prepare for the CEM examination, the authors encourage readers to dive more deeply into the subject matter with a passion for continuous learning and a successful, fulfilling energy career.

Chapter 1:

Codes and Standards

INTRODUCTION

Energy managers need to be aware of applicable codes and standards related to their working environment. While the Certified Energy Manager exam does not cover all possible government codes and standards, it has identified those certain items that it deems important for all energy managers to understand. The list of items are:

Codes and Standards Subject Topics

ASHRAE/IESNA Standard ⁹⁰.¹-²⁰¹²

ISO 50001

IEC and IEEC Codes

ASHRAE Standard 90.2

ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010

Model Energy Code

ASHRAE Standard 135-2008

Energy managers will typically maintain a reference library with full documentation on each applicable code and standard. While it is not expected that individuals will memorize complete details, a general knowledge of the background behind each item is expected. We have selected key information that highlights the key aspects of standards and codes.

Recall that standards are voluntary guidelines and recommendations established by professional and technical organizations. Codes are legal requirements established by governmental agencies. Typically, standards are written in language such that they can easily be included as part of government codes.

ASHRAE

(American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers)

1. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 - 2012

ASHRAE Energy Standard for Buildings (except low-rise residential buildings).

US standard that provides minimum requirements for energy efficient designs for buildings except for low-rise residential buildings.

Many states apply the ASHRAE 90.1 standard to different buildings being constructed or under renovation. Most states apply the standard or equivalent standards for all commercial buildings while others apply the standard or equivalent standards for all governmentbuildings.

Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA)and ANSI are participatingsocieties.

ASHRAE 90.1 covers:

Buildings

Building envelope

Mechanicalandlighting systems (majority)

New buildings being constructed

Additions/alterations to existing buildings and their systems

ASHRAE 90.1 does not cover:

Single family homes

Multifamily of three stories or less homes

Manufactured or modular homes

Buildings that do not use electricity or fossil fuels

Equipment and building systems that are used for industrial, manufacturing, or commercial purposes

ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Elements Covered:

Envelope

—  Requirements defined by type of building

Non-residentialconditionedspace

Residentialconditionedspace

Semi-heatedspace

—  Insulation

—  Fenestration

—  Doors

—  Air Leakage

—  Roof

—  Walls

—  Floor

HVAC

HotWater

Lighting—lightingpowerdensity

ASHRAE/IES 90.1 Lighting Power Allowances using the Building AreaMethod

ASHRAE 90.1 Industrial Processes Energy Elements Covered (added in 2013):

Building Envelope include skylights, solar reflectance, thermal emittance, air barriers, and solarorientation

Economizers for data centers(2011)

Revisions affect themaximum:

—  Fan power limits

—  Pump head calculation

—  Chilled water pipe sizing

—  Radiant panel insulation

—  Single-zone Variable Air Volume (VAV) Equipment

—  Supply air temperature reset

HVAC

—  Energy recovery is required for many more HVAC systems.

—  Several reheat exceptions were eliminated or modified

—  Restrictions were placed on overhead air heating

—  Economizer requirements were added for more climate zones and smaller systems

Lighting

—  Light Power Densities (LPD) dropped slightly on average

—  Daylighting and associated lighting control requirements were added

—  Many lighting control requirements were added, including independent functional testing of lighting controls, occupancy and vacancy controls, exterior lighting controls, and whole-building shutoff

—  Offices and computer classrooms now require 50 percent of 120V receptacles to be automatically switched

Requirementswereaddedforservicewaterboosterpumpsandelevators.

Revised, stricter opaque elementandfenestrationrequirementsat a reasonable level ofcost-effectiveness

Revised equipment efficiencies for heat pumps, packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), single package vertical heat pumps and air conditioners (SPVHP and SPVAC), and evaporative condensers

New provisions for commercial refrigeration equipment and improvedcontrolsforheatrejectionandboilerequipment

Improved requirements for expanded use of energy recovery, small-motorefficiencies,andfanpowercontrolandcredits

Improved equipment efficiencies forchillers

A new alternate compliance path to Section 6, Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning, for computer room systems, developed with ASHRAE Technical Committee (TC)9.9.

The Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 established a tax deduction for energy-efficient commercial buildings based on meeting Minimum Requirements set by ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001. The tax deduction is applicable to qualifying systems and buildings placed in service from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2007.

A tax deduction of $1.80 per square foot is available to owners of new or existing buildings who implement measures in the following categories that reduce the building’s total energy and power cost by 50% or more in comparison to a building meeting minimum requirements set by ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001.

interiorlighting

buildingenvelope

heating, cooling, ventilation, or hot watersystems

2. ASHRAE 90.2 is a Residential Energy Standard

Defined for low-rise residential buildings (single family to multi-family).

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.2-2007 - Published standard. Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.2 - 2004.

Superseded 90A - 1980 & 90B-1975 for all requirements for low-rise residential buildings

This standard provides minimum energy efficiency requirements for the design and construction of:

Newresidentialdwellingunitsandtheirsystems

The following where explicitlyspecified:

—  New portions of residential dwelling units and their systems

—  New systems and equipment in existing dwelling units.

—  This standard does not include ‘transient’ housing such as hotels, motels, nursing homes, jails, and barracks, or manufactured housing.

—  The Standard shall not be used to abridge any safety, health or environmental requirements.

ASHRAE 90.2 standard applies to the following:

Buildingenvelope

Heating equipment andsystems

Air conditioning equipment andsystems

Domestic water heating equipment andsystems

Provisionsforoverallbuildingdesignalternativesandtrade-offs

ASHRAE 90.2 standard does not apply to:

Specific procedures for the operation, maintenance and use of residentialbuildings

Portable products such as appliances and heaters;and

Residential electric service or lightingrequirements.

3. ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010

Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Specify minimum ventilation rates and other measures intended to provide IAQ that is acceptable to human occupants and that minimizes adverse health effects.

Intended for regulatory application to new and existing buildings,andadditions

GuidetheimprovementofIAQinexistingbuildings

—  Requirements defined for:

Ventilation

Air-cleaningdesign

Commissioning

Installation

Operations and Maintenance(O&M)

—  Ventilation requirements based on chemical, physical, & biological contaminants

Prescribes a ventilation standard of 15 cubic feet of outside air per buildingoccupant.

Level may be ensured by controlling the indoor CO2 content.

Ventilation demand in each zone can be determined by remote CO2 sensors, similar in manner to a thermostat regulatingdegreeofcoolingorheatingsupplied.

—  In addition to ventilation, the standard contains requirements related to certain sources

—  Additional requirements & other standards may apply for certain spaces (labs, healthcare, industrial, etc.)

—  Not intended to be used retroactively

ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 does not include:

Low-rise residential buildings (found in ASHRAE Standard62.2)

Specific ventilation rates for smokingspaces

Consideration or control of thermalcomfort

Acceptable IAQ may not be achieved in all buildings meeting these requirements because of:

Diversity of sources andcontaminants

Air temperature, humidity, noise, lighting, and psychological/ socialfactors

Variedsusceptibility of theoccupants

Introduction of outdoorcontaminants

Air Changes per Hour (ACH)

In an average HOME, the standard number of air changes per hour (ACH) = 0.35. In other words, it will take a little less than three hours for the air in the home to recycle entirely.

4. ANSI/ASHRAE/ISO Standard 135-2008-BACnet

BACnet is a data communications protocol for building automation systems and control networks.

BACnet was developed per ASHRAE guidance, and now supported and maintained by ASHRAE.

BACnet makes it possible to integrate a facility’s various control systems to a single workstation application for ease of operation.

Highlights:

Flexibility: allows users to expand and upgrade controls using systems and equipment from multiplevendors

Scalability:canbeusedtocontrolafewor1,000’sofdevices

Can be used over different data transport networks (Wi-Fi, IP, etc.) accessing multiple locationsglobally

5. ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1: The Green Standard

Standard 189.1 provides a "total building sustainability package" for those who strive to design, build and operate green buildings.

Sitelocation andsustainability

Energyuse

Recycling

Wateruseefficiency

Energyefficiency

Indoorenvironmentalquality

Standard 189.1 serves as a compliance option in the 2012 International Green Construction Code™ (IgCC) published by the International Code Council. The IgCC regulates construction of new and remodeled commercial buildings.

INTERNATIONAL

1. IEC Codes

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a non-profit, non-governmental international standards organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies—collectively known as electrotechnology. IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies including:

Powergeneration

Transmission anddistribution

Homeappliances

Officeequipment

Semiconductors

Fiberoptics

Batteries

Solarenergy

Nanotechnology

Marineenergy

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) – programming via the IEC 61131-3standard

The IEC charter embraces all electrotechnologies including:

Energy productionanddistribution

Electronics

Magneticsandelectromagnetics

Electroacoustics

Multimedia

Telecommunication

Medicaltechnology

General disciplines such as terminology and symbols, electromagnetic compatibility (by its Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility, ACEC), measurement and performance, dependability,designanddevelopment,safetyandtheenvironment.

2. IECC—International Energy Conservation Code from the ICC

Published and maintained by the International Code Council (ICC) as the International Energy Conservation Code® (IECC) as of 1998.

The "Model Energy Code (MEC)" was its predecessor.

The IECC includes energy efficiency criteria for new residential and commercial buildings and additions to existing buildings.

The IECC covers the design of energy-efficient building envelopes and installation of energy efficient mechanical, lighting and power systems. The requirements emphasize performance that will result in the optimal utilization of fossil fuel and non-depletable resources in large and small communities.

Commercialbuildings

Low-rise residential buildings (3 stories or less in height above grade.)

Establishes minimum regulations for energy efficient buildings using prescriptive and performance-relatedprovisions.

Fully compatible with all of the International Codes (I-Codes®) published by the International Code Council(ICC):

—