Electronica Del Dispositivo Al Sistema - Calomarde Palomino - UPC

Antonio Calomarde Palomino
Electrnica Del dispositivo al sistema
Primera edicin: febrero de 2000
Antonio Calomarde, 2000 Edicions UPC, 2000 Edicions de la Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, SL Jordi Girona Salgado 31, 08034 Barcelona Tel.: 934 016 883 Fax: 934 015 885 Edicions Virtuals: www.edicionsupc.es e-mail: edicions.virtuals@upc.es CPDA Av. Diagonal 647, ETSEIB, 08028 Barcelona
Producci:
Depsito legal: B-2814-2000 ISBN: 84-8301-385-1

Quedan rigurosamente prohibidas, sin la autorizacin escrita de los titulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes, la reproduccin total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografa y el tratamiento informtico, y la distribucin de ejemplares de ella mediante alquiler o prstamo pblicos, as como la exportacin e importacin de ejemplares para su distribucin y venta fuera del mbito de la Unin Europea.
ndice
Fsica del estado slido ...................................................................................... 1 Unin PN.......................................................................................................... 13 Transistor bipolar.............................................................................................. 27 Transistor MOS ................................................................................................ 41 Aplicacin con diodos....................................................................................... 53 Aplicaciones con BJT ....................................................................................... 69 Aplicaciones con MOS ................................................................................... 101 Respuesta frecuencial de los amplificadores ................................................. 123 Amplificadores multietapa .............................................................................. 139 Amplificador Operacional ............................................................................... 155 Realimentacin............................................................................................... 177
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Transparencia 1-1
A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals
(OHFWUyQLFD
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ORV 6HPLFRQGXFWRUHV

6HPLFRQGXFWRU LQWUtQVHFR 60& SXUR 6L *H *D$V
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&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV D .
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+4 +4 +4
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+4
+4
(VTXHPD ELGLPHQVLRQDO 60& D .
+4
+4
+4
Transparencia 1-2
(OHFWUyQLFD
*HQHUDFLyQ GH SDUHV HOHFWUyQKXHFR

+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
e-
h+
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
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+4
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+4
7 ! .
$ 7 ! . HO H VDOWD D OD EDQGD GH FRQGXFFLyQ /D FRQGXFFLyQ VH SURGXFLUi SRU

H HQ OD EDQGD GH FRQGXFFLyQ K HQ OD EDQGD GH YDOHQFLD
w N de electrones en la BC = N de huecos en la BV
A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 1-3
(OHFWUyQLFD
0RYLPLHQWR GHO KXHFR

+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
h+
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
h+
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
3XHGH FRQVLGHUDUVH HO PRYLPLHQWR GHO K GHELGR D OD WUDQVIHUHQFLD GH OD LRQL]DFLyQ D RWUR iWRPR D FDXVD GHO VDOWR GHO H
Transparencia 1-4
(OHFWUyQLFD
60& H[WUtQVHFRV
60& LQWUtQVHFR 60& FULVWDOLQR VLQ LPSXUH]DV 60& H[WUtQVHFR 60& FULVWDOLQR HQ HO TXH VH KDQ LQWURGXFLGR LPSXUH]DV GH XQD IRUPD FRQWURODGD
,PSXUH]DV JUXSR ,,, 60& WLSR 3 % $O ,Q *D 0D\RU Q~PHUR GH KXHFRV OLEUHV
,PSXUH]DV JUXSR 9 60& WLSR 1 3 $V 6E 0D\RU Q~PHUR GH HOHFWURQHV HQ %&
Transparencia 1-5
(OHFWUyQLFD
60& H[WUtQVHFRV
Tipo N
+4 +4 +4 +4
Tipo P
+4 +4
+4
+5
+4
+4
+3
+4
+4
+4
+4
+4
+4
+4
ryrpryvir2DvhpvyvrhSh ryhprphyrr urpyvir2Shryhprphyrr
ryrpryvir2Shryhprphyrr
urpyvir2DvhpvyvrhSh ryhprphyrr
ryrpryvir3urpyvir
ryrpryvir1urpyvir
Transparencia 1-6
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HODFLyQ HQWUH FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ HTXLOLEULR GH ORV SRUWDGRUHV

/H\ GH DFFLyQ GH PDVDV
Q FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH HOHFWURQHV OLEUHV Q HOHFWURQHVYROXPHQ S FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH KXHFRV OLEUHV Q KXHFRVYROXPHQ $ XQD WHPSHUDWXUD GDGD OD JHQHUDFLyQ GH SRUWDGRUHV \ OD UHFRPELQDFLyQ VH SURGXFLUiQ D OD PLVPD YHORFLGDG /DV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV Q \ S VH PDQWHQGUiQ FRQVWDQWHV HQ HO WLHPSR (Q XQ VHPLFRQGXFWRU LQWULQVHFR WHQGUHPRV n = p = ni GRQGH QL HV OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH H \ K HQ XQ PDWHULDO LQWUtQVHFR 3XHGH GHPRVWUDUVH TXH
QL2 (7 ) = $ 7 3 H
( JR
.7
Transparencia 1-7
(OHFWUyQLFD
3DUD HO *H \ HO 6L
QL2 (7 ) = 3,1 1032 7 3 H 9100 / 7 FP 6 QL (7 ) = 1,5 10 7 H

2 33 3 14000 / 7
*H 6L
FP
3XHGH GHPRVWUDUVH TXH SDUD FXDOTXLHU VHPLFRQGXFWRU VH FXPSOH OD UHODFLyQ
Q S = Q 2 (7 )
L
TXH HV OD /(< '( $&&,1 '( 0$6$6
Transparencia 1-8
(OHFWUyQLFD
/H\ GH QHXWUDOLGDG GH FDUJD

1RV LQGLFD TXH OD FDUJD QHWD HQ XQ FULVWDO HV QXOD
$Vt VL VXSRQHPRV { ND &RQFHQWUDFLyQ GH GRQDGRUHV (Donadores/volumen). { NA &RQFHQWUDFLyQ GH DFHSWDGRUHV (Aceptadores/volumen). { n \ p FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH e- \ h+. 7HQHPRV TXH Total carga positiva = total carga negativa.
1' + S = 1 $ + Q
Transparencia 1-9
(OHFWUyQLFD
$Vt WHQHPRV
6L ND >> NA HQWRQFHV n >> p 60& WLSR Q
Q 1'
Q2 S L 1'
6L NA >> ND HQWRQFHV p >> n 60& WLSR S
S 1$
QL2 1$
Transparencia 1-10
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQGXFWLYLGDG HQ 60&
V
E A
6yOLGR HQ HO TXH H[LVWHQ H OLEUHV REHGHFHQ D XQ FDPSR HOpFWULFR /RV H OLEUHV VH PXHYHQ FRQ XQD YHORFLGDG PHGLD SURSRUFLRQDO DO FDPSR (OpFWULFR
YGULIW (
/ODPDUHPRV PRYLOLGDG HQ cm2/Vs D OD FRQVWDQWH GH SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG
YGULIW = (
(OHFWUyQLFD
/D FRUULHQWH HV PRYLPLHQWR GH FDUJDV SRU XQLGDG GH WLHPSR
< OD GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH
&DQWLGDG GH FDUJD T (Q YROXPHQ ) T (Q $ / ) = = = T Q $ YGULIW W W W
-=
/D GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH HV SURSRUFLRQDO D /D GHQVLGDG GH FDUJD /D PRYLOLGDG GH ORV SRUWDGRUHV
, 9 = T Q YGULIW = T Q H ( = T Q H $ /
6L UHODFLRQDPRV HO UHVXOWDGR DQWHULRU FRQ OD OH\ GH 2KP , 95
5=
< FRPSDUDQGR FRQ 5 =
/ $
1 / T Q H $
WHQHPRV TXH
=
1 1 T Q H
Transparencia 1-12
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3DUD REWHQHU OD FRQGXFWLYLGDG HQ XQ VHPLFRQGXFWRU WHQGUHPRV TXH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD OD FRQGXFWLYLGDG GH KXHFRV \ HOHFWURQHV H = conductividad del electrn. K = conductividad del hueco. $VLPLVPR SDUD OD PRYLOLGDG H = movilidad del electrn. K = movilidad del hueco. 3RU OR TXH SRGUHPRV HVFULELU SDUD XQ VHPLFRQGXFWRU
- = ( H + K )( - = T (Q H + K )(
$Vt OD FRQGXFWLYLGDG HQ XQ VHPLFRQGXFWRU VHUi 3DUD ORV 60& PiV XWLOL]DGRV
= T(Q H + K )
= 2,1 109 7 2, 5 6LOLFLR H 9 2, 7 H = 2,3 10 7
para 160 . < 7 < 400 . para 150 . < 7 < 400 . para 100 . < 7 < 300 . para 125 . < 7 < 300 .
Transparencia 1-13
= 4,9 10 7 7 1, 66 *HUPDQLR H 9 2 , 33 H = 1,05 10 7

(OHFWUyQLFD
'HQVLGDG GH &RUULHQWH WRWDO HQ XQ 60&

([LVWHQ PHFDQLVPRV GH FRUULHQWH HQ XQ 60&
$ 'HQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH GH GLIXVLyQ
n
Corriente de difusin
- GLI - GLI ,Q
Q [ = T gradQ 'Q
- GLI , S = T gradS ' S

'RQGH Dn \ Dp VRQ ORV FRHILFLHQWHV GH GLIXVLyQ GH ORV HOHFWURQHV \ KXHFRV
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% 'HQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH GH DUUDVWUH
- GULIW = T(Q H + S K )(
< OD FRUULHQWH WRWDO HQ XQ 60& VHUi OD VXPD GH ORV GRV WpUPLQRV
- 727$/ = T (Q H + S K )( + T (grad Q 'Q grad S ' S )

< SDUD HO FDVR XQLGLPHQVLRQDO
- 727$/ = - GULIW + - GLI
S Q - 727$/ = T (Q H + S K )( + T 'Q ' S [ [
Transparencia 1-15
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HODFLyQ GH (LQVWHLQ
6H FXPSOH TXH
'Q = Q97
'RQGH
' S = S97
97 =
.7 (tensin termodinmica) T K = 1,38 10 -23 -RXO VHJ (constante de Boltzman)
q = 1,6 10-19 & (carga del electrn)

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(FXDFLyQ GH %ROW]PDQ SDUD SRUWDGRUHV

3HUPLWH UHODFLRQDU FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH SRUWDGRUHV \ SRWHQFLDOHV
3DUWLPRV GH XQ 60& VLQ H[FLWDFLyQ H[WHULRU \ FRQ XQD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH SRUWDGRUHV n
x1
x2
/D FRUULHQWH WRWDO GH HOHFWURQHV HQ HO 60& HV FHUR SRU OR TXH
T Q Q( + T
Q ' =0 [ Q
Transparencia 1-17
(OHFWUyQLFD
(V GHFLU
T Q Q( = T
Q ' [ Q
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD OD UHODFLyQ GH (LQVWHLQ
( = 97
1 Q Q [
4XH HV SUHFLVDPHQWH HO FDPSR HOpFWULFR TXH VH RSRQH D OD GLIXVLyQ GH HOHFWURQHV \ PDQWLHQH n(x) FRQVWDQWH HQ HO WLHPSR HQ FDGD SXQWR 3RU OD OH\ GH *DXVV SDUD XQD GLPHQVLyQ
2SHUDQGR
9 1 Q = 97 [ Q [ 9 = 97 Q Q
Transparencia 1-18
(OHFWUyQLFD
(V GHFLU HQWUH ORV SXQWRV x1 \ x2 OD GLIHUHQFLD GH SRWHQFLDO VHUi
9 = 97
Q Q
6L 9 \ 9 VRQ ORV SRWHQFLDOHV GH [ \ [ HQWRQFHV
92 91 = 97 ln
2 PiV KDELWXDOPHQWH
Q2 Q1
Q1 = Q2 H
< SDUD ORV KXHFRV
91 92 97
S2 = S1 H
91 92 97
Transparencia 1-19
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HVXPHQ
3ULQFLSDOHV VHPLFRQGXFWRUHV 6L *H *D$V &RUULHQWHV JHQHUDGDV SRU HOHFWURQHV \ KXHFRV 7UHV WLSRV GH VHPLFRQGXFWRUHV 6HPLFRQGXFWRU LQWUtQVHFR n = p = ni 6HPLFRQGXFWRU H[WUtQVHFR WLSR Q n >> p 6HPLFRQGXFWRU H[WUtQVHFR WLSR S p >> n 5HODFLyQ HQWUH SRUWDGRUHV
1' + S = 1$ + Q
&RUULHQWHV HQ XQ 60& 3RU DUUDVWUH SURYRFDGD SRU HO FDPSR HOpFWULFR 3RU GLIXVLyQ SURYRFDGD SRU OD GLIHUHQFLD GH FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV
Q S = QL2 (7 )
Transparencia 1-20
(OHFWUyQLFD
8QLyQ 31

Transparencia 2-1
(OHFWUyQLFD
8QLyQ 31 VLQ SRODUL]DU

1'1$ =RQD 3 =RQD 1
&RQFHQWUDFLyQ GH LPSXUH]DV
SS QS
KXHFRV PD\RULWDULRV HOHFWURQHV PLQRULWDULRV
QQ SQ [
&RQFHQWUDFLyQ GH SRUWDGRUHV DQWHV GH OD XQLyQ
HOHFWURQHV PD\RULWDULRV KXHFRV PLQRULWDULRV

Transparencia 2-2
(OHFWUyQLFD
r q y v s v 9 v h v h r q r h 6 v h v v
Q
Q

I I
@
'
W
S
r q q h q v r 9
S
r q y v s r Q
q h 9
h r h t h p
h 8
p v p p y @
y h v p r Q
Transparencia 2-3
(OHFWUyQLFD
'HQVLGDG GH FDUJD
3XHGH DGPLWLUVH TXH ODV FDUJDV HQ OD ]RQD 1 VRQ (x) = q [ND(x) - nn(x)] < HQ ORV SXQWRV TXH QQ[ 1'[ (x) q ND(x) < SDUD OD ]RQD 3 (x) - q NA(x) (VWD DSUR[LPDFLyQ HV FRQRFLGD FRPR OD DSUR[LPDFLyQ GH 9DFLDPLHQWR YiOLGD HQ WRGD OD ]FH H[FHSWR HQ ORV ERUGHV \ SXHGH DSOLFDUVH GHELGR D OD SUHVHQFLD GHO FDPSR HOpFWULFR HQ HVWD ]RQD TXH SURYRFDUi TXH FXDOTXLHU FDUJD PyYLO VHD H[SXOVDGD GH OD ]FH 3XHVWR TXH OD EDUUD 60& GHEH VHU WRWDOPHQWH QHXWUD VH FXPSOLUi TXH q n ND = q p NA
Transparencia 2-4
(OHFWUyQLFD
&DPSR (OpFWULFR
3DUD REWHQHUOR VH DSOLFDUi OD OH\ GH *DXVV HQ XQD GLPHQVLyQ
( ( [) = 1 ( [)G[
2EWHQLHQGR SDUD OD ]RQD 1 \ ]RQD 3

Zona P (3 ( [ ) =
T1 $

([ + 3 )
Zona N (1 ( [) =
T1 ' ( [ ) 1

&RLQFLGLHQGR VX YDORU Pi[LPR HQ [
(0 = T1 $ 3 = T1 ' 1

< VL = p + n HQWRQFHV (0 =
T 1 $1' 1 $ + 1'
Transparencia 2-5
(OHFWUyQLFD
3RWHQFLDO GH FRQWDFWR
$WHQLHQGR D OD HFXDFLyQ GH %ROW]PDQQ TXH QRV GD OD GLIHUHQFLD GH SRWHQFLDO HQ XQ 60& HQ IXQFLyQ GH ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH SRUWDGRUHV 92 91 = 97 ln S1 S2
Q
[
[
3XHGH DSOLFDUVH HQ OD XQLyQ 31 SDUD REWHQHU HO SRWHQFLDO
91 93 = 97 ln
S SQ0 = 9 ln S 0 S S 0 7 SQ0
$SOLFDQGR OD /H\ GH DFFLyQ GH PDVDV
S Q = Q2
QR QR L
S =
QR
Q2 Q
L
QR
Transparencia 2-6
(OHFWUyQLFD
< VXVWLWX\HQGR
S Q 91 93 = 97 ln S 02 Q 0 QL
< DGPLWLHQGR TXH VRQ YiOLGDV ODV DSUR[LPDFLRQHV pp0 NA nno 1' 91 93 = 97 ln 1 $1' QL2
3XHGH REWHQHUVH WDPELpQ HO SRWHQFLDO D SDUWLU GHO FDPSR HOpFWULFR
93 ( [) = T1 $ ( [ + 3 )2 91 ( [) = T1 ' [ 1 ( 3 + 1 ) ( 1 [ )2 ] 92 = T1 $ 3 = T1 ' 1
2 2
Transparencia 2-7
(OHFWUyQLFD
$QFKR GH OD ]RQD GH FDUJD HVSDFLDO

3DUD REWHQHU HO DQFKR GH OD ]FH VH SXHGH REVHUYDU TXH
92 = 1 ( (0 )
2
< VXVWLWX\HQGR HO YDORU GH EM
90 = T 1 $ 1 ' 2 2 1 $ + 1 '
< GHVSHMDQGR
1 $ + 1' 9 T 1 $1' 0
Transparencia 2-8
(OHFWUyQLFD
&DUDFWHUtVWLFD 7HQVLyQ&RUULHQWH
3DUD OD REWHQFLyQ GH OD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD 9, VXSRQGUHPRV
(Q OD ]FH QR H[LVWH QL JHQHUDFLyQ QL UHFRPELQDFLyQ ,Q\HFFLyQ GH SRUWDGRUHV GpELO VyOR YDUtDQ ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH PLQRULWDULRV 7RGR HO SRWHQFLDO H[WHUQR DSOLFDGR DSDUHFH HQ OD ]FH \ QR HQ ODV ]RQDV QHXWUDV
'RV WLSRV GH SRODUL]DFLRQHV

'LUHFWD ,QYHUVD VP > VN VN > VP
Transparencia 2-9
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9 )
S S 1 $
QQ
1'
H Q S QS[

SQ[ SQ
[S
[Q

([LVWH XQD LQ\HFFLyQ GH SRUWDGRUHV PLQRULWDULRV HQ -xp \ xn /RV PD\RULWDULRV QR VH YHUiQ PRGLILFDGRV HQ GpELO LQ\HFFLyQ 'HELGR D HVWD LQ\HFFLyQ GH SRUWDGRUHV DSDUHFH XQ JUDGLHQWH GH SRUWDGRUHV PLQRULWDULRV
Q S ( [ ) [
Transparencia 2-10
(OHFWUyQLFD
< OD GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH GH GLIXVLyQ HV SURSRUFLRQDO DO JUDGLHQWH
S ( [) Q( [) - GLII = - GLI , S + - GLI , Q = T '3 + '1 [ [

3DUD FRQRFHU HO JUDGLHQWH XWLOL]DUHPRV OD (FXDFLyQ GH &RQWLQXLGDG SDUWLFXODUL]DGD
SQ ( [, W ) 2 S ( [ , W ) SQ ( [ ) SQ 0 = '3 W [ 2 3
'RQGH HV HO WLHPSR GH YLGD PHGLR GH ORV SRUWDGRUHV < VXSRQLHQGR FRQGLFLRQHV HVWDFLRQDULDV 9
A
FWH
'3
2 S ( [ , W ) SQ ( [ ) SQ 0 =0 [ 2 3
/DV FRQGLFLRQHV GH FRQWRUQR VRQ
Q2 a) Para [ SQ ( [) = SQ 0 = L 1' b) Para [ = x n ; SQ ( [Q )

(OHFWUyQLFD
3DUD REWHQHU OD FRQGLFLyQ XWLOL]DPRV OD HFXDFLyQ GH %ROW]PDQQ
En equilibrio : S 92 = 97 ln S 0 SQ 0 S S 0 = SQ 0H 97 Fuera de equilibrio :

92
S S 0 = SQ ( [)H 97
92 9 )
$O WHQHU GpELO LQ\HFFLyQ HQ DPERV FDVRV pp0 FRLQFLGLUi
SQ 0H
90 97
= SQ ( [ )H
9)
90 9 ) 97
SQ ( [Q ) = SQ 0H 97
@hvrphq
hqrqrsh rrpvhypyh
VF
Transparencia 2-12
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQ ODV GRV FRQGLFLRQHV UHVROYHPRV OD HF GLIHUHQFLDO
9) ( [ [Q ) SQ ( [ ) = SQ 0 + SQ H 97 1H /3
6LHQGR /3 = '3 3 OD ORQJLWXG GH GLIXVLyQ GH ORV KXHFRV $KRUD SRGHPRV FRQRFHU OD FRUULHQWH GH GLIXVLyQ GH ORV KXHFRV
- GLI , S ( [Q ) = T'3 S( [) [ [ = [
=
Q
9 T'3 SQ0 H9 /3
$QiORJDPHQWH SDUD ORV HOHFWURQHV
- GLI , Q ([ S ) = T'1 Q( [) [ [ = [
=
S
9 T'1 Q S0 9 H /1
Transparencia 2-13
(OHFWUyQLFD
6L UHFRUGDPRV TXH QR KD\ QL UHFRPELQDFLyQ QL JHQHUDFLyQ HQ OD ]FH WHQGUHPRV TXH OD FRUULHQWH HV FRQVWDQWH HQ HOOD \ DVt WHQGUHPRV
-
- 7
1', ))
- 7
3' ,))
1', ) )
3', ))
[
1
[
3
[
Transparencia 2-14
(OHFWUyQLFD
$Vt OD VXPD GH ORV GRV WpUPLQRV PH GDUi OD FRUULHQWH WRWDO
9) T'1 Q S 0 T'3 SQ 0 97 H 1 + ,7 = $- 7 = $ /3 /1
IS
,
,6 9
Transparencia 2-15
(OHFWUyQLFD
0RGHOR GLQiPLFR GHO 'LRGR

6H KD REWHQLGR OD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD I-V EDMR FRQGLFLRQHV HVWiWLFDV SHUR EDMR FRQGLFLRQHV GLQiPLFDV DSDUHFHQ WUHV HIHFWRV QR FRQVLGHUDGRV KDVWD DKRUD D &DSDFLGDG GH WUDQVLFLyQ CJ
3URYRFDGD SRU OD YDULDFLyQ GH ]FH DO YDULDU OD WHQVLyQ HQ OD XQLyQ
Transparencia 2-16
(OHFWUyQLFD
/D YDULDFLyQ GH FDUJD FXDQGR VH DSOLFD XQD WHQVLyQ 9- VHUi
T (9 ) = 4
Y -
(0) + 4- (9- )
7HQLHQGR HQ 3RODUL]DFLyQ GLUHFWD qV(VJ) > 0, VJ > 0 3RODUL]DFLyQ LQYHUVD qV(VJ) < 0, VJ < 0 3RU OR TXH OD FDUJD PyYLO DOPDFHQDGD HQ ODV ]RQDV QHXWUDV DXPHQWDUi DO DXPHQWDU OD WHQVLyQ 9- \ OD FDSDFLGDG GH WUDQVLFLyQ VHUi
&- = GT9 (9- ) G9 &RPR QJ(0) = cte WHQGUHPRV TXH &- = G4- (9- ) G9-
Transparencia 2-17
(OHFWUyQLFD
3DUD HOOR OD FDUJD WRWDO HQ HO ODGR 1 GH OD ]FH FRQ XQD WHQVLyQ 9- VHUi
4- = $T1 ' 1 = $T1 ' $T
1$ = 1 $ + 1'
1 2
1 $ 1 ' 2 1 1 (92 9 ) + 1 $ + 1' T 1 $ 1'
< VL GHULYDPRV UHVSHFWR D V REWHQGUHPRV CJ

&- = G4- = $T 1 $ 1 ' 2 1 $ + 1 ' 2 1 + 1 (92 9 ) G9 2 1 $ + 1 ' T 1 $ 1 ' T 1 $ 1 '
1 2
&- = $
2 1 1 1 + 1 (92 9 ) T $ '
Transparencia 2-18
(OHFWUyQLFD
< FRPR HO GHQRPLQDGRU HV
&- = $
E &DSDFLGDG GH GLIXVLyQ
'HELGD D OD YDULDFLyQ GH ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH SRUWDGRUHV HQ ODV ]RQDV QHXWUDV DO SRODUL]DU OD XQLyQ
QS
Transparencia 2-19
(OHFWUyQLFD
3XHGH GHPRVWUDUVH TXH HVWD FDSDFLGDG VLJXH XQD OH\ GHO WLSR
&' = .H97
/D FXDO DXPHQWD WDPELpQ FRQ OD WHQVLyQ DSOLFDGD SHUR D XQ ULWPR VXSHULRU VLHQGR pVWD ~OWLPD SUHGRPLQDQWH HQ SRODUL]DFLyQ GLUHFWD \ HQ SRODUL]DFLyQ LQYHUVD OD FDSDFLGDG GH WUDQVLFLyQ
&' &-
9
(OHFWUyQLFD
F 5HVLVWHQFLD GLQiPLFD
&RQVLGHUDUHPRV OD UHVLVWHQFLD GLQiPLFD FRPR
UG =
G9 G, 4
,&
UG =
1 G9 = WDQ G, 4
9&
Transparencia 2-21
(OHFWUyQLFD
$Vt HO YDORU GH OD UHVLVWHQFLD GLQiPLFD SXHGH GHGXFLUVH D SDUWLU GH OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRUULHQWH HQ OD XQLyQ
1 G, , = = 6 H97 UG G9 4 97
3RU OR TXH
UG
97 ,6H
9 97
=
,
97
+ ,6H
9 97
97 ,
si 9 >> 97
Transparencia 2-22
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0HFDQLVPRV GH UXSWXUD
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(OHFWUyQLFD

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Transparencia 3-14
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Emisor IEP Base Colector ICP IC IEP-ICP IEN IBB ICN
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Transparencia 4-5
(OHFWUyQLFD
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Transparencia 4-6
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Transparencia 4-15
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Transparencia 4-16
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Transparencia 4-18
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Transparencia 4-20
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Transparencia 5-11
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Transparencia 6-5
(OHFWUyQLFD
$XQTXH H[LVWHQ PiV YDULDFLRQHV GH UHGHV D HIHFWRV GH DQiOLVLV OD JUDQ PD\RUtD SXHGHQ UHGXFLUVH D OD SULPHUD D UHDOL]DQGR XQR R YDULRV HTXLYDOHQWHV GH 7KHYHQLQ 3H V V
CC CC
RC RB =R1//R2
R1
RC
VBB=VCC R2/(R1+R2 ) RE R2 RE
3RU OR WDQWR UHDOL]DUHPRV XQ DQiOLVLV PiV H[KDXVWLYR VREUH OD SULPHUD UHG VXSRQLHQGR TXH ODV GHPiV SXHGHQ WUDQVIRUPDUVH HQ XQD HTXLYDOHQWH
(OHFWUyQLFD
$QiOLVLV UHGHV GH SRODUL]DFLyQ

,QLFLDUHPRV HO DQiOLVLV HQ OD UHG TXH LQFOX\H OD XQLyQ HPLVRUD
VCC
W%%
= D % S% + W%( + D ( S(
RC RB
Urvrqrprhr ) D(
= ( + 1)D % : W%( = S% + ( + 1)S(

W%%
9rrwhq
VBB RE
D%
4XH HV OD UHFWD GH FDUJD HQ FRQWLQXD GH HQWUDGD
Transparencia 6-7
(OHFWUyQLFD

(VWD UHFWD MXQWR FRQ OD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GHO WUDQVLVWRU QRV GDUi OD VROXFLyQ SDUD OD WHQVLyQ VBE \ OD FRUULHQWH IB
IB
Rrqhyhypvyqryhpvrr qrihrvpvqrh
VBEphr
rryrrhhhvrIQIqr vyvpv)
IBQ
9%( (DFWLYD ) = 0.7Y

VBEQ
VBE
Transparencia 6-8
(OHFWUyQLFD

3DUD REWHQHU OD FRUULHQWH GH FROHFWRU \ WHQVLyQ FROHFWRUHPLVRU QHFHVLWDPRV XQD QXHYD HFXDFLyQ TXH FRUUHVSRQGH D OD PDOOD TXH HQJORED OD VCE
VCC
9&& = , & 5& + 9&( + , ( 5( 9&& = , & ( 5& + 5( ) + 9&( < DGHPiV , & = , %
< FRPR , & , ( VL >>
RC RB
9&( = 9&& , & ( 5& + 5( )

VBB RE
2EWHQHPRV HO YDORU GH 9&( H , &
,& =
(5& + 5( )
9&& 9&(
Recta de carga en continua !!!
Transparencia 6-9
(OHFWUyQLFD
$QDOLVLV GH OD SRODUL]DFLyQ
/D UHFWD GH FDUJD HQ FRQWLQXD MXQWR FRQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO WUDQVLVWRU QRV GDUiQ OD VROXFLyQ JUiILFD GH IC, VCE
,& =
(5& + 5( )
ICQ=IBQ
9&&
IC
IBQ
VCEQ
9&(4
= 9&& , & (5& + 5( )
VCE
Transparencia 6-10
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR 3RODUL]DFLyQ
(Q HO FLUFXLWR GH OD ILJXUD HQFRQWUDU ODV ]RQDV GH WUDEDMR GHO WUDQVLVWRU VHJ~Q ORV GLIHUHQWHV YDORUHV GH VBB
VCC (12 v)
RC(1 K) RB(12 K)
= 100 9&( ( VDW ) = 0.2Y.
'DWRV : 9%( (DFW ) = 0.7Y.
Obtendremos primero la malla B-E:

W%%
= 12 D % + W%( D % =
W%%
VBB
W%( 12
,%
1 9%% 9%( + 12 12
Es una familia de rectas con pendiente constante!!
Transparencia 6-11
(OHFWUyQLFD
2EVHUYDPRV TXH VL VBB IB \ QRV DFHUFDPRV D OD UHJLyQ GH FRUWH
IB
,%
1 9%% 9%( + 12 12
VBB
VBE
$QDOL]DPRV OD PDOOD &(
W&&
= 1D & + W&( D & = W&( + 12
Transparencia 6-12
(OHFWUyQLFD
6L UHSUHVHQWDPRV
IC(mA) 12 ICQ=IBQ Q IBQ

Obtenemos una nica curva!! Pero si substituimos IC por IB
VCEQ
12
VCE
9 1 , & = , % = 9%( + %% 12 12 W&( = W&& D &
2EVHUYDPRV TXH VL VBB IB IC VCE \ QRV DFHUFDPRV D OD UHJLyQ GH FRUWH SHUR VL { VBB IB IC VCE \ QRV DFHUFDPRV D OD UHJLyQ GH VDWXUDFLyQ
Transparencia 6-13
(OHFWUyQLFD
{ Obtencin de la regin de corte:

8qvpvr)
IB20IC20IE20
9ryhrphqrphthrpvhqryhhyyhqrrhqh)
,%
=0
9%% < 9%(

9%%
Condicin de corte :
`yhrvyrrypyrpri)
< 0.7Y
{ Obtencin de la regin de saturacin:

8qvpvr)
9& = 12 1, & = 12Y

IBIC(sat);
9ryhrphqrphthrpvhqryhhyyhqrhyvqhrvrqr prhr
VCE(sat) = 0.2 v)
, F ( VDW ) = 12 9&( ( VDW ) = 11.8 P$
8rrryhqyhrphqrphthr98qrrhqhqr rphyhpqvpvyqrhhpvy)
9%( , & ( VDW ) 12 9 0.7 100 %% 11.8 12
9%%
Transparencia 6-14
(OHFWUyQLFD

@yphyqhyhpqvpvyhhhhpvy)
9%% 2.116Y
`yhrvyrrypyrpri)
9& = 9&( ( VDW ) = 0.2Y

{ Obtencin de la regin de activa:

Qrqrpihrryhrtvyqrhpvhrqhyvvhqhrryh rtvyqrhhpvyqrprrt~yhS88qrhyvqh 6tyhrvyrrypyrpri)
9& 9& 9& 9&
= 12 1, & = 12 , % 9%( 12 9 0.7 = 12 100 %% 12 = 17.833 8.339%% = 12

9%%
Transparencia 6-15
(OHFWUyQLFD
< DVt SRGHPRV UHSUHVHQWDU OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH VBB \ VC
VC(v)
12
0.2 0.7 2.1
VBB(v)
'H GRQGH SRGHPRV FRQFOXLU TXH VL VBB HV XQD WHQVLyQ GH HQWUDGD \ VC HV OD WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD /D VDOLGD DSDUHFHUi LQYHUWLGD UHVSHFWR D OD HQWUDGD )XHUD GHO PDUJHQ GH HQWUDGD Y VBB Y OD VDOLGD DSDUHFH UHFRUWDGD 'HQWUR GHO PDUJHQ DQWHULRU OD VDOLGD DSDUHFH DPSOLILFDGD SRU XQ IDFWRU GH
(OHFWUyQLFD
(VWDELOLGDG GH OD SRODUL]DFLyQ
$FDEDPRV GH YHU OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH WHQHU XQ SXQWR GH WUDEDMR ELHQ VLWXDGR D ILQ GH REWHQHU ODV Pi[LPDV SUHVWDFLRQHV HV SRU OR WDQWR LPSRUWDQWH TXH HVWH SXQWR GH WUDEDMR VHD HVWDEOH \D TXH HVWH SXHGH YHUVH PRGLILFDGR SRU 9DULDFLRQHV GH ORV YDORUHV QRPLQDOHV GH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV HPSOHDGRV SH ODV UHVLVWHQFLDV VXHOHQ WHQHU XQD WROHUDQFLD GHO H LQFOXVR GHO \ HQ HO WUDQVLVWRU OD YDULD HQRUPHPHQWH
hFE
120
80
IC(mA)
(QYHMHFLPLHQWR GH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV FRQ OR TXH PRGLILFDQ VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV (IHFWR GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD VREUH ORV GLVSRVLWLYRV
(OHFWUyQLFD
(VWDELOLGDG GH 4 UHVSHFWR D
(VWXGLDUHPRV HVWRV GRV FLUFXLWRV a
VCC
VCC
RC RB RB
RC
VBB RE
VBB
,& =
9%% 9%( 5% + ( + 1)5(
,& =
9%% 9%( 5%
Transparencia 6-18
(OHFWUyQLFD
(VWDELOLGDG GH 4 UHVSHFWR D
3DUD HO FLUFXLWR D VL ( +1)RE >> RB WHQHPRV TXH
,&
( + 1)5(
9%(
5(
9%%
9%(
&RPR VXHOH VHU JUDQGH SDUD OD PD\RUtD GH WUDQVLVWRUHV

,&
9%%
6LHQGR IC LQGHSHQGLHQWH GHO YDORU GH 3XHGH FRPSUREDUVH TXH HQ HO FLUFXLWR E QR SXHGH REWHQHUVH WDO UHVXOWDGR $Vt SDUD FRQVHJXLU HVWDELOLGDG GH IC UHVSHFWR GH WHQHPRV TXH DVHJXUDU TXH ( +1)RE >> RB (V GHFLU ( +1)RE = 10 RB
(OHFWUyQLFD
(VWDELOLGDG GH 4 UHVSHFWR D OD WHPSHUDWXUD

(Q HO FLUFXLWR D SXHGH REWHQHUVH TXH
,&
5 9%% 9%( + , &%2 1 + % 5 5( (
'RQGH WDQWR OD WHQVLyQ VBE FRPR OD FRUULHQWH ICBO YDUtDQ FRQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD
9%( = 9%( 2 9%(1 = N (72 71 ) , &%2 2 = , &%21 (H

. (72 71 )
k = 2.5mV/ C K = 0.07/ C
'H GRQGH SXHGH REWHQHUVH OD YDULDFLyQ GHO SXQWR GH WUDEDMR FXDQGR YDUtD OD WHPSHUDWXUD GHO GLVSRVLWLYR 3DUD FRPSHQVDU OD YDULDFLyQ GH WHPSHUDWXUD VH VXHOH XWLOL]DU RWUR GLVSRVLWLYR SH XQ GLRGR X RWUR WUDQVLVWRU TXH YDUtH VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH IRUPD VLPLODU DO WUDQVLVWRU TXH VH GHVHD TXH QR YDUtH VX 4 FRQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD
(OHFWUyQLFD
$QiOLVLV HQ $&
7UDWDUHPRV HO WUDQVLVWRU FRPR XQ FXDGULSROR (VWR VLJQLILFD TXH H[LVWLUiQ WUHV IRUPDV GLIHUHQWHV GH XWLOL]DUOR
Base comn
Emisor comn
Colector comn
'H WDO PDQHUD TXH VLHPSUH KD\ XQ WHUPLQDO TXH HVWi SUHVHQWH HQ OD HQWUDGD \ OD VDOLGD (Q FDGD XQD GH ODV FRQILJXUDFLRQHV DXQTXH HO WUDQVLVWRU VH FRPSRUWD LJXDO HO FLUFXLWR REWLHQH SUHVWDFLRQHV GLIHUHQWHV
Transparencia 6-21
(OHFWUyQLFD
0RGHOR HQ $& SDUD HO %-7

([LVWHQ YDULRV PRGHORV SDUD HO WUDQVLVWRU EDVDGRV HQ GLIHUHQWHV SDUiPHWURV SDUD FXDGULSRORV 8WLOL]DUHPRV ORV SDUiPHWURV [h] FX\D FDUDFWHUtVWLFD HV
i1 v1 i2
Cuadripolo
Y1 = K11L1 + K12Y2 L2 = K21L1 + K22Y2
v2
'HEHPRV SDUWLFXODUL]DU SDUD HO WUDQVLVWRU ELSRODU \ HQ FRQFUHWR OR KDUHPRV SDUD OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ HQ (PLVRU &RP~Q VLHQGR YiOLGD SDUD ODV RWUDV GRV SXHVWR TXH HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GHO WUDQVLVWRU HV OD PLVPD VLHPSUH
Transparencia 6-22
(OHFWUyQLFD

ic ib vbe vce
YEH = KLHLE + KUHYFH LF = K IHLE + KRHYFH

$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ GHEHUHPRV REWHQHU ORV SDUiPHWURV hie, hre, hfe, hoe. 3DUD HOOR GHEHUHPRV WHQHU HQ FXHQWD TXH ODV WHQVLRQHV \ FRUULHQWHV WRWDOHV HVWiQ IRUPDGDV SRU XQD FRPSRQHQWH FRQWLQXD \ RWUD DOWHUQD HV GHFLU L& = , &4 + LF
Y&(
= 9&(4 + YFH
Transparencia 6-23
(OHFWUyQLFD

{ Parmetro [hie] - (dimensiones v/i): { De la 1 ecuacin despejamos:
KLH =
YEH Y = %( LE YFH = 0 L%
Y&( =9&(4
{ Derivada que puede obtenerse a partir de la ecuacin de entrada:

L%
= , V (H Y %( / Y7 1)
KLH ==
Y%( 9 7 L% Y&( =9&(4 , %4
Transparencia 6-24
(OHFWUyQLFD

{ Parmetro [hfe] - (dimensiones v/v): { De la 2 ecuacin despejamos:
K IH =
LF L = & LE YFH =0 L%
Y&( =9&(4
{ Derivada que puede obtenerse a partir de la ecuacin:
L& = L%
K IH =
L& L% Y&( =9&(4
Transparencia 6-25
(OHFWUyQLFD

{ Parmetro [hoe] - (dimensiones i/v): { De la 2 ecuacin despejamos:
KRH =
LF L = & YFH LE = 0 Y&(
L % = , %4
{ Para obtener este valor necesitamos conocer con ms detalle la caracterstica de salida: IC
-VA
VCE
Transparencia 6-26
(OHFWUyQLFD

{ De donde podemos observar que:
9&( 9&(4 + 9$ = , & , &4

{ De donde obtenemos el valor de hoe:
KRH =
, &4 9&(4 + 9$
{ Parmetro [hre] - (dimensiones i/i): { Es el parmetro de transferencia inversa, del cual consideraremos que es nulo.
Transparencia 6-27
(OHFWUyQLFD

{ El modelo definitivo queda:
Parmetros [h]
ib ic hi e hfeib 1/hoe vce
vbe
{ Otro modelo muy utilizado es el [ ] :
Parmetros []
ib ic r gmvbe ro vce
vbe
Transparencia 6-28
(OHFWUyQLFD

{ Donde:
U =
97 , %4 , &4 97
JP = UR =
9&(4 + 9$ , &4
{ La ventaja de este modelo es que incluye las variaciones de la corriente de colector en funcin del punto de trabajo, y es un modelo para el cual es fcil incorporar nuevos efectos (p.e. limitaciones frecuenciales).
Transparencia 6-29
(OHFWUyQLFD
&LUFXLWRV DPSOLILFDGRUHV
5HDOL]DUHPRV XQ HVWXGLR GH ORV FLUFXLWRV DPSOLILFDGRUHV FRQ XQ WUDQVLVWRU
VCC
R1
RC
RL vi R2 RE
3DUD HOOR HVWXGLDUHPRV HQ SULPHU OXJDU ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH XQ DPSOLILFDGRU

(OHFWUyQLFD
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH XQ DPSOLILFDGRU
%DVDGRV HQ OD REWHQFLyQ GH ORV SDUiPHWURV WUDWDGR FRPR XQ FXDGULSROR
([LVWHQ GLIHUHQWHV PRGHORV SHUR HQ ORV DPSOLILFDGRUHV VXHOHQ XWLOL]DUVH ORV SDUiPHWURV
Parmetros amplificador
ii zo zi Gvvi iO vO
vi
'RQGH
L = L vL t Y = 2 L 2 = 2 v2
L2 = 0
L2 = 0
YL = 0
Transparencia 6-31
(OHFWUyQLFD
(VWRV DPSOLILFDGRUHV SXHGHQ FRQHFWDUVH HQ FDVFDGD VLHQGR VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
Amplificador 1
ii zo1 zi1 Gv1vi iO2 i i2
Amplificador 2
zo2 zi2 Gv2vi2 iO vO
vi
vO1
vi2
{ Ganancia de todo el amplificador:
*Y = Y2 = Y2 Y2 *Y *Y YL YL YL
1 1 2
{ Ya que ahora:
Y2
]L * Y ]L + ]L Y L
2 1 2 1
Transparencia 6-32
(OHFWUyQLFD
{ Y as queda la ganancia:
*Y = Y2 = ]L *Y *Y YL ]L + ]L
2 1 2 1
{ La impedancia de entrada de todo el amplificador ser:
= =
L
Y ==1 L
L L L
{ Y la impedancia de salida de todo el amplificador:
=2 =
Y2 = =2 2 L2
Transparencia 6-33
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HFWDV GH FDUJD \ PDUJHQ GLQiPLFR

+DVWD DKRUD KHPRV YLVWR HO DPSOLILFDGRU VLQ OLPLWDFLRQHV GH VDOLGD 3DUD REWHQHU HO PDUJHQ GH YDORUHV GH VDOLGD QHFHVLWDPRV FRQRFHU ODV UHFWDV GH FDUJD \ HQ FRQFUHWR OD GH VCC VDOLGD $QDOL]DUHPRV OD 5&&V GHO FLUFXLWR
R1 CI RL vi R2 RE RC
CO
vO
Transparencia 6-34
(OHFWUyQLFD

6XSRQGUHPRV FRQRFLGR 4 \ HO WUDQVLVWRU HQ DFWLYD \ FRQVLGHUDUHPRV ORV FRQGHQVDGRUHV GH XQ YDORU HOHYDGR D ODV IUHFXHQFLDV GH WUDEDMR $Vt OD PDOOD GH VDOLGD HQ $& TXHGD
RC
ic v ce ic
De donde obtenemos:
YFH + LF (5& // 5/ + 5( ) = 0
Que despejando:
RL
LF =
vO
YFH (5& // 5/ + 5( )
RE
Transparencia 6-35
(OHFWUyQLFD

(VWD HFXDFLyQ QR SXHGH UHSUHVHQWDUVH HQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH VDOLGD GHO WUDQVLVWRU SXHVWR TXH VRQ WHQVLRQHV \ FRUULHQWH HQ SHTXHxD VHxDO SHUR SRGHPRV KDFHU XQ FDPELR GH YDULDEOH
LF
= L& , &4 = Y&( 9&(4
YFH
< WHQHPRV
L&
( 5& // 5/ + 5( )
YFH
+ , &4 +
( 5& // 5/ + 5( )
9&(4
Transparencia 6-36
(OHFWUyQLFD

&X\D UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ QRV GD
, &4
(5& // 5/ + 5( )
9&(4
iC
ICQ
VCEQ
9&(4
vCE
+ , &4 ( 5& // 5/ + 5( )
Transparencia 6-37
(OHFWUyQLFD

'H HVWD JUiILFD SRGUHPRV REWHQHU OD Pi[LPD YDULDFLyQ GH OD FRUULHQWH GH FROHFWRU HV GHFLU HO YDORU GH SLFR Pi[LPR GH OD FRPSRQHQWH DOWHUQD GH HVWD FRUULHQWH
iC iCSAT I CQ iCcorte Q
L& 6$7 = L& (YFH ( VDW ) ) , &4 L& 6$7 =
Siendo S y C:
9&(4 YFH ( VDW ) (5& // 5/ + 5( )
L& FRUWH = , &4
Vce(sat) VCEQ
vCE
Del cual cogeremos el ms pequeo, puesto que es el ms restrictivo!!!
Transparencia 6-38
(OHFWUyQLFD

3DUD FRQRFHU HO Pi[LPR YDORU GH OD WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD HQ $& GHEHUHPRV REWHQHU OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD FRUULHQWH GH FROHFWRU \ OD WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD OD FXDO SXHGH REWHQHUVH GH OD PDOOD GH VDOLGD HQ $&
YR ( PD[ ) = LF ( PD[ )( 5& // 5/ )

(Q HO FDVR GH GLVHxDU OD HWDSD GHEH FXPSOLUVH SDUD REWHQHU OD 0(6 TXH L& 6$7 = L& FRUWH
, &4
9&(4
(5& // 5/ + 5( )
YFH ( VDW )
4XH MXQWR FRQ OD 5&& GH VDOLGD QRV SXHGHQ GDU XQD VROXFLyQ SDUD VHOHFFLRQDU XQD ICQ \ VCEQ LQLFLDOHV
Transparencia 6-39
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR DQiOLVLV DPSOLILFDGRU FRQ %-7V

6H WUDWD GH REWHQHU GH OD HWDSD DPSOLILFDGRUD ORV VLJXLHQWHV GDWRV *DQDQFLD GH WHQVLyQ *DQDQFLD GH FRUULHQWH LPSHGDQFLD GH HQWUDGD LPSHGDQFLD GH VDOLGD 0i[LPR YDORU GH OD WHQVLyQ GH HQWUDGD TXH QR SURYRFD GLVWRUVLyQ D OD VDOLGD 2EWHQHU ORV PLVPRV GDWRV HQ HO FDVR GH TXH QR KDOOD CE
vO vi vs R2 RE CE
w
96UPT)
VCC
R1 Zi RS ii
RC CO
ZO iO
CI
w w
VCC = 9v; RS = 0,6 K; R1 = 6,8 K; R2 = 1 K; RC = 6,8 K; RE = 0,47K; RL = 10K = 100;VBE = 0,7 v; VA = 91 v;
Transparencia 6-40
(OHFWUyQLFD
$QiOLVLV HQ '&
Qhhirryhirr68rqvqrprvhpihv ryhvrirhpvhhsvqrqrhyvphryqryhqrphq yhirqrrvrythryRryphyr vrpvqviyrhhppryhirr68vrirhpvh
9qr)
VCC
VCC
9%% =
R1 RC RB RC
52 9&& = 1,15Y 51 + 52 5152 = 0,8718. 51 + 52
5% = 51 // 52 =
`qryhhyyhqrrhqh)
VBB R2 RE RE
9%%
= 5% , % + 9%( + , ( 5(
IE=(+1)IB:
,% =
9%% 9%( 5% + ( + 1)5(
Rrivrq)
, %4 = 9,3$
(OHFWUyQLFD
`yhpvrrqrpyrpri)
,&4 = , %4 = 0,93P$
9ryhS88)
9&& = 5& , & + 9&( + 5( , ( , & ( 5& + 5( ) + 9&( , & =
Ghrvypyrprvri)
9&& 1 9&( 5& + 5( 5& + 5(
9&(
= 9&& , & ( 5& + 5( )
9&& 5& + 5(
IC
9&(4 = 2,24Y
6uhhqrirryhir r68
ICQ
IBQ
VCE Q
9&&
VCE
Transparencia 6-42
(OHFWUyQLFD
Hqryr68qrypvpv)
RC Zi RS ii vO vi vs RB =R1//R 2 iO
@ryphyivvrryqry68qry7EU)
Zi RS ii
ib
ZO iO
vi vs RB
v be
g mvbe
ro
RC
RL v O
Transparencia 6-43
(OHFWUyQLFD
Qhhryrrrr)
U =
97 = 2,75 . , %4 , &4 = 36,33P$ / 9 97 , &4 = 100 .
JP = UR =
9&(4 + 9$
9rypvpvhrvqrqrqpv)
YL = YEH
Y = =L = =R =
YR = J PYEH (UR // 5& )

YR = J P (UR // 5& ) YL YL = 5% // U LL YR = 5& // UR LR
Transparencia 6-44
(OHFWUyQLFD
Tivrqhyrrr)
= 231,3
= =
= 661,95 = 6,37 .
RLqrqrvs
Qhhppryhthhpvhqrrvypyh
qrirrhyvphryqryrvhyrrqryhyvsvphq)
Amplificador
RS vS vvi Zo vi Zi vO RL
Tvrrrprhyqvvrqrrvyqryhrhqhyh hyvqh)
Y =
YR ( 5/ ) =L 5/ = Y Y6 = L + 56 =2 + 5/
Y = 0,525 0,61 ( 231.3) = 0,32 ( 231.3) = 74

(OHFWUyQLFD
Pirrrryhthhpvhqrpvrrrispvyqryh vrqhpvhrqrpv)
=
,
L (5 ) Y (5 ) = + 5 5 += = = L 5 Y 5
R / R / L 6 6 Y L / 6 /
= 9,34
,
PirpvyqryhH@T) 6hvqryhhyyhqrhyvqhr68)
YFH + LF ( 5& // 5/ ) = 0
LF =
( 5& // 5/ )
ic
YFH
RC
Tivv)
LF
= L& , &4 = Y&( 9&(4
vce
RL
vO
YFH
L&
(5& // 5/ )
Y&(
+ , &4 +
(5& // 5/ )
Transparencia 6-46
9&(4
(OHFWUyQLFD
`pyhyr)
iC
L&
Y = 1,483 &( 4
0,93
vo vCE) vo(max)=2,04 v { Por lo que la mxima tensin de entrada ser:

8
0,2
2,24
5,93
vCE
Y6 ( PD[ ) =
YR ( PD[) = 27,57 P9 Y
2EWHQHU ORV PLVPRV GDWRV VLQ CE: { El anlisis en DC corresponde al mismo circuito, por lo que:
, %4 = 9,3$ ,&4 = 0,93P$ 9&(4 = 2,24Y

(OHFWUyQLFD
6uhryqryr68ri)
Zi RS ii
ib
ZO iO
v be
g mvbe
ro
RC
RL vO
vs vi
RB vE RE
9ryhhyyh
RE-ro-RC)
5(
@qrpv)
YEH
L5& = UR (L5& J PYEH ) + L5& 5&
5( J U P R L5& = U Y 5( + UR + 5& EH
Transparencia 6-48
(OHFWUyQLFD
6t
viri)
YL = YEH
5( J U P R YEH U 1 + U L5& 5( = YEH 1 + 5( U 5 + U + 5 ( R &
vO)
5( J P UR U 5Y YR = L5& 5& = 5( + UR + 5& & EH
Srhyvhqryppvrr)
5( J U P R 5( U 5 U J P UR 5& YR 5( + UR + 5& & Y = = = 5( YL 5( + UR + 5& 5( J P UR 5( + UR + 5& + 5( + J P UR U 1 U U 1 + 5( U 5( + UR + 5&

Transparencia 6-49
(OHFWUyQLFD
@yhrrvy)
Y =
5( + UR + 5&
5( U J P UR 5& 5( + UR + 5& 5( + 5( + J P UR U U
Y =
1,16 24704,4 = 13,48 0,47 + 100 + 6,8 + 18,33 0,08 + 1707.5
Pirrrruhpvrqvhrhqp qrhypuirrxvqrrpvhypvi rrx)
J P UR 5&
J P UR 5(
5&
5(
= 14,46
La ganancia de tensin no depende de los parmetros del transistor!!!, pero es menor que en el caso anterior. @rqrivqhyrsrpqryhrvrpvhqrrvyhphyhph
phrhyvrhpvy
Transparencia 6-50
(OHFWUyQLFD
Ghvrqhpvhqrrhqhri)
=L = YL = 5 // = = 752 LL L2 = 0 % L
9qr)
= L =
YL LE
L2 = 0
5( J P UR 1 U YEH 1 + 5( U 5( + UR + 5& = 5,49 . = YEHU
`yhvrqhpvhqrhyvqh)
]2
Y = 2 L2
YL = 0
@yphyrprvhqvsvphrypvpvhhirpvy
Transparencia 6-51
(OHFWUyQLFD
6trypvpvhhirryh
ZOri)
ZO
ib
vbe
gmvbe
ro
RC
RB vi=0 vE RE
9rqqrrqrqrqpvrr)
=2 = Y2 = 5& // =2 L2 Y = 0
L
@pr)
YEH = (U // 5( )LR YR = (LR JPYEH )UR YEH

(OHFWUyQLFD
`ivrq)
YR = [1 + J (U // 5 )]U + (U // 5 ) = 1558,68 . P ( R ( LR
Qyr)
=2 =
Y2 L2
= 5& // = 2 = 6,77 . 5&

L
=0
Ghthhpvhqrrvypvrrpyh
RLqrqrvs ri)
Y =
YR ( 5/ ) = =L 5/ Y6 =L + 56 =2 + 5/ Y
= 4,463
Y
= 1,822
L
Gphyrhyrirrxrrryphhrv rqrrqrqrryrryvrhyrpry hirqryhvyphyrurvrhthp yhpvrrqryhvhpvyrrhhrp
Transparencia 6-53
(OHFWUyQLFD
2EWHQFLyQ GH OD 0(6
@yhhhrpvh%"$%"%%"&huhithirvqyhS86hhrr pvpvht)
iC
L&
= 1,426
YFH
4,52
1,38 ICQ
Q
@rrph)
YR = ( 5& // 5/ )LF
`yh
ic(max)r)
LF ( PD[ ) = 0,452P$
Qyr)
VCEQ
vCE
YR ( PD[ ) = 1,83Y
`)
Y6 (PD[) =
YR (PD[) = 0,4Y Y
Transparencia 6-54
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRU &ROHFWRU &RP~Q

6REUH HO FLUFXLWR \D HVWXGLDGR UHDOL]DPRV XQD SHTXHxD PRGLILFDFLyQ SDUD FRQYHUWLUOR HQ && VCC 8WLOL]DUHPRV ORV PLVPRV FRPSRQHQWHV SRU OR TXH HO SXQWR 4 VHUi HO PLVPR , %4 = 9,3$
,&4 = 0,93P$ 9&(4 = 2,24Y < ORV SDUiPHWURV HQ $& GHO %-7 LJXDO 9 U = 7 = 2,75 . , %4
JP = UR = , &4 = 36,33P$ / 9 97 , &4 = 100 .
R1
RC
vi R2 RE
RL
9&(4 + 9$
Transparencia 6-55
(OHFWUyQLFD
`ryqryr68)
Zi RS ii
ib
vb e
gmvb e
RC
vs vi
RB vE RE iO ZO
RL
vO
9qrpvqrhr
ro yphyvyvsvphypiypy
vqprrryrhqrrr)
Y YL = YEH + EH + J P YEH 5( U Y YR = EH + J P YEH 5( U

(OHFWUyQLFD
`yhthhpvhqrrvyri)
Y =
YR YL
1 + J P 5( U (1 + JPU )5( = 0,9452 = = 1 1 + (1 + J P U )5( 1 + + J P 5( U
La ganancia de tensin nunca ser mayor de 1!!! Ghvrqhpvhqrrhqhri)
=L =
YL = 5% // [U + (1 + J P U )5( ] = 857 LL
`yhqrhyvqh)
=2 =
Y2 L2
=
Y
L
=0
U // 5( = 25,76 1 + U // 5( J P
Ghphyrihhrirrxhrrryphqr@8
Transparencia 6-57
(OHFWUyQLFD
/DV WUHV FRQILJXUDFLRQHV FRPSDUDFLyQ

6L UHDOL]DPRV XQ SHTXHxR VXPDULR GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ORV WUHV DPSOLILFDGRUHV WHQHPRV
8svthpvy Bhhpvh rvy @v8~ Bhhpvh 8vrr Drqhpvh qrrhqh Hrqvh Drqhpvh qrhyvqh Hrqvhhyh
3
Y
3
L
8yrp p~ 7hrp~
3
L
6yh
7hwh
3
Y
7hwh
Hrqvhhyh
Transparencia 6-58
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRUHV 0XOWLHWDSD
<D KHPRV YLVWR FRQILJXUDFLRQHV GH DPSOLILFDGRUHV IRUPDGDV SRU YDULDV HWDSDV DFRSODGDV 5& PHGLDQWH XQ FRQGHQVDGRU 9HUHPRV DKRUD GRV QXHYDV FRQILJXUDFLRQHV TXH QR QHFHVLWDQ FRQGHQVDGRU /D SULPHUD GH HOODV HV OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ 'DUOLQJWRQ
/D FXDO VH XWLOL]D FXDQGR VH UHTXLHUH XQD HOHYDGD JDQDQFLD
Transparencia 6-59
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRU 'DUOLQJWRQ
6X PRGHOR HQ VHxDO HV
vbe1
r1
gm1vb e1
v be2
r2
gm2v be2
(O FXDO SXHGH VHU VXEVWLWXLGR SRU HO GH XQ WUDQVLVWRU QRUPDO FRQ
1 2 U = 2 1U 2
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRU FDVFRGR
V CC
&RUUHVSRQGH D
R1 CB Q2 vO R2 CC1 Q1 RL RC CC2
vS
R3
RE
CE
< VXV SULQFLSDOHV YHQWDMDV VRQ HQ UHVSXHVWD IUHFXHQFLDO

(OHFWUyQLFD
$SOLFDFLRQHV FRQ WUDQVLVWRU 026

Transparencia 7-1
(OHFWUyQLFD
,QWURGXFFLyQ
'LVSRVLWLYRV FRQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
Caractersticas MOS canal N
iDS vDS(sat) =vG S- VT iDS
saturacin
zona lineal
vGS > vGS vGS >vGS vGS >VT>0
VT0
vGS
vDS
2 =RQD OLQHDO L' = N 1 2(Y*6 97 )Y'6 Y'6 7UDQVLFLyQ Y'6 ( VDW ) = Y*6 97
5HJLyQ GH RSHUDFLyQ 6DWXUDFLyQ
1026 L' = N 1 (Y*6 97 )

2
3026
L' = N 3 (Y6* + 97 )
2 L' = N 3 2(Y6* + 97 )Y6' Y6' Y'6 ( VDW ) = Y6* + 97
Transparencia 7-2
(OHFWUyQLFD
7LSRV GH 026
Acumulacin
D
L'
Deplexin
D
L'
iDS
-
iDS
G
iD S
-
iD S
B Y+ '6
B Y+ '6 S D
NMOS
Y*6 -
S D
vG S >0
L'
+ Y *6 -
VG S=0
L'
VG S<0
+ Y*6 S
+ Y'6 S
vG S =0
VT0
iDS VT0
vGS
vGS =0
V DS
IDS
-
Y*6 -
+ Y'6 S
VT0
vGS
Y6* +
S Y6* + B
iDS
+ Y6' -
PMOS
+ Y6' -
VT0
vGS
vGS >0
vDS iDS vDS
vGS
vGS <0
L'
V DS
D
L'
Y6* + G D
L'
+ Y6' -
Y6* + G D
vGS =0
L'
+ Y6' -
Transparencia 7-3
(OHFWUyQLFD
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV QR LGHDOHV
5HVLVWHQFLD GH VDOLGD ILQLWD
0RGXODFLyQ GH OD ORQJLWXG GH FDQDO
iD
-VA
L' = N 1 (Y*6 97 0 )2 (1 + Y'6 )
vDS
'RQGH HV HO SDUiPHWUR GH PRGXODFLyQ GH OD ORQJLWXG GH FDQDO \ 9$ = 1

(OHFWUyQLFD
(IHFWR VXEVWUDWR &XDQGR HO VXEVWUDWR QR WLHQH HO PLVPR SRWHQFLDO TXH OD IXHQWH
9 = 9
U
Tvrr
{
U
+
<0
[ 9 + 2 2
7 A vrrvvt
144424444 ] 4 3
A
&RQGXFFLyQ VXEXPEUDO /D FRUULHQWH QR HV FHUR FXDQGR VGS HVWi OLJHUDPHQWH SRU GHEDMR GH VT
hhphhyQih I
>0 <0
hhphhy IihQ
iD
L' = N 1 (Y*6 97 )
Experimental Ideal
vGS
(OHFWUyQLFD
5XSWXUD 7HQVLyQ GUHQDGRUVXEVWUDWR HOHYDGR (IHFWR VLPLODU D OD DYDODQFKD HQ OD XQLyQ 31 3XQFKWKURXJK (Q GLVSRVLWLYRV SHTXHxRV RFXUUH DO DXPHQWDU OD WHQVLyQ HQ HO GUHQDGRU \D TXH OD GHSOH[LyQ VH H[WLHQGR D OR ODUJR GH WRGR HO FDQDO KDVWD HO VXUWLGRU \ XQ SHTXHxR LQFUHPHQWR GH OD WHQVLyQ GHO GUHQDGRU KDFH TXH DXPHQWH HQRUPHPHQWH OD FRUULHQWH GHO GUHQDGRU 5XSWXUD FHUFDQD D OD DYDODQFKD /D HVWUXFWXUD IRUPDGD SRU OD IXHQWHVXEVWUDWRGUHQDGRU HV VLPLODU D XQ WUDQVLVWRU ELSRODU $ PHGLGD TXH HO 026 HV PiV SHTXHxR ODV FRUULHQWHV SDUiVLWDV GH HVWH WUDQVLVWRU DXPHQWDQ ODV FXDOHV LQFUHPHQWDQ OD WHQVLyQ GHO GUHQDGRU OD FXDO UHDO]D ORV HIHFWRV GH UXSWXUD (IHFWRV WpUPLFRV /D WHQVLyQ XPEUDO VT \ HO SDUiPHWUR GH FRQGXFFLyQ kn VRQ DPERV IXQFLyQ GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD
Transparencia 7-6
(OHFWUyQLFD
$QiOLVLV HQ FRQWLQXD
6XSRQGUHPRV LQLFLDOPHQWH TXH FRQ ORV WUDQVLVWRUHV 026 6H XVDQ UHVLVWHQFLDV DXQTXH HQ ORV FLUFXLWRV LQWHJUDGRV UHDOHV ODV UHVLVWHQFLDV VH VXHOHQ UHHPSOD]DU SRU RWURV WUDQVLVWRUHV 026 5HG GH SRODUL]DFLyQ FOiVLFD 'HO FXDO WHQHPRV 9
''
52 9'' 51 + 52 < VL HVWD HV PD\RU TXH VT Y* = Y*6 =
5 Y Y
*6
'
< OD WHQVLyQ vDS
L' = N 1 (9*6 97 0 )2
5

'6
Y'6 = 9'' L' 5'

Transparencia 7-7
(OHFWUyQLFD
6XHOHQ XWLOL]DUVH WDPELpQ ODV UHGHV \D HVWXGLDGDV HQ HO %-7
VDD V DD
R1
RD
RD
R2
RS
IDS
-VDD
Transparencia 7-8
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HGHV GH 3RODUL]DFLyQ
(Q HVWD UHG WHQHPRV
VDD
Y* =
51 9'' 51 9'' L' 56 51 + 52 Y*6 = 51 + 52 Y6 = L' 56 2 L' = N Q (Y*6 97 )
R1
RD
1 51 2 L' + 97 2 L' + 56 ( 51 + 52 ) 56 N Q 2 1 51 51 + 972 + 5 + 5 2 5 + 5 97 5 2 = 0 6 1 2 1 2
R2
RS
Transparencia 7-9
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HFWD GH FDUJD HQ FRQWLQXD

6L VH FXPSOH TXH 52 Y*6 = 9'' < 97 51 + 52 /D FRUULHQWH iDS = 0
iDS
''
5 Y Y
*6
'
52 9 51 + 52 ''
'6
VT
vGS
Transparencia 7-10
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HFWD GH FDUJD HQ FRQWLQXD

3DUD OD VDOLGD
Y'6 = 9'' L' 5'

iDS VDD/RD vDS(sat) =vGS- VT
VGSQ
VDD
vDS
(Q HO FXDO KHPRV GH YHULILFDU VL
Y'6 Y*6 97 Y'6 < Y*6 97

6DWXUDFLyQ =RQD /LQHDO

Transparencia 7-11
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HVLVWHQFLDV $FWLYDV
(V KDELWXDO XVDU XQ 026 GH HQULTXHFLPLHQWR FRPR UHVLVWHQFLD QR OLQHDO 9'' 7HQHPRV TXH VT > 0 \ SDUD HVWH FLUFXLWR
Y'6 = Y'6 > Y*6 ( VDW ) = Y*6 97

'H WDO PDQHUD TXH VLHPSUH HVWi HQ OD ]RQD GH VDWXUDFLyQ < OD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD FRUULHQWHWHQVLyQ VHUi
iDS vDS(sat) =vGS- VT
L'
Y*6
Y'6
L' = N 1 (Y'6 97 )2
vDS
Transparencia 7-12
(OHFWUyQLFD
$Vt HV SRVLEOH XWLOL]DU XQ DPSOLILFDGRU FRPR
9''
L'/ Y'6/ Y *6/ L'' Y'6' Y *6'

Y
'RQGH WHQHPRV GRV WUDQVLVWRUHV HO GULYHU \ OD FDUJD (VWH FLUFXLWR HV XWLOL]DGR WDPELpQ HQ FLUFXLWRV OyJLFRV
Transparencia 7-13
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HVLVWHQFLDV DFWLYDV
$QDOLFHPRV HO FLUFXLWR DQWHULRU SDUD
9'' = 59
97' = 97/ = 19 NQ' = 50 $ / 9 2 NQ/ = 10$ / 9 2
(O WUDQVLVWRU GULYHU VH HQFRQWUDUi HQ WUHV VLWXDFLRQHV GLIHUHQWHV
Y*6 < 97' &RUWH 97' Y*6 = Y'6 97' 6DWXUDFLyQ Y*6 > Y'6 97' /LQHDO 3DUD OD ]RQD GH FRUWH WHQGUHPRV
L 4v. (V GHFLU voY= < 97' L'' = L'/ = 0 YR = 9'' 97/
Transparencia 7-14
(OHFWUyQLFD
(Q HO FDVR GHO WUDQVLVWRU GULYHU HQ VDWXUDFLyQ WHQHPRV L'' = L'/ (V GHFLU NQ' (Y*6' 97' )2 = NQ/ (Y*6/ 97/ )2 < FRPR
Y*6' = YL Y'6' = YR
Y*6/ = 9'' YR
7HQHPRV
NQ' (YL 97' )2 = NQ/ (9'' YR 97/ )2

YR = (9'' 97/ ) NQ' (YL 97' ) NQ/
&X\D WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD VHUi
4XH SDUWLFXODUL]DQGR
R L
Y = 4 5 (Y 1)
(OHFWUyQLFD
(Q HO FDVR GH HQFRQWUDUVH HQ ]RQD OLQHDO
2 NQ' [2(Y*6' 97' )Y'6' Y'6' ] = NQ/ (Y*6/ 97/ )2
< WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD
Y*6' = YL 2 2 Y'6' = YR NQ' [2(YL 97' )YR YR ] = N Q/ (9'' YR 97/ ) Y*6/ = 9'' YR
&X\D VROXFLyQ HV
N (Y 9 ) + NQ/ (9'' 97/ ) YR = Q' L 7' + NQ' + NQ/ 2 2 N 2 Y 2 + 2NQ' (NQ/ (9'' 97/ ) NQ'97' )YL + NQ' (NQ'97' + NQ/ (297' (97/ 9'' ) (9'' + 29''97/ 97/ ))) Q' L NQ' + NQ/
4XH SDUWLFXODUL]DQGR
Y =
R
5Y 1 25Y 2 10Y 95 6
L L L
Transparencia 7-16
(OHFWUyQLFD
(O WUDQVLVWRU GULYHU WHQGUi OD WUDQVLFLyQ GH ]RQD OLQHDO D VDWXUDFLyQ FXDQGR
'6' ( h ) = *6' W7' R = L W7'
4XH VXEVWLWX\HQGR
NQ' (YL 97' )2 = NQ/ (9'' 97/ + 97' YL )2

&X\D VROXFLyQ HV
YL 9'6' ( VDW ) <
NQ'97' NQ/ (9'' 97/ + 97' ) + NQ/ NQ/ (9'' 97/ )2 NQ/NQ' NQ' NQ/
< SDUWLFXODUL]DQGR
Y < 5 = 2,239
L
Transparencia 7-17
(OHFWUyQLFD
/D UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD GH OD IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD VHUi
5 VO 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
&RUWH
6DWXUDFLyQ
/LQHDO
3XHUWD LQYHUVRUD &RPR DPSOLILFDGRU Pi[LPD OLQHDOLGDG HQ OD ]RQD GH VDWXUDFLyQ UHFXpUGHVH TXH HO PRGHOR HV DSUR[LPDGR
(OHFWUyQLFD
3XHUWDV OyJLFDV
(V SRVLEOH REWHQHU RWUDV SXHUWDV FRPELQDQGR GLIHUHQWHV WUDQVLVWRUHV SRU HMHPSOR
9 ''
Vi1
Vi2 Bajo Bajo Alto Alto
Vo Alto Bajo Bajo Bajo
YR YL

YL

Bajo Alto Bajo Alto
(VWD WHFQRORJtD HV FRQRFLGD FRPR 1026 /D PiV XWLOL]DGD HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG HV OD &026 026 FRPSOHPHQWDULR
(OHFWUyQLFD
$QiOLVLV HQ $&
$O LJXDO TXH FRQ HO %-7 REWHQGUHPRV XQ PRGHOR HQ SHTXHxD VHxDO SDUD HO 026 8WLOL]DUHPRV OD PLVPD QRPHQFODWXUD
Y*6 ,'
= 9*64 + YJV = , '4 + LG
([LVWLUiQ WUHV FRQILJXUDFLRQHV
Puerta comn
Surtidor comn
Drenador comn
&X\DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VRQ PX\ VLPLODUHV D ODV GHO %-7

(OHFWUyQLFD
0RGHOR HQ $&
2EWHQGUHPRV XQ PRGHOR VLPLODU SDUD HO 026
id ig vgs v ds
8WLOL]DQGR
LJ = UL YJV + J PU YGV LG = J P YJV + UR YGV
&RPR ig = 0 ORV SDUiPHWURV ri = 0 \ gmr = 0
Transparencia 7-21
(OHFWUyQLFD
0RGHOR HQ $&
3DUD FDOFXODU gm
JP L = G Y JV
=
Y GV = 0
L' = 2NQ (9*64 97 ) = 2 Y*6 Y '6 =9 '64

iD
N Q , '4
3DUD FDOFXODU ro
-VA
vDS
L' = N 1 (Y*6 97 ) (1 + Y'6 )

2
UR
L = G
YGV
Y JV = 0
1 1 L' = = Y*6 Y JV =9*64 NQ (9*64 97 )2 , '4

Transparencia 7-22
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR DQiOLVLV DPSOLILFDGRU FRQ 026

5HDOL]DUHPRV XQ HVWXGLR GHO VLJXLHQWH DPSOLILFDGRU
VDD
'DWRV : 51 = 52 = 500 .;
RD CO
R1 Zi RG ii
5* = 600
ZO iO
56 = 2 . 5/ = 6 .
CI
5' = 3. 9'' = 309 97 = 29
vO vi vs R2 RS CS
NQ = 0.5P$ / 9 2
Transparencia 7-23
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRU 026
$QiOLVLV HQ '&
VDD VD D
9** =
RD
52 9'' 51 + 52
R1
RD
9* =
RG
52 9'' 52 9'' , ' 56 51 + 52 9*6 = 51 + 52 96 = , ' 56
L' = N 1 (9*6 97 )2
< VXEVWLWX\HQGR
RS
2 9*6 39*6 11 = 0
VGG R2 RS
&X\DV VROXFLRQHV VRQ
5,149 9*6 = 2,149

(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRU 026
< FRPR VGSQ>VT
9*64 = 5,149
(O FXDO QRV GD
, '4 = 4.93P$
/D PDOOD GH VDOLGD
9'' = , ' 5' + 9'6 + , ' 56 9'6 = 9'' , ' ( 5' + 56 ) = 30 5 , '
(O FXDO QRV GD XQD VDSQ=5.35V. < SDUD VDEHU VL HVWi HQ VDWXUDFLyQ
9'64 9*64 97 5.35 5,14 2

4XH FRPR VH FXPSOH HO 026 HVWi HQ VDWXUDFLyQ
(OHFWUyQLFD
$QiOLVLV HQ $& 0RGHOR HQ $&
Zi RS ii RL vO RG RD iO ZO
vi vs
4XH VXEVWLWX\HQGR HO 026 SRU VX HTXLYDOHQWH HQ $&

Zi RS ii iO ZO
vi vs RG
v gs
gmvgs
ro
RD
RL
vO
Transparencia 7-26
(OHFWUyQLFD
3DUD HO TXH WHQHPRV
J P = 2 NQ , '4 = 3,14P$ / 9 UR
< GHO FLUFXLWR DQWHULRU SRGHPRV GHGXFLU
YR = JPYJV (UR // 5' ) YL = YJV

Y Y = R = J P (UR // 5' ) YL Y = L = L = 5* LL Y = R = R = 5' // UR LR
4XH VXEVWLWX\HQGR WHQHPRV
= 9,42
= =
= 500 . = 3.
Transparencia 7-27
(OHFWUyQLFD
3DUD FRQRFHU ODV JDQDQFLDV SDUWLFXODUHV FRQ ODV UHVLVWHQFLDV GH FDUJD \ GHO JHQHUDGRU VH DSOLFD HO PLVPR SURFHGLPLHQWR XWLOL]DGR FRQ HO %-7
= 6,28
Y
= 261,67
L
2EWHQFLyQ GH OD 0(6 YGV + LG ( 5' // 5/ ) = 0 LG =
RD
id vds
(5' // 5/ )
YGV
< VL WHQHPRV HQ FXHQWD
RL v O
LG
= L' , '4 = Y'6 9'64
YGV
2EWHQHPRV
L' =
9'64 Y'6 + , '4 + (5' // 5/ ) (5' // 5/ )

Transparencia 7-28
(OHFWUyQLFD
4XH VXEVWLWX\HQGR
L' Y = 7,6 '6 2
, '4 +
5' // 5/
9'64
3DUD HQFRQWUDU OD WUDQVLFLyQ GH VDWXUDFLyQ D OLQHDO
IDSQ
L' = N 1 (Y*6 97 )2 2 L' = N 1 Y'6 Y'6 = Y*6 97

iDS(mA)
VDSQ
9'64
vDS
+ , '4 ( 5& // 5/ )
4XH VXEVWLWX\HQGR \ FDOFXODQGR
iD =0.5v2 DS
Y'6 (PD[) = YR (PD[) = 5,35 3,432 = 1,9189

4XH FRUUHVSRQGH D XQD
Y6 ( PD[ ) = YR ( PD[) = 305P9 Y
L' (PD[) = 5,89 4,93 = 0,96P$
5.89 4,93
3.432
5,35
14,29
vDS
Transparencia 7-29
(OHFWUyQLFD
/DV WUHV FRQILJXUDFLRQHV &RPSDUDFLyQ

3RGHPRV OOHJDU D UHDOL]DU XQ HVWXGLR VLPLODU DO UHDOL]DGR FRQ HO %-7 REWHQLpQGRVH ORV VLJXLHQWHV UHVXOWDGRV
8svthpvy Bhhpvh rvy Tvq 8~ Bhhpvh 8vrr Drqhpvh qrrhqh Hhyh Drqhpvh qrhyvqh Hrqvhhyh
3
Y
9rhq p~ Qrhp~
Hhyh
7hwh
3
Y
7hwh
Hrqvhhyh
Transparencia 7-30
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRUHV FRQ FDUJDV DFWLYDV

+HPRV YLVWR FRPR OD UHVLVWHQFLD GH GUHQDGRU SXHGH VHU VXEVWLWXLGD SRU XQ WUDQVLVWRU /D SULQFLSDO YHQWDMD HV OD GLVPLQXFLyQ GHO WDPDxR XWLOL]DGR SRU OD FDUJD (O LQFRQYHQLHQWH HV OD IDOWD GH OLQHDOLGDG (Q HO FDVR GH TXH OD FDUJD VHD XQ WUDQVLVWRU GH HQULTXHFLPLHQWR HQ OD ]RQD GH VDWXUDFLyQ WHQtDPRV
9'' L'/ Y'6/ Y *6/ L'' Y'6' Y *6'

Y
N YR = (9'' 97/ ) Q' (YL 97' ) NQ/ 'RQGH OD JDQDQFLD VHUi Y = GYR N = Q' GYL NQ/
4XH VXSRQLHQGR ODV PLVPDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HOpFWULFDV SDUD ORV GRV WUDQVLVWRUHV
Y =
( / / )' N Q' = ( / / )/ N Q/
Transparencia 7-31
(OHFWUyQLFD

5HVXOWDGR TXH H[LJH WUDQVLVWRUHV JUDQGHV SDUD JDQDQFLDV DOWDV 3DUD PHMRUDU HO UHVXOWDGR SXHGH HPSOHDUVH FRPR FDUJD XQ WUDQVLVWRU GH GHSOH[LyQ 7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH vGSL= 0 9'' OD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD ,9 GH OD FDUJD HV
L'/
iDSL vDS(sat) =vGS- VT

v GS =0
Y'6/
Y
Y *6'
L'' Y'6'
vDSL
Transparencia 7-32
(OHFWUyQLFD

4XH WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH Y'6' = 9'' Y'6/ 1RV SHUPLWH REWHQHU OD UHFWD GH FDUJD
vDSL(sat) =VDD- VT
VDD
vDS
Transparencia 7-33
(OHFWUyQLFD
([LVWLUiQ UHJLRQHV

vgsd<VTD
'ULYHU &DUJD &RUWH /LQHDO 6DWXUDFLyQ /LQHDO 6DWXUDFLyQ 6DWXUDFLyQ /LQHDO 6DWXUDFLyQ
L' = 0
YR = 9''
'ULYHU HQ VDWXUDFLyQ FDUJD OLQHDO
2 N 1' (Y*6' 97' )2 (1 + 'YR ) = N 1/ [2(Y*6/ 97/ )Y'6/ Y'6/ ]
< FRPR vGSL=0 \ vDSL=VDD-VO
N 1' (Y*6' 97 )2 (1 + 'YR ) = N 1/ [2( 97/ )(9'' YR ) (9'' YR ) 2 ] '6/
Transparencia 7-34
(OHFWUyQLFD
< HO SXQWR GH WUDQVLFLyQ VHUi FXDQGR OD FDUJD SDVD D VDWXUDFLyQ
9'' YR = 97/ YR = 9'' 97/
Y'6/ ( VDW ) = Y*6/ 97/ = 97/
'ULYHU \ FDUJD HQ VDWXUDFLyQ
N 1' (Y*6' 97' )2 (1 + 'YR ) = N 1/ (Y*6/ 97/ )2 (1 + /Y'6/ )

< VXEVWLWX\HQGR
N 1' (Y*6' 97' )2 (1 + ' YR ) = N 1/ ( 97/ )2 (1 + / (9'' YR ) )

(O SXQWR GH WUDQVLFLyQ VHUi
YR = Y'6' ( VDW ) = Y*6' 97'

'ULYHU HQ ]RQD OLQHDO
2 N 1' [2(Y*6' 97' )Y2 Y2 ] = N 1/ [2( 97/ )(9'' YR ) (9'' YR ) 2 ] '6/
Transparencia 7-35
(OHFWUyQLFD
$Vt OD IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD TXHGD
Y*6'
9''_97/_
3DUD FDOFXODU OD JDQDQFLD HQ OD ]RQD UHDOL]DUHPRV OD GHULYDGD GH OD WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD UHVSHFWR GH vGSD SDUD HOORV UHHVFULELPRV OD H[SUHVLyQ
L'
N 1' (Y*6' 97' )2 = N 1/ ( 97/ )2 (1 + /9'' ) N 1' (Y*6' 97' )2 'YR N 1/ ( 97/ )2 /YR
Transparencia 7-36
(OHFWUyQLFD
6L FRQVLGHUDPRV 2 D '4 x Q/ ( W7/ ) (*6/ = 0)
D
7HQHPRV
2 '4 xQ' (*6' 97' )
N 1' (Y*6' 97' ) N 1/ ( 97/ ) (1 + /9'' ) , '4 (/ ' )YR

2 2
6L GHULYDPRV UHVSHFWR GH vGSD 2N 1' (Y*6' 97' ) = , '4 (/ ' ) < FRPR 2EWHQHPRV
Y =
GYR GY*6'
GYR GY*6'
2N 1' (Y*6' 97' ) = J P'
, '4
J P' (/ ' )
2 OR TXH HV OR PLVPR(Rod=(DIDQ)-1)
Y = J P' (UR' // UR/ )
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRUHV PXOWLHWDSD
$O LJXDO TXH FRQ ORV %-7 VH VXHOHQ XWLOL]DU YDULRV WUDQVLVWRUHV SDUD PHMRUDU DOJXQD SUHVWDFLyQ HQ FRQFUHWR &RQILJXUDFLyQ 'DUOLQJWRQ
VDD
R1
RD1
RD2
CI M1 M2 CO
vs
R2
RS1
CS
RS2
vO
-VDD
(OHFWUyQLFD
&X\R PRGHOR HQ $& HV
vgs2
R1//R2 vs
vgs1
gm1vgs1
RD//ro1
gm2vgs2
RS2//RL//ro2
'RQGH OD JDQDQFLD VHUi Y J ( 5 // U // 5/ ) Y = R = J P1 ( 5'1 // UR1 ) P 2 6 2 R 2 J P1 ( 5'1 // UR1 ) YL 1 + J P 2 ( 56 2 // UR 2 // 5/ ) < OD LPSHGDQFLD GH VDOLGD EDMD LJXDO TXH HQ XQ GUHQDGRU FRP~Q
= 2 = J P 2 // 56 2 // UR 2
Transparencia 7-39
(OHFWUyQLFD
< HQ HO FDVR GH WHQHU OD VDOLGD FRQHFWDGD DO GUHQDGRU GHO VHJXQGR WUDQVLVWRU OD JDQDQFLD VHUtD Y Y = R = J P1J P 2 (5'1 // UR1 )( 56 2 // UR 2 // 5/ ) YL &RQILJXUDFLyQ &DFRGR 6X SULQFLSDO YHQWDMD HV OD UHVSXHVWD D DOWDV IUHFXHQFLDV
VDD
R1 CG
RC CC2 M2 vO
RL
R2 CC1 M1
vS
R3
RS
CS
Transparencia 7-40
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HSXHVWD IUHFXHQFLDO GH ORV DPSOLILFDGRUHV

Transparencia 8-1
,QWURGXFFLyQ
(OHFWUyQLFD
+DVWD DKRUD KHPRV FRQVLGHUDGR D ORV DPSOLILFDGRUHV FRPR VL VX FRPSRUWDPLHQWR IXHVH LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH OD IUHFXHQFLD GH OD VHxDO /RV FRQGHQVDGRUHV QR FDPELDQ EUXVFDPHQWH GH FRUWRFLUFXLWR D FLUFXLWR DELHUWR 8Q HMHPSOR GH XQD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GH OD UHVSXHVWD IUHFXHQFLDO GH XQ DPSOLILFDGRU HV
|A|
Am Am/ 2 frecuencias bajas frecuencias medias frecuenc ias altas
fL
fH
+DELWXDOPHQWH VH FRQVLGHUD HO SXQWR GH PHGLD SRWHQFLD \ VH H[SUHVD HQ G% G%
$( ) G% = 20 log( $( ) )
(OHFWUyQLFD
,QWURGXFFLyQ
3DUD HO DQiOLVLV IUHFXHQFLDO XWLOL]DUHPRV OD 7UDQVIRUPDGD GH /DSODFH DVt
Z L = Ls
ZC =
1 Cs
'RQGH s = j (VWR QRV SHUPLWLUi REWHQHU XQD IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD GHO WLSR
P P + ( V) = EP V Q + EP VQ DQ V + DQ V
1 1 1
+ +
L+ E V + E L+ D V + D
1 1
=N
(V ]1 )(V ]2 ) (V ]P ) (V S1 )(V S2 ) (V SQ )
L L
Transparencia 8-3
(OHFWUyQLFD
,QWURGXFFLyQ P P + ( V) = EP V Q + EP VQ + L + E V + E = N (V ] )(V ] )L(V ]P ) (V S )(V S )L(V SQ ) DQ V + DQ V + L + D V + D

1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 2
(Q HVWD IXQFLyQ OODPDUHPRV &HURV zi H(s) = 0 3RORV pi H(s)
Transparencia 8-4
(OHFWUyQLFD
,QWURGXFFLyQ )XQFLRQHV GH SULPHU RUGHQ

&RQVLGHUDUHPRV LQLFLDOPHQWH OD FRQWULEXFLyQ D OD UHVSXHVWD IUHFXHQFLDO GH XQ FRQGHQVDGRU HQ VHULH \ HQ SDUDOHOR /RV GRV FLUFXLWRV PiV KDELWXDOHV VRQ
RS CS vO
RS vO
vi
RP
vi
CP
RP
Y2 ( V) = 53 V(56 + 53 )&6 = . V 6 YL ( V) 56 + 53 1 + V(56 + 53 )&6 1 + V 6 1 Y2 ( V) = 53 1 = . YL ( V) 56 + 53 1 + V(56 // 53 )&3 1 + V 3

(OHFWUyQLFD
)XQFLRQHV GH SULPHU RUGHQ

6L VXEVWLWXLPRV s=j
Y2 ( V) 53 M 6 = YL ( V ) 56 + 53 1 + M 6
< OD PDJQLWXG HV
Y2 ( V) = 53 = . 1 YL ( V) 56 + 53 1 + M 3
Y ( M ) 53 1 + 3 ( M ) = 2 = 5 + 5 2 2 YL ( M ) 6 3 1 + M 3
|HP(j )|dB
aproximacin asintti ca 3 dB curva actual
Y ( M ) 53 6 + 6 ( M ) = 2 = 5 + 5 2 2 YL ( M ) 6 3 1 + M 6
|HS(j )|dB
20 l og
aproximacin asinttica 3 dB +6dB/octava cur va actual
5 20 l og 5 +5
+20 dB/decada
-20 dB/decada o -6dB/octava
=1/S
=1/P
Transparencia 8-6
(OHFWUyQLFD
)XQFLRQHV GH SULPHU RUGHQ

< OD IDVH HV
Fase = 90 WDQ1 ( 6 )
HS(j )
90 aproximacin asint tica
Fase = WDQ1 ( 3 )
HS(j )
0
1 1 10 S 10 S S
45
-45
curva actual 0
curva actual -90
1 1 10 10 V V V
aproximacin asinttica
Transparencia 8-7
(OHFWUyQLFD
$SUR[LPDFLRQHV GH FRUWRFLUFXLWR \ FLUFXLWR DELHUWR

(V KDELWXDO TXH HQ XQ FLUFXLWR DSDUH]FDQ PiV GH XQ FRQGHQVDGRU
RS CS vO
vi
CP
RP
&X\D IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD HV
Y2 ( V ) 53 1 = YL ( V ) 56 + 53 53 &3 1 1+ + + V 3 56 + 53 &6 V 6
(OHFWUyQLFD
'RQGH
&3 DOWDV IUHFXHQFLDV &6 EDMDV IUHFXHQFLDV
< VL DGHPiV WHQHPRV TXH CP<<CS FRPR HV KDELWXDO
DOWDV IUHFXHQFLDV &6 FRUWRFLUFXLWR EDMDV IUHFXHQFLDV &3 FLUFXLWR DELHUWR

'H WDO PDQHUD TXH SRGHPRV REWHQHU ODV IUHFXHQFLDV GH FRUWH D G% FRPR
1 1 I/ = / = = 2 2 6 2 ( 56 + 53 )&6 1 1 I+ = + = = 2 2 3 2 ( 56 // 53 )&3
|v o/vi|
-3dB
fL
fH
Transparencia 8-9
(OHFWUyQLFD
(IHFWRV GHO FRQGHQVDGRU GH DFRSOR

$QDOL]DUHPRV ORV HIHFWRV GHO FRQGHQVDGRU CC HQ HO FLUFXLWR (O FRQGHQVDGRU UHDOL]DUi XQ HIHFWR GH SDVD DOWRV 0HGLDQWH HO PRGHOR HQ DOWHUQD \ UHDO]DQGR XQ DQiOLVLV FRPSOHWR REWHQHPRV
VCC
R1
RC vO
Y (V) J U5 5% V ( 56 + 5L )&& Y = R = P & YL ( V ) 56 + 5L 5% + 5LE 1 + V ( 56 + 5L )&& 5L = 5% //[U + (1 + )5( ] = 5% // 5LE

vi
RS
CC
R2
RE
6L EXVFDPRV OD UHVLVWHQFLD HTXLYDOHQWH YLVWD GHVGH HO FRQGHQVDGRU SRGHPRV FDOFXODU OD IUHFXHQFLD GH FRUWH D G%
=
1 1 = 6 ( 56 + 5L )&&
Transparencia 8-10
(OHFWUyQLFD
(IHFWRV GHO FRQGHQVDGRU GH FDUJD

&RUUHVSRQGH DO FLUFXLWR CL GHO FLUFXLWR (V XQ FLUFXLWR SDVD EDMRV 6L UHDOL]DPRV HO PRGHOR HQ DOWHUQD \ REWHQHPRV OD FRQVWDQWH GH WLHPSR REWHQHPRV
VDD RD vO
1 1 = 3 ( 5' // 5/ )&/
v RG RS RL CL
s 4XH FRUUHVSRQGH D OD IUHFXHQFLD GH FRUWH D G% $ IUHFXHQFLDV PX\ EDMDV HO FRQGHQVDGRU HV XQ FLUFXLWR DELHUWR \ OD JDQDQFLD HV
-VDD
J ( 5 // 5/ ) Y PD[ = P ' 1 + J P 56
(OHFWUyQLFD
(IHFWRV GHO FRQGHQVDGRU GH SDVR

(Q HVWH FDVR QR SXHGH DSOLFDUVH HO PpWRGR DQWHULRU 8Q DQiOLVLV GHO FLUFXLWR GH DOWHUQD QRV GD
VCC RC vO RS
Y =
[56 + U + (1 + )5( ]
J P U 5&
1 + V5( &( V5( ( 56 + U )&( 1 + [5 + U + (1 + )5 ] 6 (
4XH SXHGH H[SUHVDUVH FRPR J P U 5& 1 + V $ Y = [56 + U + (1 + )5( ]1 + V % &RQ $ = 5( &(
vi RE
CE
-VCC
% = 5( &(
(56 + U ) = [56 + U + (1 + )5( ] $

(1 + )5( 1+
56 + U
Transparencia 8-12
(OHFWUyQLFD
'H GRQGH SRGHPRV GHGXFLU TXH HO SROR GH OD IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD VHUi VXSHULRU DO FHUR /D IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD WHQGUi XQ DVSHFWR
|v|
_ v_
_ v_0
a
'RQGH
b
J P U 5&
Y 0 =
[56 + U + (1 + )5( ]
J U5 Y = P & 56 + U
(OHFWUyQLFD
0RGHOR IUHFXHQFLDO GHO %-7

6H SXHGH REWHQHU XQ PRGHOR GHO WUDQVLVWRU PiV SUHFLVR TXH HO XWLOL]DGR KDVWD DKRUD REVHUYDQGR OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ ItVLFD GH XQ WUDQVLVWRU ELSRODU
& %
&
( % &
phhp yh
'RQGH { E,B,C VRQ ORV WHUPLQDOHV RULJLQDOHV (QWUH ORV WHUPLQDOHV DQWHULRUHV \ ORV H[WHULRUHV H[LVWLUi XQD UHVLVWHQFLDrex, rb, rc ([LVWLUi XQD FDSDFLGDG HQWUH OD XQLyQ HPLVRU \ EDVH C \ RWUD HQWUH OD XQLyQ FROHFWRU \ EDVH C +DEUi RWUD FDSDFLGDG HQWUH HO FROHFWRU \ HO VXEVWUDWR CS
(OHFWUyQLFD
+DEUi XQD UHVLVWHQFLD HQWUH EDVH \ FROHFWRU r 6L DxDGLPRV ORV FRPSRQHQWHV DQWHULRUHV DO PRGHOR GHO %-7 REWHQHPRV r
rb
B
v
B
C r C gmvbe ro
C
CS
rc
E
rex
Transparencia 8-15
(OHFWUyQLFD
*DQDQFLDDQFKR GH EDQGD HQ HO %-7

6REUH HO PRGHOR DQWHULRU ODV UHVLVWHQFLDV rex, rb, rc y r VRQ KDELWXDOPHQWH GHVSUHFLDEOHV 3DUD FDOFXODU OD JDQDQFLD GH FRUULHQWH HQ HO WUDQVLVWRU ELSRODUFRUWRFLUFXLWDPRV HO FROHFWRU \ FDOFXODPRV HO FRFLHQWH HQWUH OD FRUULHQWH GH FROHFWRU \ EDVH
IC IB C v r C gmv ro
L =
( J P M & ) ,& = K IH = ,% 1 + M (& + & ) U

Transparencia 8-16
(OHFWUyQLFD
4XH FRPR C << gm \ gmr = WHQHPRV
K IH
= 1 + MU (& + & ) 1 + M 2I %
|hfe|
'H GRQGH REWHQHPRV HO GLDJUDPD GH %RGH (O PyGXOR GH hfe VHUi SXHV
3 dB
K IH =
0
I 1+ I %
2
< HO SXQWR GRQGH _hfe_
fB
K IH = 1 =
0
I 1+ 7 I%
2
-45
-90
Transparencia 8-17
(OHFWUyQLFD
+DELWXDOPHQWH ft >> fB GH WDO PDQHUD TXH 1= 2
I7
0 I % I7
= 0 I%
'RQGH 0fB HV HO SURGXFWR JDQDQFLD DQFKR GH EDQGD \ fT TXHGD
I7 = 0
JP 1 = 2U (& + & ) 2 (& + & )
Transparencia 8-18
(OHFWUyQLFD
&DSDFLGDG 0LOOHU HQ HO %-7

/D FDSDFLGDG C HQ HO PRGHOR GHO %-7 FRPSOLFD HO FDOFXOR 3DUD SRGHU VLPSOLILFDU pVWH \ SRGHU YHU ORV HIHFWRV LQWURGXFLGRV SRU HVWD FDSDFLGDG VH VXHOH GHVJORVDU HQ GRV SDUWHV (O SURFHGLPLHQWR HV $QDOL]DU OD FDSDFLGDG FRPR XQ FXDGULSROR \ REWHQHU VX HTXLYDOHQFLD
C v vo
C v vo + v (1/j C) C v o
Transparencia 8-19
(OHFWUyQLFD
6REUH HVWH HTXLYDOHQWH FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH OD IXHQWH GH FRUULHQWH HV LQIHULRU D OD IXHQWH gmv HV OR KDELWXDO \ HO FRQGHQVDGRU GH OD VDOLGD SUHVHQWD XQD LPSHGDQFLD PX\ VXSHULRU D RC
C
vo + -
,QFRUSRUDPRV DO HTXLYDOHQWH HQ VHxDO GH XQD FRQILJXUDFLyQ HPLVRU FRP~Q
vO v Is RB r C
+ -
gmv
RC
RL
vo
Transparencia 8-20
(OHFWUyQLFD
< VL DQDOL]DPRV OD FRUULHQWH i1 REWHQHPRV
L1 = M& [1 + JP (5& // 5/ )]Y

4XH QR HV RWUD FRVD TXH XQ FRQGHQVDGRU GH YDORU
&0 = & [1 + JP (5& // 5/ )]

3RU OR TXH QRV TXHGD
vO v Is RB r gmv RC RL
Transparencia 8-21
(OHFWUyQLFD
0RGHOR IUHFXHQFLDO GHO 026

3RGHPRV H[WUDHU ORV VLJXLHQWHV SDUiPHWURV *
6 Q S UV JPYJV &*63 &*6 & *' &*'3 UG &'6 ' Q
{ CGS \ CGD VRQ ODV FDSDFLGDGHV HQWUH SXHUWD \ VXUWLGRU \ GUHQDGRU UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH { CGSP \ CGDP VRQ FDSDFLGDGHV SDUiVLWDV TXH DSDUHFHQ SRU HO VRODSDPLHQWR HQWUH HO y[LGR GH SXHUWD \ ORV FRQWDFWRV FRQ VXUWLGRU \ GUHQDGRU { rs \ rd VRQ ODV UHVLVWHQFLDV GH ORV WHUPLQDOHV VXUWLGRU \ GUHQDGRU UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
(OHFWUyQLFD
{ CDS HV OD FDSDFLGDG HQWUH HO FRQWDFWR GH GUHQDGRU \ VXEVWUDWR $Vt HO PRGHOR QRV TXHGD
C GDT G vgs vgs rs S

'RQGH { CGST &DSDFLGDG JOREDO HQWUH SXHUWD \ VXUWLGRU { CGDT &DSDFLGDG JOREDO HQWUH SXHUWD \ GUHQDGRU
rd
CGST gmvgs
ro
CDS
Transparencia 8-23
(OHFWUyQLFD
*DQDQFLDDQFKR GH EDQGD HQ HO 026

'HVSUHFLDPRV rd,rs \ CGS \ DO LJXDO TXH HQ HO WUDQVLVWRU 'H GRQGH REWHQHPRV L = J P M&*'7 M (&*'7 + &*67 )
G vgs
ii
CGDT D CGST gmvgs S
iD
< FRPR KDELWXDOPHQWH gm!!CGDT WHQHPRV L = JP M (&*'7 + &*67 )
&RQ XQD JDQDQFLDDQFKR GH EDQGD I7 = JP 2 (&*'7 + &*67 )

Transparencia 8-24
(OHFWUyQLFD
&DSDFLGDG 0LOOHU HQ HO 026

$O LJXDO TXH HQ HO WUDQVLVWRU OD FDSDFLGDG CGDT SXHGH HYDOXDUVH
CGDT
G vgs CGST
D RL gmvgs S
'H WDO PDQHUD TXH REWHQHPRV
G vgs CGST CM
&0 = &*'7 (1 + J P 5/ )
RL
gmvgs S
(OHFWUyQLFD
$QiOLVLV D DOWD IUHFXHQFLD &DVFRGR

+HPRV YLVWR FRQ DQWHULRULGDG HO DPSOLILFDGRU FDVFRGR SHUR QR KHPRV KDEODGR GH VXV SULQFLSDOHV YHQWDMDV (O FLUFXLWR HV
VCC
R1 CB
RC
CC2
vO
Q2 R2 CC1 Q1 vS R3
RL
CL
RE
CE
Transparencia 8-26
(OHFWUyQLFD
&X\R PRGHOR HQ DOWD IUHFXHQFLD HV
& YR U & JPY 5& 5/ &/
56
&
Y
YL
5% 55
Y
U
& JPY
UR
6L FDOFXODPRV OD LPSHGDQFLD Zi2 REWHQHPRV
= 2 = U 2
L
1 // 1 + V& 2
Transparencia 8-27
(OHFWUyQLFD
< VXEVWLWX\HQGR
5 Y
L
&

= J Y
P
L
5 Y 5 5
%
&
R
U

&
'HVJORVDPRV OD FDSDFLGDG C1 HQ VX HTXLYDOHQWH 0LOOHU
5 Y
L
= 5 Y 5 5
%

L
&
&
J Y
&
R
P
U

&
6L VXSRQHPRV ro1<<r2/(1+) CM YDOGUi

&0 = &1 1 + JP1 U 2
1 +
Transparencia 8-28
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RPR ORV WUDQVLVWRUHV Q1 \ Q2 WLHQHQ OD PLVPD FRUULHQWH
1
2 t P1 t P 2
3RU OR TXH
J P1U 2 =
< REWHQHPRV
&0
2& 1
'H GRQGH SRGHPRV GHGXFLU TXH OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ FDVFRGR UHGXFH GUiVWLFDPHQWH OD FDSDFLGDG 0LOOHU
Transparencia 8-29
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRUHV 0XOWLHWDSD

Transparencia 9-1
(OHFWUyQLFD
,QWURGXFFLyQ
/R PiV KDELWXDO HV OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH PiV GH XQ WUDQVLVWRU HQ XQ DPSOLILFDGRU (Q HVWH FDStWXOR VH SUHVHQWDQ DOJXQDV GH ODV FRPELQDFLRQHV PiV XWLOL]DGDV HQ DPSOLILFDGRUHV $OJXQDV GH ODV FRQILJXUDFLRQHV XWLOL]DGDV FRQ DFRSOR 5& \D ODV KHPRV YLVWR HQ WHPDV DQWHULRUHV SRU OR TXH VROR HVWXGLDUHPRV ORV DFRSORV GLUHFWRV &RPHQ]DUHPRV FRQ HO DPSOLILFDGRU GLIHUHQFLDO \ YHUHPRV DOJXQDV IXHQWHV GH FRUULHQWHV SDUD DFDEDU FRQ DOJXQDV GH ODV FRQILJXUDFLRQHV XWLOL]DGDV HQ ODV HWDSDV GH VDOLGD GH XQ DPSOLILFDGRU
Transparencia 9-2
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO
Y
6X IXQFLyQ SULQFLSDO HV DPSOLILFDU OD VHxDO GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH GRV SXQWRV VLQ TXH OD VHxDO GH VDOLGD HVWH LQIOXHQFLDGD SRU FXDOTXLHU VHxDO FRP~Q D ORV GRV SXQWRV
Y2
W Y
$PSOLILFDGRU 'LIHUHQFLDO
W
YR = ' (Y2 Y1 )
W
/D HQWUDGD FRQ HO VLJQR VH GHQRPLQD HQWUDGD LQYHUVRUD L OD HQWUDGD FRQ HO VLJQR VH OODPD HQWUDGD QR LQYHUVRUD 6L Y = 0 Y2 = $Y
6L Y = 0 Y2 = $Y
(OHFWUyQLFD
(Q OD SUDFWLFD QR VH YHULILFD TXH
YR = $2Y2 + $1Y1
YR = ' ( HV DPSOLILFDU OD &RPR OD XWLOLGDG GHO DPSOLILFDGRU GLIHUHQFLDOY2 Y1 ) VHxDO GLIHUHQFLD VH GHILQH YG = Y2 Y1 Y2 + Y1 YR = G YG + F YF YF = 2
TXH FRUUHVSRQGHQ D OD VHxDO GLIHUHQFLD \ FRP~Q GH WDO PDQHUD TXH

Y1 = YF Y2 = YF + YG
2
YG
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&.0 .5.5. 20 log G F
Transparencia 9-4 A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRU GLIHUHQFLDO %-7

(O DPSOLILFDGRU GLIHUHQFLDO EiVLFR HV
9&&
5& YR 7 Y ,4 7
5&
Y
9&&
3DUD VX DQiOLVLV UHFRUGHPRV TXH
L&1 = , 61H
Y %( 1 9 7 Y %( 2
L& 2 = , 6 2H 97
Transparencia 9-5
(OHFWUyQLFD
6L VXSRQHPRV ORV GRV WUDQVLVWRUHV LJXDOHV
,4
Y %( 1 Y %( 2 = L&1 + L& 2 = , 6 H 97 H 97
/D UHODFLyQ HQWUH IQ \ ODV FRUULHQWHV GH FROHFWRU VHUi
L&1 = ,4 L& 2 = ,4
1 1+ H 1+ H
Y %( 2 Y %( 1 97
1
(Y %( 2 Y %( 1 ) 97
< FRPR vd=vBE1-vBE2 WHQHPRV
L&1 = ,4 L& 2 = ,4
1 1 + H 97 1
YG
1 + H 97
Transparencia 9-6
YG
(OHFWUyQLFD
&X\D UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD HV
1
LF ,4
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
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-0.1
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0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
YG
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JG
GLF1 GYG
YG = 0
, = 4 497
Transparencia 9-7
(OHFWUyQLFD
6XSRQHPRV XQ Pi[LPR GH XQ UHFWD TXH SDVD SRU vd GH GHVYLDFLyQ VREUH XQD OtQHD
, LF1 (OLQHDO ) = 0.5 , 4 + 4 YG 49 7

(O GH GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH HO YDORU UHDO \ HO OLQHDO YHQGUi GDGR SRU LF1 (OLQHDO ) LF1 (UHDO ) = 0.01 LF1 (OLQHDO ) &X\D VROXFLyQ QRV GD SDUD VT= mV
YG = 17.86P9
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Transparencia 9-8
(OHFWUyQLFD
*DQDQFLD HQ PRGR FRP~Q \ GLIHUHQFLDO

(O PRGHOR HQ DOWHUQD SDUD HO GLIHUHQFLDO HV
RC vC1 v1 r RC vC2 gmv2 gmv1 r v2
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Ro
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Transparencia 9-9
(OHFWUyQLFD
6L REWHQHPRV OD .&/ GHO QRGR GRQGH VH MXQWDQ ORV HPLVRUHV Y Y Y 1 + J PY 1 + J P Y 2 + 2 = H U U 5R 4XH SXHGH H[SUHVDUVH
Y 1
1 + 1 + + Y 2 U = U
YH 5R
< GH JUiILFR YHULILFDPRV
Y 1 = Y1 YH Y 2 = Y2 YH
6XEVWLWX\HQGR
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YH =
Y1 + Y2 U 2 + (1 + )5 R
Transparencia 9-10
(OHFWUyQLFD
6L FRQVLGHUDPRV VDOLGD ~QLFD GHVGH HO FROHFWRU GHO WUDQVLVWRU
YR = YF 2 = ( J P Y 2 )5& = ( J P 5& )(Y2 YH )

< VXEVWLWX\HQGR
U Y Y2 1 + (1 + )5R 1 YR = J P 5& U 2+ (1 + )5R

$KRUD VL FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH
1
= F +
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(OHFWUyQLFD
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, 5 , 5 J 5 G = P & = &4 & = 4 & 2 497 97 2 F = J P 5& = 2(1 + )5R 1+ 1+ U , 5 4 & 29 7 2(1 + ), 4 5R 97
< HO &055
&.0 .5.5. = 20 log10 G

F
1 (1 + ), 4 5R = 20 log10 1 + 97 2
Transparencia 9-12
(OHFWUyQLFD
,PSHGDQFLDV GH HQWUDGD GLIHUHQFLDO

3DUD WHQVLRQHV GLIHUHQFLDOHV OD LPSHGDQFLD VHUi
= LG = 2U
&RPR SXHGH YHUVH HQ HO FLUFXLWR
RC vC1 v1 r
RC vC2 gmv2 r v2
vd
gmv1
Ro
Transparencia 9-13
(OHFWUyQLFD
< SDUD ODV WHQVLRQHV HQ PRGR FRP~Q
2
5LF = U + (1 + )5R (1 + )5R

RC r v1 vC1 RC vC2 gmv2 gmv1 r v2
vc
Ro
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U U 5LF = //[(1 + )5R ]// (1 + ) R 2 2
Transparencia 9-14 A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals
(OHFWUyQLFD
'LIHUHQFLDO FRQ FDUJD DFWLYD

(O FLUFXLWR EiVLFR HV
9& &
7
L%
L% L( 7
7 L LR L
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(1 + )
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L L % L
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9 &&
7 Y ,4
7 Y
9 &&
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(OHFWUyQLFD
'LIHUHQFLDO FRQ 026

(O FLUFXLWR EiVLFR HV
9 5 0
'
5
R
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Y Y
0 , 9 Y
4
6L VXSRQHPRV ORV GRV WUDQVLVWRUHV LJXDOHV
L'1 = NQ (Y*61 97 )
2 2
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Transparencia 9-16
(OHFWUyQLFD
6L KDFHPRV OD UDt] FXDGUDGD GH ODV GRV H[SUHVLRQHV \ UHDOL]DPRV OD GLIHUHQFLD GH ODV GRV REWHQHPRV
L'1
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NQ Y'
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L'1
2
, 4L'1 +
1 2 (,4 NQY' )2 = 0 4
&X\D VROXFLyQ HV

L'1 , = 4+ 2 NQ , 4
Y'
N 2 1 Q Y ' 2, 4
< SDUD iD2

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N 2 1 Q Y ' 2, 4
Transparencia 9-17
(OHFWUyQLFD
&X\D UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HV
L' ,4
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
L' ,4
Y' =
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0. 1
-0.1
-0.08
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YG
Y' 2,4 NQ
6L DQDOL]DPRV HO GLIHUHQFLDO HQ VHxDO REWHQGUHPRV
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]
Transparencia 9-18
(OHFWUyQLFD
)XHQWHV GH FRUULHQWH FRQ %-7

6XHOHQ XWLOL]DUVH SDUD SRODUL]DFLyQ \ EiVLFDPHQWH VXEVWLWX\HQ ODV UHVLVWHQFLDV GH SRODUL]DFLyQ VREUHWRGR HQ FLUFXLWRV LQWHJUDGRV
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9 ,5() ,& ,2 ,& 7 , % ,% 7
9
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, 5()
= , & 1 + , %1 + , % 2 = , & 1 + 2 , % 2
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< OD FRUULHQWH GH VDOLGD VHUi
, , & 2 = , R = 5() 2 1+
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9
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Transparencia 9-22
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HFRUGDQGR OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH FRUULHQWH GH HPLVRU \ FROHFWRU SDUD HO WUDQVLVWRU 7
,& 2 =
1+ , (3 1 1 + = ,&3 = ,& 3 2 2 2+ 1 + 1 +
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2
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75
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, = 5() 1 1+
7
7
71
9
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Transparencia 9-25
(OHFWUyQLFD
)XHQWHV GH FRUULHQWH FRQ 026

/DV FRQILJXUDFLRQHV VRQ VLPLODUHV D ODV XWLOL]DGD FRQ HO WUDQVLVWRU %-7
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9 ,5() 0 ,' ,2
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0
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Transparencia 9-27
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6L DVXPLPRV TXH VT n \ COX VRQ LGpQWLFRV SDUD WRGRV ORV WUDQVLVWRUHV WHQHPRV
Y*61 =
< FRPR
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7HQHPRV
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< OD FRUULHQWH GH VDOLGD VHUi 2 1 , R = Q&R[ (Y*6 2 97 ) / 2 2 (O FRQWURO GHO GLVHxDGRU VREUH HO DVSHFWR /L GHO WUDQVLVWRU RIUHFH PiV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG
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0
0
0
LR
YJV
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9
JPY JV UR
UR
Transparencia 9-29
(OHFWUyQLFD
'H GRQGH WHQHPRV
, 0 = J P YJV 4 + YJV 4 = , 0 UR 2
< VXEVWLWX\HQGR
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Transparencia 9-30
(OHFWUyQLFD
(O DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO

Transparencia 10-1
(OHFWUyQLFD
(O DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV LGHDOHV

2EMHWLYRV
2EWHQHU XQ FLUFXLWR DPSOLILFDGRU GH WHQVLyQ LGHDO
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV
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L R R Y
YR
Y
UL UR
YR
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Y
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Transparencia 10-2
(OHFWUyQLFD
$SOLFDFLRQHV $PSOLILFDGRU LQYHUVRU

(VTXHPD
L 5 5
L YG
YL
YR
Transparencia 10-3
(OHFWUyQLFD
$SOLFDFLRQHV $PSOLILFDGRU LQYHUVRU

3UHPLVDV
r id r vd r Ro D E YL + YG Y YR = L2 = G 51 52
L1 =
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD E Y Y = 51 52
L R
YR 5 = 2 Y1 51
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L 5 5 L YG YR YL
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L
51 Y 51 + 52
Transparencia 10-5
(OHFWUyQLFD
< OD JDQDQFLD VHUi =
Y
Y 5 + 52 5 = 1 =1+ 2 Y 51 51
R L
/D JDQDQFLD PtQLPD HQ HVWH FDVR HV /D WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD DKRUD QR HV LQYHUWLGD UHVSHFWR GH OD HQWUDGD
Transparencia 10-6
(OHFWUyQLFD
R2 R1 va vb R1 R2
3DUD VX VROXFLyQ DSOLFDUHPRV VXSHUSRVLFLyQ
vo
YRD = I (YD ) YR = YRD + YRE YRD = I (YD )
Transparencia 10-7
(OHFWUyQLFD
&iOFXOR GH voa
R2
R1 va R1 i1 i2 R2
v1 v2 vo
v1
= v2 = 0 = 0
'HO DPSOLILFDGRU LQYHUVRU YRD =

52 YD 51
Transparencia 10-8
(OHFWUyQLFD
&iOFXOR GH vob
R2
R1 vb R1 R2
v1 v2
Y2 = 52 YE 51 + 52
vo
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YRE =
5 +5 5 52 Y 1 2= 2Y 51 + 52 E 51 51 E
Transparencia 10-9
(OHFWUyQLFD
vo = voa + vob
YR = YR =
52 5 YD + 2 YE 51 51
52 (YE YD ) 51
2EVpUYHVH TXH VL va = vb HQWRQFHV vo = 0 $SOLFDFLRQHV (OHFWURPHGLFLQD 6HQVRUHV &XDOTXLHU GLIHUHQFLD GH SRWHQFLDO HQWUH ODV GRV HQWUDGDV VHUi DPSOLILFDGD &XDOTXLHU VHxDO FRP~Q D ODV GRV HQWUDGDV QR VHUi DPSOLILFDGD
Transparencia 10-10
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRU GH LQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ
%iVLFDPHQWH LQFRUSRUD XQD HWDSD GLIHUHQFLDO D OD HQWUDGD TXH SHUPLWH WHQHU XQD JDQDQFLD GLIHUHQFLDO PiV HOHYDGD
R1 RA R2
RB RA R1 R2
vo
Transparencia 10-11
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$PSOLILFDGRU VXPDGRU LQYHUVRU

3DUD HO FDVR GH VXPDU WHQVLRQHV WHQHPRV 5 L 5 L YL
YL YL
5 5
L L
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L11 + L12 + L13 = L2 Y1 Y 2 Y 3 Y + + = 511 512 513 52

L L L R
Transparencia 10-12
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRU VXPDGRU LQYHUVRU

< DJUXSDQGR WpUPLQRV
5 5 5 YR = 2 Y1 + 2 Y2 + 2 Y3 5 512 513 11
6H REWLHQH OD VXPD GH ODV Q HQWUDGDV GHO VLVWHPD 6H SXHGH REWHQHU FRQ OD PLVPD RSHUDFLyQ XQ DPSOLILFDGRU VXPDGRU QR LQYHUVRU
Transparencia 10-13
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRU LQWHJUDGRU
(O DPSOLILFDGRU LQWHJUDGRU EiVLFR HV
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&
YR
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5& 0
Y (W )GW
L
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(O FLUFXLWR DQWHULRU SUHVHQWD XQ SUREOHPD 2EWHQJDPRV HO PRGXOR GH VX UHVSXHVWD IUHFXHQFLDO
Y =
3DUD = 0 OD JDQDQFLD HV LQILQLWD GH WDO PDQHUD TXH FXDOTXLHU WHQVLyQ R FRUULHQWH FRQWLQXD SRU SHTXHxD TXH VHD SRU HMHPSOR OD FRUULHQWH GH SRODUL]DFLyQ GHO GLIHUHQFLDO GH HQWUDGD KDFH TXH HO DPSOLILFDGRU SDVH D VX WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD Pi[LPD 8QD GH ODV VROXFLRQHV PiV VHQFLOODV HV DxDGLU XQD UHVLVWHQFLD HQ SDUDOHOR FRQ HO FRQGHQVDGRU GH WDO PDQHUD TXH D IUHFXHQFLDV PX\ EDMDV SUy[LPDV D FHUR OD JDQDQFLD VHD JREHUQDGD SRU HVWD QXHYD 5 UHVLVWHQFLD

5&
&
Y 0 =
5 Y
L
52 51
Transparencia 10-15
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRU 'HULYDGRU
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L& = & GYL = L5 = YR GW 5
= 5&
GY GW
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D2 vd vi R1 vo
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, 6 H 97
Y'
L'
Transparencia 10-17
(OHFWUyQLFD
'H GRQGH OD WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD VHUi
YR
Y = 97 ln L , 5 6 1
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R2
T1
T2 R3
R4
vi
R1
RE
vo
Transparencia 10-18
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRU DQWLORJDUtWPLFR
&RUUHVSRQGH DO FLUFXLWR
VR R2 vb T1 T2 AO2 RE R4 va R3 AO1 vo R1
vi
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YD =
53 Y = Y Y 53 + 54 L %(1 %( 2
Transparencia 10-19
(OHFWUyQLFD
6XSRQHPRV ORV GRV WUDQVLVWRUHV LJXDOHV \ D OD PLVPD WHPSHUDWXUD
L&1 = , 6 H 97
Y %( 1
L& 2 = , 6 H 97
Y %( 2
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L&1 L& 2
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95 YE 95 YD 95 (Y%(1 Y%( 2 ) 95 = = 52 52 52 52
Transparencia 10-20
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/D FRUULHQWH GH FROHFWRU GHO WUDQVLVWRU VHUi Y L& 2 = R 51 6XEVWLWX\HQGR ODV H[SUHVLRQHV GH ODV FRUULHQWHV GH FROHFWRU H LJXDODQGR ODV GRV H[SUHVLRQHV GH va WHQHPRV
95 53 5 + 5 YL = 97 ln 5 2 3 4
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51 5 + 5 9 95 H 3 4 7 52
53
YL
YR =
Transparencia 10-21
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$SOLFDFLRQHV QR OLQHDOHV &RPSDUDGRU

9&& Y YR Y
9((
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Transparencia 10-24
(OHFWUyQLFD

Conduccin del diodo
iD
Rectificador com OPAM

vO
m=1
vD
vi
(O UHVXOWDGR HV XQ UHFWLILFDGRU GH SUHFLVLyQ 6yOR VH SRGUi XWLOL]DU HQ DSOLFDFLRQHV GH EDMD SRWHQFLD GHELGR D OD OLPLWDFLyQ GH FRUULHQWH HQ HO DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO
Transparencia 10-25
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HFWLILFDGRU GH RQGD FRPSOHWD

R iD1 R vi i1 v2 D2 v1 D1 R/2 v3 R
vo
R
v4
vL
Transparencia 10-26
(OHFWUyQLFD

6XSRQHPRV XQ HVWDGR LQLFLDO
vi = 0, D1 OFF, D2 OFF.
(VWXGLDUHPRV ODV GRV VLWXDFLRQHV SRVLEOHV

6L 6L '1 2)) L'1 = 0 YL > 0 YR YU = 0 ' 2 21 YR = 0 L'1 L1 '1 21 YL < 0 YR + YU = YL ' 2 2)) YR = YL Y/ = (2YU + YL ) = YL Y/ = (2YU + YL ) = YL
Transparencia 10-27
(OHFWUyQLFD

&RPR VH FXPSOH TXH vL = -|vi| WHQGUHPRV
vL vi
m=1
m=-1
/D VHxDO GH VDOLGD FRUUHVSRQGH D OD UHFWLILFDFLyQ GH OD GH HQWUDGD SHUR LQYHUWLGD
Transparencia 10-28
(OHFWUyQLFD
(IHFWR GH OD JDQDQFLD ILQLWD

+HPRV FRQVLGHUDGR KDVWD DKRUD HO DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO LGHDO SHUR ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV UHDOHV VH DSDUWDQ OLJHUDPHQWH GHO DPSOLILFDGRU LGHDO
$PSOLILFDGRU LQYHUVRU FRQ JDQDQFLD ILQLWD

5
5 YL
YR
Y
6L FRQVLGHUDPRV OD LPSHGDQFLD GH HQWUDGD LQILQLWD WHQHPRV
Y Y Y Y = 51 52
L
Transparencia 10-29
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RPR v+=0 WHQHPRV TXH
R R
= =
6XEVWLWX\HQGR \ GHVSHMDQGR vo 5 2 Y 51 = = Y 1 52 1 + 1 + 51

R L
$PSOLILFDGRU QR LQYHUVRU FRQ JDQDQFLD ILQLWD

6L UHDOL]DPRV XQ DQiOLVLV VLPLODU SDUD HO DPSOLILFDGRU QR LQYHUVRU REWHQHPRV
52 1 + 51 = 1 52 1 + 1 + 51
Y Y
Transparencia 10-30
(OHFWUyQLFD
(IHFWR GH OD LPSHGDQFLD GH HQWUDGD ILQLWD

6XSRQJDPRV TXH OD LPSHGDQFLD GH HQWUDGD QR HV LQILQLWD \ TXH OD LPSHGDQFLD GH VDOLGD QR HV FHUR
5 Y 5
L
Y 5
/
L 5
L
Y
'HO QRGR GH VDOLGD REWHQHPRV
1 Y U 5 YR YR ( Y ) YR Y R 2 + + = 0 YR = 5/ UR 52 1 1 1 + + 5 / UR 52
(OHFWUyQLFD
'HO QRGR GH HQWUDGD
L =
L
Y Y Y + U 52
L
< OD LPSHGDQFLD GH HQWUDGD VHUi
U 1+ + R 5/ LL 1 1 = + Y UL 52 UR UR 1 + 5 + 5 2 /
6L FDOFXODPRV OD LPSHGDQFLD GH VDOLGD
1 1 = = R UR 1 + 52 51 +DELWXDOPHQWH ro HV GH XQ FHQWHQDU GH RKPV \ HO YDORU GH HV HOHYDGR SRU OR TXH VXHOH GDU XQD LPSHGDQFLD GH VDOLGD GH PLOLRKPV
(OHFWUyQLFD
7HQVLyQ GH RIIVHW
(V XQD WHQVLyQ TXH DSDUHFH D OD VDOLGD FXDQGR ORV WHUPLQDOHV GH HQWUDGD WLHQHQ XQD WHQVLyQ QXOD %iVLFDPHQWH HVWD SURYRFDGR SRU GHVLJXDOGDGHV HQWUH ORV WUDQVLVWRUHV GHO GLIHUHQFLDO GH HQWUDGD GHO DPSOLILFDGRU (VWD WHQVLyQ GH RIIVHW VXHOH VHU PD\RU HQ ORV GLIHUHQFLDOHV FRQ WUDQVLVWRUHV 026 TXH FRQ %-7 YR (V XQD GHVYLDFLyQ R GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH OD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GH OD IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD \ HV DOWDPHQWH GHSHQGLHQWH GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD 3XHGH GDUVH FRPR OD WHQVLyQ GH RIIVHW YRII D OD HQWUDGD vio R WHQVLyQ GH RIIVHW D YLR OD VDOLGD voff /D PD\RULD GH DPSOLILFDGRUHV LQFRUSRUDQ DOJ~Q R DOJXQRV WHUPLQDOHV SDUD FRPSHQVDU HVWD WHQVLyQ
YY
Transparencia 10-33
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RUULHQWHV GH SRODUL]DFLyQ
/DV HQWUDGDV GH XQ DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO FRUUHVSRQGHQ D XQ DPSOLILFDGRU GLIHUHQFLDO TXH KDELWXDOPHQWH QHFHVLWD XQD FRUULHQWH GH SRODUL]DFLyQ HQ HO FDVR GH %-7 3DUD YHU HO HIHFWR GH HVWD FRUULHQWH VXSRQJDPRV XQ SULPHU FDVR HQ HO TXH WHQHPRV 5 L
YL
5
LE
/D FRUULHQWH GH SRODUL]DFLyQ ib FLUFXODUi WRGD SRU OD UHVLVWHQFLD R2 \ OD WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD VHUi
YR = LE 52
(OHFWUyQLFD
4XH VL VXSRQHPRV XQD FRUULHQWH GH SRODUL]DFLyQ GH 5A \ 5 GH 100K QRV GD XQD WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD GH 9 3DUD FRPSHQVDU HVWD WHQVLyQ VH SURSRQH HVWH FLUFXLWR 5 L
YL
5 5
L% L%
/D WHQVLyQ HQ V+ HV
9
+
= , % 2 53
< OD GH VDOLGD SURYRFDGD SRU IB2 HV

YR
= 1 +
52 51
52 + 5 9 = 1 + 9 = 1 + 2 , % 2 53 51 51
Transparencia 10-35
(OHFWUyQLFD
4XH MXQWR FRQ HO HIHFWR GH IB1 WHQHPRV
YR
= , %152 1 +
52 51
, % 2 53
6L DPEDV FRUULHQWH GH SRODUL]DFLyQ VRQ LJXDOHV SDUD WHQHU WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD FHUR VH GHEH FXPSOLU
0 = 52 1 +
52 5 51 3
'H WDO PDQHUD TXH 53 = 5152 = 51 // 52 51 + 52
Transparencia 10-36
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HVSXHVWD IUHFXHQFLDO
/D PD\RUtD GH ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV FRQ DPSOLILFDGRUHV RSHUDFLRQDOHV VRQ HQ OD]R FHUUDGR 3RU HVWH PRWLYR HV IUHFXHQWH TXH HO IDEULFDQWH LQFRUSRUH XQD FRPSHQVDFLyQ SRU SROR GRPLQDQWH HQ HO LQWHULRU GHO DPSOLILFDGRU DXQTXH HQ DOJXQRV PRGHORV HVWD FRPSHQVDFLyQ SXHGH KDFHUVH H[WHULRUPHQWH HQ GRV SDWLOODV GHO HQFDSVXODGR $Vt OD UHVSXHVWD IUHFXHQFLDO VXHOH VHU
| | O
( I ) =
R 1+ M
I I3
1 fP fT f
Transparencia 10-37
(OHFWUyQLFD
< ft TXH HV OD IUHFXHQFLD D OD FXDO OD JDQDQFLD HV XQLWDULD HV
I7
I3
4XH WDPELpQ HV HO SURGXFWR JDQDQFLDDQFKR GH EDQGD 3DUD HO FDVR GH XQ DPSOLILFDGRU LQYHUVRU UHDOL]DQGR HO DQiOLVLV WHQHPRV
Y ( I ) = R 1 I 1+ M R 1 + (1 + ( 5 / 5 )) R 2 1 I 3 1 + (1 + ( 52 / 51 ))
6LHQGR OD IUHFXHQFLD GH FRUWH D G%

R I 3G% = I 3 (1 + ( 5 / 5 )) 2 1
Transparencia 10-38
(OHFWUyQLFD
6OHZ5DWH
8QD GH ODV OLPLWDFLRQHV GH ORV RSHUDFLRQDOHV HV OD SHQGLHQWH Pi[LPD TXH SXHGHQ HQWUHJDU D OD VDOLGD slew-rate
65 =
GYR GW PD[
3RU OR TXH OD UHVSXHVWD D XQ SXOVR VHUi
9W
SHQGLHQWH 65
SHQGLHQWH 65
W
(OHFWUyQLFD
6XSRQJDPRV DKRUD XQD HQWUDGD VHQR vi=Vpsen(t) HQ HO FDVR GH XQ DPSOLILFDGRU QR LQYHUVRU
YR = 93 1 +
52 ( ) sen W = 932 sen (W ) 51
< OD SHQGLHQWH GH OD WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD VHUi
GYR = 932 cos(W ) GW

&X\R YDORU Pi[LPR HV VPO TXH HV HQ ORV FUXFHV SRU FHUR GH OD VHxDO GH HQWUDGD 6L HVWH YDORU HV PD\RU TXH HO VOHZUDWH HO DPSOLILFDGRU GLVWRUVLRQDUi OD VDOLGD \D TXH QR SXHGH VXSHUDU OD Pi[LPD SHQGLHQWH /D Pi[LPD IUHFXHQFLD D OD TXH SXHGH WUDEDMDU HO DPSOLILFDGRU VLQ OLPLWDFLyQ GHO VOHZUDWH VHUi PD[932 = 2I PD[932 = 65
I PD[ =
65 2932
9DORU TXH SXHGH VHU PHQRU TXH HO DQFKR GH EDQGD

(OHFWUyQLFD
5HDOLPHQWDFLyQ

Transparencia 11-1
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRV EiVLFRV
1HFHVLGDG
/LQHDOL]DFLyQ GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO FLUFXLWR $XPHQWR GH OD LQGHSHQGHQFLD GH ORV SDUiPHWURV YDULDEOHV GHO FLUFXLWR
,QFRQYHQLHQWHV
3pUGLGD GH JDQDQFLD JOREDO 3RVLELOLGDG GH VLVWHPD LQHVWDEOH
Transparencia 11-2
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR
(O VLVWHPD A HV DOWDPHQWH QR OLQHDO
e A s
6X IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD HV

1.4
1.2
vs = e v
0.8
e
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 -2
10
Transparencia 11-3
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR
$xDGLPRV XQD UHDOLPHQWDFLyQ
e + A s
$KRUD OD IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD VHUi

0.9 0.85 0.8
vs =
A e = (1 + A) (1 + e v )
e
ve
0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 -1
Transparencia 11-4
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRV EiVLFRV
2EVpUYHVH TXH VL OD JDQDQFLD GH OD]R T = A >> 1 WHQHPRV TXH
V=
$ $ $ 1 = = (1 + $) (1 + 7 ) $
+DELWXDOPHQWH OD UHG $ HV XQ DPSOLILFDGRU \ OD UHG HVWi IRUPDGD SRU HOHPHQWRV SDVLYRV SRU OR WDQWR VL 7 HV DOWR /D IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD GHO VLVWHPD QR GHSHQGH GHO DPSOLILFDGRU
Transparencia 11-5
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRV EiVLFRV
6HQVLELOLGDG HQ OD JDQDQFLD
1 1 G$5 $ = = (1 + $)2 G$ (1 + $) (1 + $) 2 G$ G$5 = (1 + $) 2
(VWR VLJQLILFD TXH OD VHQVLELOLGDG GHO VLVWHPD UHDOLPHQWDGR AR HV PHQRV TXH OD GHO VLVWHPD VLQ UHDOLPHQWDU A HV GHFLU VL HO VLVWHPD $ HV XQ WUDQVLVWRU OD YDULDFLyQ GH OD JDQDQFLD GHELGR D OD YDULDFLyQ GH VXV SDUiPHWURV HV PHQRU (MHPSOR
$ = 105 $5 = 50 $5 G$ G$5 = 2.5 103 = 5 10 5 (0.005%) G$5 = $5 (1 + $) $ = 0.01999 G$ = 104
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRV %iVLFRV
([WHQVLyQ GHO DQFKR GH EDQGD
6XSRQHPRV HO DQFKR GH EDQGD GHO DPSOLILFDGRU GRPLQDGR SRU XQ ~QLFR SROR
$( V ) =
$2 V 1+ +
'RQGH AO HV OD JDQDQFLD D IUHFXHQFLD EDMDV \ H HV HO SROR GRPLQDQWH /D JDQDQFLD HQ OD]R FHUUDGR SXHGH H[SUHVDUVH FRPR
$5 ( V ) =
(1 + $( V ) )
$( V)
1 $2 (1 + $2 ) V 1 + (1 + $ ) + 2
Transparencia 11-7
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRV %iVLFRV
'RQGH SXHGH YHUVH TXH OD JDQDQFLD KD GLVPLQXLGR HQ XQ IDFWRU (1+AO) SHUR HO DQFKR GH EDQGD KD DXPHQWDGR HQ HO PLVPR IDFWRU
$5 ( V ) =
|AR| ARO lazo abierto
$2 1 (1 + $2 ) V 1 + (1 + $ ) + 2
AO 1+AO H
lazo cerrado H(1+AO)
Transparencia 11-8
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRV EiVLFRV
6HQVLELOLGDG DO UXLGR
8Q SDUiPHWUR LPSRUWDQWH HQ ORV VLVWHPDV HOHFWUyQLFRV HV OD UHODFLyQ VHxDO UXLGR 5XLGR &XDOTXLHU VHxDO HOpFWULFD QR GHVHDGD \R DOHDWRULD TXH SXHGH HVWDU SUHVHQWH MXQWR FRQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ (O SDUiPHWUR TXH QRV GD OD FDOLGDG HV OD UHODFLyQ GHO QLYHO GH OD VHxDO UHVSHFWR GHO UXLGR SNR 615 =
L
6 Y = 1 Y
L L
(YLGHQWHPHQWH HO FLUFXLWR DPSOLILFDUi VHxDO \ UXLGR SRU OR TXH
6 $ 6 615 2 = 2 = 7L L 1 2 $7Q 1 L
Transparencia 11-9
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRV EiVLFRV
9HDPRV XQ HMHPSOR FRQ FXDWUR VLVWHPDV
vi
A1=10
vn + +
A2=10
v oA
vn + vi +
A1=10
A2=10
voB
YR$ = $1 $2YL + $2YQ = 100YL + 10YQ 6R 100YL 6 = = 10 L 1 R 10YQ 1L
vi + -
A1=10
vn + +
A2=10
v oC
vn + vi + v -
YR% = $1 $2YL + $1 $2YQ = 100YL + 100YQ 6R = 100YL = 6L 1R 100YQ 1L

A1=10
3
A2=10
voD
YR& = $1 $2Y + $2YQ =0.01 Y = YL YR& $2 YR& = $1 $2 YL + YQ 100YL + 0.1YQ (1 + $1 $2 ) (1 + $1 $2 ) 6R = 100YL = 1000 6L 1R 0.1YQ 1L
=0.01
YR& =
$1 $2 (YL + YQ ) 100YL + 100YQ (1 + $1 $2 )
6R 100YL 6L = = 1 R 100YQ 1 L
Transparencia 11-10
(OHFWUyQLFD
7RSRORJtDV
(Q HOHFWUyQLFD WUDEDMDPRV FRQ 9 H , SRU OR TXH H[LVWLUiQ FXDWUR WLSRV GH FRQILJXUDFLRQHV DO UHDOL]DU HO EORTXH GH UHDOLPHQWDFLyQ
Realimentacin serie - Muestreo paralelo vi + vr v A vo vo Realimentacin paralelo - Muestreo paralelo ii + ir i A vo vo
vo
vo
Realimentacin serie - Muestreo serie vi + vr v A io io ii
Realimentacin paralelo - Muestreo serie + ir i A io io
io
io
Transparencia 11-11
(OHFWUyQLFD
7RSRORJtDV
3DUD UHDOL]DU XQ DQiOLVLV VHQFLOOR HV FRQYHQLHQWH GLYLGLU OD UHG E GH WDO PDQHUD TXH VHSDUHPRV OD HQWUDGD GH OD VDOLGD
Realimentacin serie - Muestreo paralelo h11 ir io vr
vr ir
Realimentacin paralelo - Muestreo paralelo ir io vr

ir vr
h12vo +
h2 1i r
1/h22 vo
h22 = i o vo
1/y11
y12 =
vo = 0
y12 vo
y21vr
1/y22 vo
y 22 = i o vo
h11 =
h12 =
vo = 0
vr vo
h21 =
ir = 0
i o ir
y11 =
ir = 0
vo = 0
ir vo
y 21 =
vr = 0
i o vr
vo = 0
vr = 0
ir
Realimentacin serie - Muestreo serie z11 z22 io + + z 21ir

vr io vo ir vo io
ir
Realimentacin paralelo - Muestreo serie g22 io 1/g11

ir vr g12 =
io = 0
vr
vr ir
z12io
vo
vr
g 12i o
+ g21vr
v o vr vo io
v o
z11 =
z12 =
io = 0
z 21 =
ir = 0
z 22 =
io = 0
g11 =
ir = 0
ir io
g 21 =
vr = 0
g 22 =
io = 0
vr = 0
Transparencia 11-12
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR GH DQiOLVLV
5HDOL]DUHPRV XQ DQiOLVLV GHO VLJXLHQWH DPSOLILFDGRU UHDOLPHQWDGR
VCC
8 K CI
1 K
C2
10 K
2 K
CO
vO
T1
T2
vi 1 K 0,1 K 10 K 0,5K CE2
10 K
6XSRQGUHPRV WRGRV ORV WUDQVLVWRUHV HQ DFWLYD \ hfe = 50 ; hie = 2,5 k

(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR
(O SULPHU SDVR D VHJXLU HV REWHQHU OD UHG HQ $&
vO
vi 8K//1K
1 K 10K//10K
2 K
10 K
0,1K
6HJ~Q HVWH HVTXHPD WHQHPRV FRPSDUDFLyQ VHULH PXHVWUHR SDUDOHOR SRU OR TXH XWLOL]DUHPRV SDUiPHWURV >h@ \ VXV YDORUHV VRQ
K11 =
Y L
U YR
.
=0
K12 =
Y Y
U R L U

=0

K21 =
L L
U
R YR

=0

K22 =
L Y
R L U
1 10 ,1. =0
Transparencia 11-14
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR ,,
6L VXEVWLWXLPRV
vi 8K//1K 1 K 10K//10K 2 K vO
ic vr
0,1 K
io +
10,1 K
10-2vo -10 i c
-2
3DUD UHDOL]DU HO DQiOLVLV URPSHUHPRV HO OD]R GH UHDOLPHQWDFLyQ
Transparencia 11-15
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR,,,
ib1 ic1 ib 2 ic2
vi
8K//1K
50 ib1 2,5K
1 K
2,5K
50 ib2
10,1 K
2 K
vO
5 K
0,1 K
-10 ic1
-2
10 vo
-2
< REWHQGUHPRV vo = f(vi, vo):

U
= =
Y =0
L
s 0, R ) sR ,0) sL , R )

Transparencia 11-16
R L
Y =0
R
65
R L
Y =Y
R
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR ,9
5HDOL]DQGR RSHUDFLRQHV REWHQHPRV 2 YR = 1,67(10 LF1 50LE 2 ) 2 0.83 YR = 1,67(10 LF1 12,5LF1 ) LE 2 = LF1 = 0,25LF1 0.83 + 2,5 YL = 2,5LE1 + 0,1 51LE1 + 10Y R
LE1 YR
YL
10 2 YR 7,6
= 137(YL 10 2 Y R ) < SRU OR WDQWR Y 7= R = 1,37 YR Y = 0

L
Y $= R YL $5 =
= 137
Y =0
R
YR YL
57,8
Y =Y
R R
Transparencia 11-17
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR
5HDOL]DUHPRV XQ HMHPSOR FRQ DPSOLILFDGRUHV RSHUDFLRQDOHV
R2
R1 vi vO
(O FXDO HV FRPSDUDFLyQ SDUDOHOR PXHVWUHR SDUDOHOR SHUR HQ HVWH FDVR XWLOL]DUHPRV IXHQWH GH WHQVLyQ HQ OD HQWUDGD SDUD OD UHG R
1
vi vd Advd
vO
R2
R2
+
vo
+
vd
Transparencia 11-18
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR ,,
2EWHQHPRV ODV HFXDFLRQHV 52 51 YG = YL + Y R 51 + 52 51 + 52
52 51 YG = $G YL + YR 51 + 52 51 + 52
'H GRQGH SRGHPRV REWHQHU
7= $=
YR Y R YR YL
Y =0
L
= $G = $G
51 51 + 52 52 51 + 52
Y =0
R
Y $5 = R YL
Y =Y
R
52 5 51 + 52 = 2 51 51 1 + $G 51 + 52 $G
Transparencia 11-19
(OHFWUyQLFD
(IHFWR GH OD UHDOLPHQWDFLyQ VREUH =

/D UHDOLPHQWDFLyQ PRGLILFD ODV Zi \ Zo RULJLQDOHV GHO DPSOLILFDGRU VLQ UHDOLPHQWDFLyQ
Impedancia de entrada Impedancia de salida
Comparacin Serie Paralelo Serie Paralelo
Muestreo Paralelo Serie Serie Paralelo
Ri (1 + A)
Ri (1 + A)
Ro (1 + A)
Ro (1 + A) Ro (1 + A)
Ro (1 + A)
Ri (1 + A)
Ri (1 + A)
Transparencia 11-20
(OHFWUyQLFD
&ULWHULRV GH HVWDELOLGDG
5HFRUGHPRV OD H[SUHVLyQ GH XQ VLVWHPD UHDOLPHQWDGR
$U =
$ $ = (1 + $) (1 + 7 )
6L SRU FXDOTXLHU PRWLYR T = -1 HQWRQFHV
$U =
(1 + (1) )
(V FRPR GHFLU TXH VL OD HQWUDGD HV FHUR H[LVWLUi VDOLGD R OR TXH HV OR PLVPR HO VLVWHPD HV LQHVWDEOH +DELWXDOPHQWH A \ VRQ IXQFLRQHV GH OD IUHFXHQFLD HV GHFLU
$U =
$( V ) $( V ) = (1 + ( V ) $( V ) ) (1 + 7 ( V ) )
Transparencia 11-21
(OHFWUyQLFD
&ULWHULRV GH HVWDELOLGDG
3DUD IUHFXHQFLDV ItVLFDV OD JDQDQFLD GH OD]R SXHGH UHSUHVHQWDUVH FRPR VX PDJQLWXG \ IDVH
7 ( M ) = 7 ( M )
< SXHGH FRPSUREDUVH TXH VL { |T(j)| < 1 FXDQGR { |T(j)| 1 FXDQGR VLVWHPD HVWDEOH VLVWHPD LQHVWDEOH
3XHGH FRQRFHUVH OD HVWDELOLGDG GHO VLVWHPD UHDOLPHQWDGR PHGLDQWH RWUDV WpFQLFDV FRPR SRU HMHPSOR HO FULWHULR GH HVWDELOLGDG GH 1\TXLVW \ OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO GLDJUDPD GH %RGH GH OD JDQDQFLD GH OD]R
Transparencia 11-22
(OHFWUyQLFD
0DUJHQ GH IDVH
8QD PDQHUD PiV FyPRGD GH FRQRFHU OD HVWDELOLGDG GHO VLVWHPD UHDOLPHQWDGR HV UHDOL]DU HO GLDJUDPD GH %RGH GH OD JDQDQFLD GH OD]R
|T(j)| Margen de ganancia 1
0 -90 -180
f Margen de fase
3DUD HVWDELOLGDG FXDQGR OD PDJQLWXG VH KDFH XQLWDULD OD IDVH GHEH VHU PHQRU GH 8Q PDUJHQ GH IDVH WtSLFR DFHSWDEOH VH HQFXHQWUD HQWUH \
Transparencia 11-23

Electronica Del Dispositivo Al Sistema - Calomarde Palomino - UPC

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Electronica Del Dispositivo Al Sistema - Calomarde Palomino - UPC

Diunggah oleh

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Antonio Calomarde Palomino

Electrnica Del dispositivo al sistema

Primera edicin: febrero de 2000

Depsito legal: B-2814-2000 ISBN: 84-8301-385-1

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(VTXHPD ELGLPHQVLRQDO 60& D .

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

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A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

ryrpryvir2DvhpvyvrhSh ryhprphyrr urpyvir2Shryhprphyrr

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

5HODFLyQ HQWUH FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ HTXLOLEULR GH ORV SRUWDGRUHV

QL2 (7 ) = 3,1 1032 7 3 H 9100 / 7 FP 6 QL (7 ) = 1,5 10 7 H

3XHGH GHPRVWUDUVH TXH SDUD FXDOTXLHU VHPLFRQGXFWRU VH FXPSOH OD UHODFLyQ

TXH HV OD /(< '( $&&,1 '( 0$6$6

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

/H\ GH QHXWUDOLGDG GH FDUJD

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

 6L NA >> ND HQWRQFHV p >> n 60& WLSR S 

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

/ODPDUHPRV PRYLOLGDG HQ cm2/Vs D OD FRQVWDQWH GH SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG

< OD GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH

&DQWLGDG GH FDUJD T (Q YROXPHQ ) T (Q $ / ) = = = T Q $ YGULIW W W W

/D GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH HV SURSRUFLRQDO D  /D GHQVLGDG GH FDUJD  /D PRYLOLGDG GH ORV SRUWDGRUHV

6L UHODFLRQDPRV HO UHVXOWDGR DQWHULRU FRQ OD OH\ GH 2KP , 95

$Vt OD FRQGXFWLYLGDG HQ XQ VHPLFRQGXFWRU VHUi 3DUD ORV 60& PiV XWLOL]DGRV

= 2,1 109 7 2, 5 6LOLFLR H 9 2, 7 H = 2,3 10 7

= 4,9 10 7 7 1, 66 *HUPDQLR H 9 2 , 33 H = 1,05 10 7

'HQVLGDG GH &RUULHQWH WRWDO HQ XQ 60&

- GLI , S = T gradS ' S

- 727$/ = T (Q H + S K )( + T (grad Q 'Q grad S ' S )

- 727$/ = - GULIW + - GLI

S Q - 727$/ = T (Q H + S K )( + T 'Q ' S [ [

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

.7 (tensin termodinmica) T K = 1,38 10 -23 -RXO VHJ (constante de Boltzman)

q = 1,6 10-19 & (carga del electrn)

(FXDFLyQ GH %ROW]PDQ SDUD SRUWDGRUHV

/D FRUULHQWH WRWDO GH HOHFWURQHV HQ HO 60& HV FHUR SRU OR TXH

7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD OD UHODFLyQ GH (LQVWHLQ

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

6L 9 \ 9 VRQ ORV SRWHQFLDOHV GH [ \ [ HQWRQFHV

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

$ &DORPDUGH 'HSDUWDPHQW G(QJLQ\HULD (OHFWUzQLFD 8QLYHUVLWDW 3ROLWqFQLFD GH &DWDOXQ\D

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

8QLyQ 31 VLQ SRODUL]DU

&RQFHQWUDFLyQ GH SRUWDGRUHV DQWHV GH OD XQLyQ

HOHFWURQHV PD\RULWDULRV KXHFRV PLQRULWDULRV

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

2EWHQLHQGR SDUD OD ]RQD 1 \ ]RQD 3

&RLQFLGLHQGR VX YDORU Pi[LPR HQ [

3XHGH DSOLFDUVH HQ OD XQLyQ 31 SDUD REWHQHU HO SRWHQFLDO

$SOLFDQGR OD /H\ GH DFFLyQ GH PDVDV

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

3XHGH REWHQHUVH WDPELpQ HO SRWHQFLDO D SDUWLU GHO FDPSR HOpFWULFR

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals

$QFKR GH OD ]RQD GH FDUJD HVSDFLDO

< VXVWLWX\HQGR HO YDORU GH EM

)tVLFD GHO HVWDGR VyOLGR &RQGXFFLyQ

$ &DORPDUGH 'HSDUWDPHQW G(QJLQ\HULD (OHFWUzQLFD 8QLYHUVLWDW 3ROLWqFQLFD GH &DWDOXQ\D

(VTXHPD ELGLPHQVLRQDO 60& D .

*HQHUDFLyQ GH SDUHV HOHFWUyQKXHFR

$ 7 ! . HO H VDOWD D OD EDQGD GH FRQGXFFLyQ /D FRQGXFFLyQ VH SURGXFLUi SRU

ryrpryvir2DvhpvyvrhSh ryhprphyrr urpyvir2Shryhprphyrr

3XHGH GHPRVWUDUVH TXH SDUD FXDOTXLHU VHPLFRQGXFWRU VH FXPSOH OD UHODFLyQ

TXH HV OD /(< '( $&&,1 '( 0$6$6

6L NA >> ND HQWRQFHV p >> n 60& WLSR S

/ODPDUHPRV PRYLOLGDG HQ cm2/Vs D OD FRQVWDQWH GH SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG

< OD GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH

/D GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH HV SURSRUFLRQDO D /D GHQVLGDG GH FDUJD /D PRYLOLGDG GH ORV SRUWDGRUHV

6L UHODFLRQDPRV HO UHVXOWDGR DQWHULRU FRQ OD OH\ GH 2KP , 95

$Vt OD FRQGXFWLYLGDG HQ XQ VHPLFRQGXFWRU VHUi 3DUD ORV 60& PiV XWLOL]DGRV

/D FRUULHQWH WRWDO GH HOHFWURQHV HQ HO 60& HV FHUR SRU OR TXH

7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD OD UHODFLyQ GH (LQVWHLQ

6L 9 \ 9 VRQ ORV SRWHQFLDOHV GH [ \ [ HQWRQFHV

$ &DORPDUGH 'HSDUWDPHQW G(QJLQ\HULD (OHFWUzQLFD 8QLYHUVLWDW 3ROLWqFQLFD GH &DWDOXQ\D

2EWHQLHQGR SDUD OD ]RQD 1 \ ]RQD 3

3XHGH DSOLFDUVH HQ OD XQLyQ 31 SDUD REWHQHU HO SRWHQFLDO

$SOLFDQGR OD /H\ GH DFFLyQ GH PDVDV

3XHGH REWHQHUVH WDPELpQ HO SRWHQFLDO D SDUWLU GHO FDPSR HOpFWULFR

< VXVWLWX\HQGR HO YDORU GH EM

'RV WLSRV GH SRODUL]DFLRQHV

/DV FRQGLFLRQHV GH FRQWRUQR VRQ

Q2 a) Para [ SQ ( [) = SQ 0 = L 1' b) Para [ = x n ; SQ ( [Q )

$O WHQHU GpELO LQ\HFFLyQ HQ DPERV FDVRV pp0 FRLQFLGLUi

$QiORJDPHQWH SDUD ORV HOHFWURQHV

< VL GHULYDPRV UHVSHFWR D V REWHQGUHPRV CJ

Ego= Energa del gap

6X FDUDFWHUtVWLFD ,9 HV

&RQ XQD IXHUWH GHSHQGHQFLD GH OD FRUULHQWH FRQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD

(Q UpJLPHQ GLQiPLFR DSDUHFHQ WUHV HIHFWRV

$ &DORPDUGH 'HSDUWDPHQW G(QJLQ\HULD (OHFWUzQLFD 8QLYHUVLWDW 3ROLWqFQLFD GH &DWDOXQ\D

4XH FRQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV FRQGLFLRQHV GH FRQWRUQR 9 S (0 ) = S H (% 97 Q Q0 SQ ( ) = 0 6H REWLHQH

9 (% 9 = Q2r 7 1 4XH HV HO FDVR PiV KDELWXDO HQ HO %-7

3XHGH REVHUYDUVH TXH HV SUiFWLFDPHQWH HO YDORU GH IEP