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Pbo 5ngW]cc
en-m A-]-cyn--ta- In--un D-]-ubn-Ko-t-- hw-Kp-Xw, Bw-Ko-In-o-\-bw, -Xn-jn-[o~o-o-X-an-b --w F-p In-cy--jo-tdn-t tteZo-I-hw-n-c-o-t I-dn-]-c-an-b -A---d-\w
In-Wnw. hw--X \n-S-I-o n-h-t-w
In-jo-Zn-h-t-w \n-S-Iw ue-Z-ttf-do---tS H--S-
-tb-bn-Wm In-Wo-%--Xm. C-y \n-S-I-ot ey-2o---bn-b ]-I-n-w D-n-b-Xm ue-Zo-td \o-ey-2p-I-c-Ww, hn-[n-c-Wp--I-c-Ww
F-p h-u-X--tj h|p-I-co--H-tIn--n-Wm.
A-Xo-\m \nw \n\n-Sy-[-ao
o F- ]-l-w. I-Yn-]n^-- C-eo-tS B-f-b--% ]-I-cw-w -\o--
agyu_n[w
gyu_n[w eo
eobIcanb
bIcanb 5Xonhw
Xonhw
^nZ. uUn. tI. Fw. uPnPm
-\--t-nw u[u ~n-Nn-cy-\n-bo-- [p.p. \-uc---g \--tS B-yn-Zo-I hw-n-c-t

--X n--c-an-o-b a-in-Zn-en-m. A-u--io-t --c-W-tb -\o-o C-eo-tS \-S-%-
5--n-g-W--jo
]--uN---Xo
e-j-tc
h-un-n-g-=w \-o---1m.- -a--gy-u_n-[-t-%-lo
-- \--tS No-d [n-c-W-I A-Xo-!-cn-X-\-an-m.
F-o-w C-w fn-p-bn-u\|-g-W-o-m e-do-b
te-;-eo-jo -wo-%- eo-g-b-an-m a--gy-t
u_n-[-a-7-dw.- -a-e fn-p-b-eo-g-b- ]-To-%-H-u]n-td, eo-g-b-o-\o-m ue-lo-m \o-m
\--o-Hm -]-To-n-\n-eo-. a--gy-u_n-[w X-tbn-m u_n-[-t-%-lo-m ]-To-u--Hm. h|n-neo-I-an-w A-Hm e-j-tc B-Z-\o-~-an-!w, A-HtIn-1m e--\o-~-an-b K-ue-g-W-]-T-\-
eo-g-b-o \-S-K-I e-j-tc 5--bn-h-an-m.-]-d eo-n-\-fn-J-I H--ao-m e-t-o
an-^-ua a--gy-u_n-[-t-%-lo-- A-u\|-gWw A-+-ta-o-w A-Q--W-an-. \{-uln-_ubn-j-Po, a-\x-fn-w, a-u\n-ucn-K-eo-n-\p-bw,
a-o-p K-ue-g-Ww F-p tte-n-\o-Ifn-JI-m C-n-cy-o t]n-H-Xn-+-cy--1m.- -a-\-w
a-o-p-=w X-o-- _-w F-n-m?
a-o-p-o--o \-S-%- cn-h-5-?ob-I-tj \nw #-ô-a-an-bo u-Z-t--obn u_n-[-o--n-!- an---tj
F--t\ eo-d-bo---Ww? a-\-w u_n[-=w H- X-t-bn-uWn, A-uXn u_n[-ta--Hm a-\-o-t [-a--jo-tdn-nuWn? n-c-Xp-b ]n-c--cy-o-w a-e--
\uc
\uc
g Pb
Pb
o 5ngW]cc
_ow-_--B B-Zo-_ow-_- B-bo-n- 5--eo-%--Xm. ey-2o-I-jn-bo--.

-B-[yn-Zo-I-cw-K-Kw hv--cy-fn--o-w
n-c-X-o-t hw-n-e-\-bn-b h-eo-uf-g en-Mmabw F--\o-d-bo BB-g-\n-Zw
w X-t-bn-Wm
ue-Z-n-g. B u]-co--t H- 5--ho-p-I-c-Wo--tS-w X-t-w !-w-_nw-K--;-tS b-U-o--tS-w ue-Z-hw-n-c-t \--tS Pp-eo-X-o
]-I-n A--W-e-o-ubn-tS I-a-\o-c-X\n-b \-uc---g-u\n-Sm n-c-Xp-b F-w I-S-to-co-%-.
2 nw Zoehw (2012 tabm 23 e[)
[)
No-d [yn-\-h--Zn-b- a-u\n-eyn-]n-c--tj

ey-Xyn-h-t--K--1m. F-m ey-2-an-m. Fw.
B. u]n-- C-ua-Pow-Km h-u-X- -D-]ubn-Ko-m, X-d-un-lo-td \{-uln uIn-f--;-tS
5--Xo-I-c-W- \--o-m In-Wn I-ko-w.
A-un B-yn-Zo-I-X-w v-Xo-I-e--en-b
X-d-un-lo-td uIn-Sn--uIn-So uIn-f--;w X-o-- _--ta-n-m F- uNn-Zy-=w D--bo-t--.- -]n-Ln-Xy-No--bo, a-\-w --ey-=w
X-o Z|-|-n-e-an-m. A-H-tIn-1m fn--=w
a-X-=w X-o-w, -2o-w -f|-c-eo-f|n-h-=w
X-o-w B-Zp-b-X-w v-Xo-I-X-w X-o-w
eo---X--t-n-m A-eo-tS t]n-H-h--+w.
n-c-X-o Z|--|No- _v-o-I-X-d-o
In--o-. n-c-Xp-b a-\-bn--o-t B-k-an-b
X-d- B-tc-w A-W-X-t--Kw.-!-cn-X-\ rp-p-m Zn-f-\o-I--tS a-\x-fn-No--I n-c-Xp-b No---an-bo !--tl-tbn-t
uN--u]n-!w. F-n a--gy-a-\-o-t\ -2obo an-^w H-H-%- B--\o-I ]n-Ln-Xy-No-
A-^ --K-a-an-bo ]v-c-y-No---an-bo uN-
u]n-=-I-bo-. uuWn-n-bo-Uo-t a-\x-fn- eo-fI-d-\w ]n-Ln-Xy a-\x-fn--t e-j-tc B-ko h|n-[p-\o-. ]-u C-un A-Xo\o-w !--tl-tbn-t eo-uan-No-X-an-b ]n-Ln-Xy
a-\x-fn-w ]v-c-y-an-b D-n-G-I-tj
--X B-Z-c--Fw In--. a--gyu_n-[-t ue-lo- ]-To-n-ta--
No-
an-lo-K-S-o.
X-d-un-lo-t
v-Xo-I X-d-o-\--l-Km a--gy-u_n[-o-w a-\-o-w A-Xo-eo-!-d-an-b
hn-[y-X-I-;w A-Q--;--1m F-m
!--Xo-b a-\x-fn-w a-\-o-dn-o-K-S-o.+xn 470 5
5--]--o-td G-w eo--b-I-c-an-b 5--Xon-h--jo-tdn-n-bo I--X-t-- a--gy-u_n-[t-%-lo-- A-u\|-g-W--jo ]n-Ln-Xy-=w

]v-c-y-=-an-b D-n-G-I H--ao-m e---Hm
Xp--bn-w a--gy-hw-n-c-o-t n-eo-tb-
Zbn\tXm
tteZoIZf\;tS
tteZoIZf\
tS ]couOZw
]o. tI. Pb
-n-c-Xp-b \-uen-Qn-\-5-n-\-o- u\-J-X|w

\-o-b c-1 E-gp-f|-c-n-cn-Wm a-i-go Z-bn-\-h-c-h|-Xo-w \n-cn-b-W-Y--h|n-ao-I-;w. A-e
ue-Z--jo-ud-w tte-Zo-I-Z-f-\--jo-ud-w h-\nX-\-[n-ao-I-\o-b-a--tj P-\--tj u_n-[y-t-K---Xo ]n-c--cy-o--]-co eo-n-\-o-t
eo- ep-G-bo-n- \o-d-]n-So D-l- \o- ey-2oX|--jn-bo-- F-m B-g-\n-Zw an-ho-I--tS
D-]]-^n-[o-]-cn-b [p.p. ]o. tI. P-b ]-l-.
\-uc---g-Wo-t 75-nw
75 nw P--Zo-\n-uLn-g-o-t
n-K-an-bo \-S-K- 5--n-g-W-]-c--c-bo Z-Z-bn\--Z-f-\-=w [p-p-\n-cn-b-W-Z-f-\-=w, -H- Xn-cX-ay-]-T-\ww F- eo-g-b-o hw-hn-co-%-Ibn-bo-- A-u--iw.- -5n-Np-\-=w ]n-e-\-=-an-b
B-cy-[-a-o-t eo-I-o-tb A-d-un-d-t-K-- bn-tXn- B-Nn-c-t-w eo-Nn-c-u-w
C-e B-Z-co-o--o-. F-n u-^n-cn-[-\-bS--- ]v-cn-Wo-I Z-f-\--ujn-m --h-ap-]-\an-Wm [pp Y--uZ-e-Z-f-\--;-tS --J--. c-1
Z-f-\--uj-w h-a-\|-bo-o-m eo-Nn-c -Iyw
-wo-%-I F- d-y-un-tS 5--e-o-
a-in-]-7o-X-\n-bo-- \-uc---g. ep--Wu-Zw tIn-1-n-!- tte--y-t
G-uIn-]o-o-m h--No-X-a-X--;-tS N-&--I-%-a--l--
eo-fn-d-an-tbn-
[-a-o-ud-n-m C-e-uc-e-w P-\-XXo-tb -Wo--Hm. tte-Zo-I-Z-f-\-ot ]-co-u--Z-an-b Z-bn-\--Z-f-\-o-t
F-n \- e-f--uj-w, h|nw-fp-I-co-tIn-1m \n-So-\o-W---cp-Xo-bo A-e
!--\-cn-eo-p-co--t--Xo-t
u]-co
%--lo-m I----N-\-I \--. n-c-X-o a-\xfn-w B-yn-Z-eo-Zy--tS n-K-an-m. 5-n-\w

~-1 F--Xn-m C-eo-tS a-in-en-Iyw. u_n-[o-t ]-c-a-an-b 5--In-f-an-m e--\o \nw
I--Hm.
3 nw Zoehw (2012 tabm 24 eynkw)
[n-cn-jw eo-a-f-\- G-e en-u-o e- H-
ey-2o-X|-an-bo-- h|.-\-uc---g-Wo-u-Xm. h|nao Z-bn-\--h-c-h|-Xo--tS Z-f-\--jo a-e n-cXp-b B-Nn-cy-n-co I-1 e-cn-- -H- 5--uXyI-X-bn-Wm 5n-n-Np-\-X-tb Xo-c--co-n-tX-w \-ep\-X-tb te-c-n-tX-w H- -h-a-\|-b-Z-f-\-t
eo-P-b-I-c-an-bo A-e-X-co-o-%-I-tb---Xm. pp
fn-2p-I-c-W 5-?o-b--tS D-Z-bw \-ep-\-n-c-Xo-t N-co-^-o B-Zyw F-?-Xo-u-%--Xm
a-i-go Z-bn-\--\n-Wm. B N-co-^-o-t H--S-bn-bn-Wm e-Wn-[-a-[-a-ta- eyn-uP-\ h-a-wo-I-tj J--W-H-dy-cn-o A--fy-tc- ]-ko-
]p-Vo-o-%--e-uc-Wy-e-K-un-m
Y--h|nao-I 5--Xo-I-co--Xm. J--n A---eo-%-en
C-S-e- Io-cn-X--l-I-t-Xo-tc-- H- \o-f-peo-8-e-an-bo-- A-u--i-o-t 5--e--\-.
a--gy--tS C-S-bo--S-td-- Pn-Xo-u-Zw --Kp-ban-tW-w eo-ue-Io-I-jn-b a--gy-%m uN--X-t-w A-u--iw D-ZmuLn-go-. Pn-Xo-u-Z-=w
a-X-uZ|-g-=-ao-n-tX
G-uIn-Z-c-h-uin-Z-c--tjun-td en-?- H- an-J-In n-n-]-\-an-bo--
Y--uZ-e-t h|-+w. a-i-go Z-bn-\---w \n-cnb-W-Y--h|n-ao-I-;-uS-w Pp-eo-X-ep--W--jo-td
tte-Zo-I-hnw-n-co-In-o--Jy-t B-%w \o-cnI-co-n I-ko-bo-. a-in-n--tS No--I-m
uZ-f-In-dn-Xp-X-an-b h-an-\-X-I 5--b-U-n
B-%w -wo-n I-ko---X-, a-lo-m
A-Xm h-\n-X-\-[-an--~n-\-n an-^w
D-j-en-bo e---Xn-Wm. B n-n-\-an-Wm
-\-uc---g-Wo-t\-un---e-m Z-bn-\-Z-f-\-t-w, \n-cn-b-W-Z-f-\-tww h-a-\|-bo-o-m B--\o-I-a--gy-cn-fo--tS --o A-e-X-co-o-%--Xo-\m In-cW-an-b-Xm.
4 nw Zoehw (2012 tabm 25 teo)
u_n-[-fn-w ]T\eogbw BWw

u_n-[-an-uWn
]o. uIfe\nb
(Consciousness)
(Consciousness)
470 6 +xn
(Matter) 5n-n-Y-ao-Iw F--Xn-Wm X-|-fn--otd av-do-I 5-Tw. u_n-[-an-Wm 5n-n-Y-ao-Iw F-m

--ey-an-uWn I--H--e-tc B-Zp-b-en-Zo-I A-Y-en B-f-ben-Zo-I F-w --ey-an-Wm 5n-n-Y-ao-I-ta-m I--
- ISIw Bg\nZw
\uc
\uc
g Pb
Pbo 5ngW]cc
H---e-tc v-Xo-I-en-Zo-I F-w eo-jo-%-.

G--=w \-ep-\-an-b fn---jo-\o-w D--oco--e-o-- fn--Z-f-\w B-Zp-b-en-Z-o\m A---d-an-Wm, \-e-fn--Z-f-\--;-tS a-tn-
h-eo-uf-g-X n-c-Xp-b B-yn-Zo-I Z-f-\--;an-bo A-e-m hn--fy--t--Xn-Wm.
-B--\o-I-fn--o-td G--=w eo-P-b-I-c-an-b
I|n-w-ho-n-w fn-n-u\|-g-W-o u_n[-o-\m h-eo-uf-g-an-b 5n-n-[n-\yw \---m.
n-c-Xp-b u_n-[-fn--an-b ue-Zn--o-\m I|n-w
v-Xo-I-X-d-o-t ]-co-I-+-\-I-;-an-bo h-an-\X-I-;-m. ue-Zn--a--h-co-m u_n-[w F-n-o-w
\o-l--\o-- ]-c-a-bn-Yn-Qy-an-Wm.
I|n-w v-Xo-Iw (Quantum Physics) A-ttP-ee---tj an-^-a- ]-T-\-eo-u[-b-an-%--Xm. a-ol--o-t-w a-\-o-t-w u_n-[-o-t-w
c-i-hy- A-lo-bn- \-t A-Xm h-in-bo%-. I|n-w v-Xo-I-o A---In-d-m
\-S-o-b No-d ]-cp--W- 5--]--o-dn-tI
A--cyn-ao-bn-bo A--fy-an-b H- ]-c-a-bn-YnQyw
yw D-t-n-Wm te-jo-t--o-bo-co%---Xm. A-H-u]n-td I|n-w v-Xo-Io \o-cp--I-w \o-cp-o-X-e--=w
ue-lo--X-. D-]-\o-g-K- 5--Jyn]o-%--Xm ]-c-a-an-b h-Xyw A-J-7u_n-[-h|--]-an-b ~-1-an-tW-n-Wm.
D-]-\o-g-Zm Z-f-\-o-w \o-cp--I-w
\o-cp-o-X-e--=w ue-lo--X-. -C--]-Xnw--n-o-t a-[y-o --]w- tIn-
!-- a-\x-fn--=w \-e \{-uln-fn--=w

tth-_ t\-o-Imw u_n-[-t-%-lo-- ue-Zn--o-t In-G-n--I-tj f-co-te-%--m. an-un,
n,
tI eo-t_ F-p B--\o-I a-\x-fn--n
n f-cp-c-t-w a-\-o-t\-w u_n-[-t-w
!--lo-- n-c-Xp-b-an-b In-G-n-Sm Aw-Kp-I-co-%-m. tI eo-t_ 5--]--uIn-f-ho-n-w
eyn-Jyn-\o-%-I--n-bo. B--\o-I \{-uln-fn--n-cn-b eo-tU te-^p-Um, a-]-m tgu%--m F-o-e u_n-[-t-%-lo-- ue-Zn--ep--Ww Aw-Kp-I-co-%--e-cn-Wm.
-u_n-[w C-m B--\o-I v-Xo-I-fn---;tS-w Pp-e-fn---;-tS-w 5--[n-\-t- A-u\|g-W eo-g-b-an-Wm. 5--Xo-_ow-_ hn-u-Xo-I-eo-Zy
--tS (Imaging Technology) eo-In-h-un-tS a-ol--a-\-m-u_n-[-K-ue-g-Ww e-j-tc-ub-tl --u-lobo--m. A-ua-co--bo-td-w --uln-o-td-w
No-d 5--[n-\-t- h-e-I-dn-fn-d-I u_n-[-Kue-g-W-o-\m e-do-b 5n-n-[n-\y-an-Wm \---Xm.
F-n u_n-[-fn-w (ue-Zn-w) udn-I-o-\m
hw-n-e-\-\-o-b n-c-X-o h-e-I-dnfn-d-I-;w fn--hnhn-u-Xo-I-n-]-\-;ww u_n-[-K-ue-g-W-t A-e-K-Wo-%-Ibn-Wm tN---Xm. n-c-X-o-td A-n-Uao-Im h--iw t]n-H-te C-w ]n-Ln-Xy
Bn-n-ho- X-|-No---tS-w fn-o-t-w X-S-e-l-bo-\o-w uan-No-X-anbo-o-t--Xn-Wm bn-Yn-Qyw.
5 nw Zoehw (2012 tabm 26 f\o)
\nSm ejuncw
ej
w a\an[n\w
a\ an[n\w XI
XI
bo 5--n-g-Ww \-S-K-I-bn-bo-- A-u--iw.

\-uc---g A-H-dy-an-b ey-2o-X|-o--S-a-bnho.-]o. \n-b
[n-o-I--dy--;-tS X-I--bn-Wm h--i-o-t Wm. D-b- uPn-do-I d-o-n hn-[y-X--nbo-w A-Xo-t\n-w u]n-In-tX ue-Z-5-Nucn-Kn-e---In-c-Ww. hn--oI-an-bo
c-W-o--ue-o Pp-eo-Xw D-ko--e-oe-j-t-o-w \--m hw-J-o-w h-anco-%-I-bn-bo-- -\-uc---g. -e[n-\-=w C-n-Xn-bo. B-Z-i-Xy e-o-.
P--eo-f|n-hw X-\o-%-t-m ho.-]o.
!-w-_-_-- fo-Yo-d-an-bo-tn-o\n-b ]-l-. -K-e-ZmKp-X-bo -e-Pco-%-. A-e--tb--o hn--io-It
%
l
o
m
]l
m
.
ubnu
Kf
|-c-\
fn---w a-\x-fn--eo-Z-e-w ]-T-\w
nb
[pp#
en%
I
j
o
Rn
eof|\-S--Ww F-m ho.-]o. \n-b -]-l-.
ho%
F
w
Au
i
w
]l
.
\-uc---g P--Zo-\n-uLn-g-o-t
6 nw Zoehw (2012 tabm 27)
n-K-an-bo \-S-o-b 5--n-g-W-]-c--c-
Aloh
oh+ot
ot WX
WX
ueZhwncot
ueZhw
ncot Ppe
I-S--\o- en--uZ-e-]o-
\uc
\uc
g Pb
Pb
o 5ngW]cc
-]-\o-g-Zo-I hw-n-c-o-t A-cn-e--w

]o-o-- f-2o 5n-n-#-Xhw-n-c-an-m. F-n
C- \nw D-]-ubn-Ko-%- A-Y-o-d-
+xn 470 7
5n-n-#-Xw F- en-%-tIn-m \nw A-Y-an-%

--Hm. #--X--Kw F-n #--X-an--t---Kw
F-n-m A-Yw. A-H-u]n-td 5n-n-#-Xw
F--Xo-m A-Yw 5-#-Xo-ubn-Sm _--t--Hm
F-n-m F-m 5--f- ]-S-b-Wo B-Nncy-\n-b I-S--\o- en--uZ-e-]o-
A-o-5n-b-t-. B-Nn-c--tj 5n-n-#-Xw
F-w \-ep-\-ta-w X-cw-Xo-co-%--Hm
a--gy-e-o--tS
]-co-ao-Xo-bn-dn-m.
-wo--tS B-Zo-bo a--gy-t h--m
h--Xo-I-jn-bo--. h--Xo-I-;-tS -wo
-n-bo a--gy A--~o-o-- \--
\o-l- B-Nn-c--tj-nw ]o-p-Sm un-K--jnbo No-^p-I-co--t--I-bn--n-b-Hm. 5n-n-Km

hw-n-c-o uh-e-I F- A-Y-odn-bo-- a--gy A-e-tb D-]-ubn-K-t-o-bo---Hm. B-Zo-a hw-n-co-tte-jo-w A-lo h--+-o
I-t-o-b
a-in-a-\pgo-bn-bo--
\-uc---g F-m A-u--iw A-o-5nb-t-. B Alo
A o h+ot
h ot ]co
WXbn
WXbnmm
ueZhw ncot
ueZhwncot
Ppe\nbo ancHm
an
m.
7 nw Zoehw (2012 tabm 28)
cnanbWw adbnjotd
Pnianb
Pnianb GI BnhoIm
nhoIm.-
H- X-d-o-td-o-n F-?-- \-o-b

D-Zmu_n-[-\--%m C-w 5--h-2o--1m. 5--Xo]n-Zy-an-b I-Y--tS a--co-a, --uK-b-an-b n-gnttf-do, uan--hn-[-\--jo d-jo-X-=w, hn-[nc-W-P-\--%m --I-c-=-an-b -2o--tS Ip-\w, -2o5--[n-\--jn-b \o-c-e-[o uun-n-^--;-tS
h-o-ue-fw H--S-o eo-eo-[ In-c-W--jn P-\5p-p-Xou\-So-b H-n-m A-yn-Zcn-an-b-Ww Io-jon-m. ey-2o-w, h--i-=w, cn-{-=w, A--~ou- \o-c-e-[o --dy- F-?-- cn-an-b
-W-o--tS A-e-X-co-o-o--1m.- -G-H]-co-X-o-Xo-bo-w 5--h-2o \-w-tSn- #--Xo-I Bn-n-o-%-I F--lo-bt--. a-d-bn-j-o-td A-r--P--ian-b H-uc H- Bn-n-o-u--=. A-Xn-m
F-?---t A-yn-Zcn-an-b-Ww Io-jon-m F-m A-u--iw A-o-5n-b-t-.
8--nw Zoehw (2012 tabm 29)
e---l-o uKn-]o-\n-Y-]o-
-nn-c-Xp-b--tS hnw-n-co-IPp-eo-X-o cn-anb-W-t-un-td h|n-[p-\w tN--o-bo--
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t5n-n-^. e---l-o
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nw P--Zo-\n-uLn-go-t n-K-an-bo \-S-o-b 5--n-g-W ]-c--cbo 5--n-g-Ww \-S-K-I-bn-bo-- A-u--iw.
F-?-- eo-e--\w tN-n tX-c
-t--Km A-yn-Z-cn-an-b-W-an-bo--.
[-a-Nz-Xo-bo-t-m Io-cn-X-en-h\-I
P-\-X-tb r--ho-tIn-o-- H- In-dn-m F-?-- cn-an-b-Ww eo-e-
-\-o-t\--Hmm.
h--io-td-n-w
hw--eo-tIn-o-
--dy-N{-Xo-I
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nbt.. \-uc---g-Wo-t F-?-]-o
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+xn 470 9
Fn-n-[o-]-Xy-o-d-a-
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en-Kmeo-dn-h--tj ]-co-o-X ]n-Tn-e-doI-jo--tS B-Jyn-\-X-X|--m Aw-K
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cn-uP-gm ]-l-. \-uc---g-Wo-t 75-nw
75 nw P--Zo\n-uLn-g-o-t n-K-an-bo \-S--e--
5--n-g-W-]-c--c-bo nn-c-X-N-co-^-otd A-n-X--J-
F- eo-g-bo hw-hn-co-%-I-bn-bo-- A-uiw. h--i-o A-Xo--bn-\-I-anw-eo-[w
A-?-a-=w ttdw-Ko-I-X-w e-[o--e-coI-bn-Wm. tte-Nn-co-I hn--c-X-tn-w
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10
470 10 +xn
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a--gy-\p-Xo--tS
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Fmm ttew #!an
an ]l.
]l
11--nw Zoehw (2012
1)
hw--X-o-w ]o-n-d-Km ]-d n-c-Xp-bn-g-I-jo-w tte-uZ-fo-I n-g-I-jo-w \n-SyI-d-tb--o A-u\-Iw r-- D-n-bo-1m. F-n A-e-t-nw A-So--l -c-X--\o-tS \n-Sy-fn--an-m.uanZnbIanb fntj
fn tj ncXpb
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b eHmm ncXpbX
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m vXoI hniNcyujn
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fn ot eoInh=w
eoInh
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]coWna
w.
12--nw Zoehw (2012
2)
C-Xo-\m In-c-Ww. tte-Zo-I hw--Xo \o-d-\o-o-- In-d-m eo-Zy-w A-eo-Zy-w H- ]-o--tS
c-m No-l-!-I-u]n-td h--i-t --un--\-boo--. a--gy-ucn-Sm Zo-ey-Y-W-fn-do-I-jn-In-\nWm E-uK|-Zw D-]-uZ-fo-%--Xm. Zo-ey-Y-W-fn-do-Ijn-bo-- H--In-d-m \--tS h--m. C-e-tc
-wo--Xm tte-Zo-I eo-Zyn-yn-h-an-Wm.
a-u\n-ucn-Ko-I-;-tS-w B-Z-i-XytN---e--tS-w F-Bw A-]-I-S-I-canw-eo-[w --un--!-Xo-%-un #--Xyan-b D--cw-Io-n-tX hn--io-I a-\xfn-- B-f-b-%-k--o-dn-!-.
tte-Zo-I eo-Nnc-[n-c Xo-co--tIn-1-e---Xo--tS an-^-ua \--m B-f-b%--k--o-\o-m -2-\n-In I-ko-
F-m Xo-co--lo- a-\p-go-bn-bo--
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Pbo 5ngW]cc
a-i-go Z-bn-\- h-c-h|-Xo. B-g-n-c-X-o-t G--=w e-do-b \-uen-Qn-\- \n-b-I-\n-tW-w

tte-Zo-I-an-b ,--Z-bw !--\-c-e-X-co-o- \-uc-- cn-uP-gm ]-l-.
13-nw
13
nw Zoehw (2012
3)
--g, N--o-h|n-ao-I-%-uf-gw uI-c-jw I-
ue-Z-_--eo-w \-uc---g-Wo--- ]-m
uZeX|]nXbo hcon
h con
e-j-tc-bn-m.
B--\o-I-In-d-Km
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agy
gyww uZe
[--ubn---So
ue-Z-a---;-tS
fo--Ww
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a--[|-\o-I, B-cyn-e--ta-m N-co-^w uc- \--I-tj \-w-an-%- \-ep-\-hw-n-c-o-t
J-t--o-b n-c-X-o-td-n-w --k-o uI-o- I-S--I-b---ujn-m a-e-co-m P-bo-%--Xo--. ]o-p- e- !--Xo-b hw-n-c-=w n-g-w ]-co h-a-No--X-ubn-tS-- h-i-e-o-X|-t
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t bn-Yn-o-Xo-I h|-n-e-t H-tnd-o-u--H-m. ue-Zw a--gy-u\n-m
--a- h|n-[p-\o-o---Hm. ~-1-h|w-a]-l--Hm \p
\p a--gy-\n-=-I F--XnT-o-t 5--e--\-o \-uc---gm. C-m \--m B-en I-ko-bn--Hw
Wo-t h|n-[p-\w F-^-tb-m N-co-^w
A-Xn-W-un?. a--gy-cn-b-e-u uZ-euc-Jt
- -K
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X|w F-t--m A-lo-. B uZ-e-X|-o-m F-m No--bo \o-m ue-Zt ]n-X-bo a--gy h--co-n
eo-Zy-tb a---;-tS eo-eo-[-X-d--joB a--gy uZ-e-\n-bo Xp---te-m
ud-%- No-n-bn-^-bn-bo a-d-bn-jo
-ue-Zw \-un-m -Xo.
-I-o-S-bo
5--N-co-o-%--Xo
14-nw
14
nw Zoehw (2012
4)
eo-d-bo-- \-S-n-\n-!w. D-Zn-i-c-W-an-bo
foeww eo=w
foe
eo w
fo-e-h--+ -2w, [p--w, N-a-Iw H--S-o-b
]c~1ot
]c
ot \naeoufg
a--h--i--jo fo-e-t\- en-%m 5--c-an-bo
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D-]-ubn-Ko--tIn-n-m
-f|-c-h|--]-t
-ueue-Zw G-uI-f|-c-5-Xo-]n-Z-\w-tIn-m [--u--b-an- ey-e-i c o-%--Hm. - aw-K-jw \---e-\n-b fo-e-\n-m
mm. ue-Z-o-td fo-e-w eo--=w c--, H-uc fo-e-h--+--2-o-td -f|-c. uPyn-Xo-I]-c-~-1-o-t \n-a-eo-uf-g- an-^-an-!-. ;--uS-w uPyn-Xo-bn-I- A-e. Pn-r-Xm, h|-+
eyn-]o-o-co-%--H-tIn-1m eoeo-,, aw-K-j-h|--]-\ -i-o-I-jo \o-l---e--an-!-. x-x-Jo--en-I-tIn-1m fofo-e,
, 5--P-I-m A-Y-en -wo-botn-t-w aw-K-j-=w B-f|n-h-=w A-e A-td Pp-e-Pn-d-o-m \n-b-I-\n-b-H-tIn;-. --o 5n-n-[n-\yw \---Xm
m KK-W-\n-b-I,
, X-\o-m a-e \n-Y-n5--]--o-t hw-c--W-f-2o-I-nco-n--H-tIn-1m eo
eo-\n\n-b-I;
; F-omm. --o-td B-Zy 15 a---%m
-t\ ue-Z-o-td -f|-c-h|--]w
\p\p-d--2w F---So u]--1m. C-Xm
h-en-u^--go-tb-m ey-2-an-m. C-Xo
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m c-Wo-I-jo \o-- c-n-I-e-N-t--I-c-a-t-o-w No-d 5--uXy-I h--bn-m --No-o-%--Hm. a--o-td
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Pb
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11
Xo-o-%-. fo-e A-e-tb \o-b-o-m c-n-I- Xw, X-!--gw, A-uLn-cw, en-a-uZ-ew -C-Xyn-Zo)
e-N-an-!--Hw In-Wnw. 5--j-b-In-d-m X-o 5--Xo-]n-Zo-X-an-m.
15-nw
15
nw Zoehw (2012
5)
5--]--t d-bo-o-%--Hw --No-X-an-m. -fo-et Zn--f-\o-I-an-b A- --J--;w (h-uZyn-Pn-
hwLg Aehn\oon
G-In-Z-an-\-e-Z-f-\w
-tI. cn-a-]o--
-CC-m udn-Iw H- 5--Xy-b-fn- 5--Xo-h-o-bo-dnWm. !--ucn-K-a-\-]-c-ta-w fn-p-b-ta-w Aw-KpI-co--t-o-- 5--Xy-b-fn-- X-I--So-- In-G-bn-Wm I-ko- c-1 Z-f-I-o-S-bo--n-b-Xm. I-{-Wo-hw, uhn-gy-do-hw, --X-dn-jow F-o-e a--gy-t v-Xo-I Xn-+-cy--;-tS
A-So-n-\-o --]w-tIn- B-f-b--jn-Wm.
a--gy uI-e-dw H- v-Xo-I-Pp-eo-bn-Wm F-
h--+--jn-Wm B-f-b--;-tS A-Son-n-\w. A-H-X-t-bn-Wm A-e--tS X-I--tS In-c-Ww. a--gy F--Xm f-cp-cw
an-^-a- a-\-w e-o-w B-Zn-=--
h--bn-Wm. A-Xo-t\ GG-In-Z-an-\-e
F- ]-l--. f-cp-c-o- --W-ta-u]n-td -a-\-o-\m eo-u\n-Z-=w e-o-m

eo-n-\-=w B-Zn-eo-\m A---Xo-w
B-e-fy--m. A-e-tb-nw u\-Sn-I-ko--
]n nXyZf\w
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uZfhw
nc;tS
tS ueccK
uec
-ho. A-g-l-^m
-udnudn-I-o---o A-o-an-\--Fw A-e-X-co-on-=- D-Zn--an-b H- \n--Pp-eo-X-an-Wm a-dbn-jo-%-n-bo---Hm.

]-co-h-c-h--i--jn-b
X-ao-k--uS-ubn I--S-uZ-f-n--uS-ubn N-co-^-Ind-K-W-\-te-m u\n-%-un e--%-l-=--XntW-o-w A-Xo-w F-^-ubn h-un-i-\-an-b
H- hw-n-cw uI-c-jp-b \n--Pp-eo-Xw D-+n-Zo-oo--1m. --t--Xo-I, uIn-j-l, e--co-u]n-- a-in-an-co-I F-o-e-m f-a-\w e--Xo--uf-g-an-m \n--Pp-eo-X-o-t c-hw
--j-X-ubn-tS
A---eo-n-\n-b-Xm.
h-eo-uf-g-an-b In-dn-e-. 5--ubn-P-\fn-- A-Xo-f-b-I-c-an-b uZ-e-Xn-tteeo-[y- B--c-Xo-I, eo-uf-g-Ind-, tte-Zyw, D-e-e-ue-j-I F-oe-bo B-ln-So Pp-eo- a-d-bn-jo--tS
\n--Pp-eo-Xw A-]-Xm e-gw --e-tc
12
470 12 +xn
- ISIw Bg\nZw
un-an-^-ua H- ey-2o--tS Pp-eo-Xw -Wan->. Pp-eo-X-o- !-W-X-m !--gn-Q-

A--wo--t-S-Ww. [-a-an-W-Xo-t A-So-n\w. [-a-o- eo---a-n- In-a-=w A-Q=ww Pp-eo-X-t --un--\-bo-%-. A-H ]-c-a-!--gn-Q-an-b uan-w u\-Sn h-in-bo-%-.
C-Xo-t A-So-n-\-o-- hn--o-I-=w
hn--io-I-=-an-b ]-co-e--\--uj eo-P-bo-%I-->. G-In-Z-an-\-e-Z-f-\w a--gy-t h-a-r
e-j-- h-in-b-I-an-Wm. ey-2o-w h--i-=w
X-o, h--i-=w cn-Py-=w X-o C--n-!-
F-n hw-L-g--;w A-e-hn-\o-on Z-f-\w h-in-b-I-an-Wm. C-Xm
G-tX-o-w ]n-o--tS-ubn h--Zn-b-hwL-S-\--tS-ubn 5--Xy-b-fn--a-. F-n
hw-L-S-\-I-%w cn-{--%w h|p-Ico-n-=- B-f-b-an-Wm. 5--Xy-b-fn--5Xo-h-o u\-co-- C--t udn-I-o\m n-c-X-o-t hw-n-e-\-bn-Wo-Xm.
16-nw
16
nw Zoehw (2012
6)
\p-1-\o-. 1980-85
1980 85 I-ujn---So \n--Pp-eo-Xw
]o-en-o-K-S-o. --uln-]y-n-m G-lo-e-n
---uXn, \n-+-uXn -y-eo--e--uj--=. F-n
a-d-bn-jo-n-e-t 365 Zo-e-h-=w B-e--\-ao-ntX -o-n-=- -y-eo--e--;-m. A-[o-I-Ind-=w a-o !--d-- --uln-]y-n-m a-o
hw--co--t- Xo--en-Xo-c-u]n-- H- D-e-eao-. A-Kn-[-an-b ey-2oX|
oX|-- tte-Zyw, a--enZw, uPyn-Xo-gw F-p 5--ubn-P-\-fn-- H-
P-\-X-tb A-So--So !--I-\o-cp--W-o !--do a-d-bn-jo--tS hn-io-Xyw. ho-\o-a-hoho-\o-an-]
n--I F-nw X-t A-]-Xm e-g-t \n--Ppeo-X-o-t hw-n-e-\-I-jn-m. h|n-X-yn-\-cw B--\o-I--uS-w I-{-Wo-hme-In-uS-w 5--n-ew \n--Pp-eo-X-o-t \n-cnb-ue-c-c-K. ]n-Ln-Xy-an-b Z-f-\-oueohueoh-I-d-uZ-f hw-n-c--;-uS-w
ue-c-c--t-. h-Xy-o C-y h|-X--an-b-Xo--uf-g-an-Wm hw-n-co-I-an-b
]n-c-X-yw B-cw-o--Xm. C-m a-d-bn-jo--tS h-I-d h|-X|-hw-n-c--;w \n-bn\uc
\uc
g Pb
Pbo 5ngW]cc
So \-fo-o- tIn-o-co-%-.
17-nw
17
nw Zoehw (2012
7)
n\ot
n\ot #XoI
XoI
uIcjpb D]\ogKI
D]\og I
-uUn. A--d--k uKn-]-!-an -
-ueue-uZ-Xo-in-h-!-cn-W- h-c-j-a--c-an-bo P-\,--Z-b--jo-ud-% ]-I-m -2o-n-\-ubn-K-jo--tS B-yn-Zo-I-an-b hw--Xo--tS tI-Snte-jo-w tIn-;-o-b I-eo-bn-bo-- -n-\w.
A-u--i-o-t #--Xo-I h-Xy-o uI-c-jpubn-]-\o-g-K-I-jn-bo \n-So-t 5-e--X-
e-ko-tX-jo-. A-eo-tS A-ttZ|-X-=w ttZ|-X-=w eofo-wn-ttZ|-X-=-tan-t h-a-\|-bo-- -\o-%-
D-Zn-c-=w D-Xm#-w-=-an-b H- Z-f-\-ot hn--In-o-bn-Wm \o-l--ko-- \o---Xm. B In-o-bo A-n-d-u\o
a--gy-Pp-eo-X-o-t
n-n-bp-n-e -a-t--K-I-w u[u ~-an-b H-
udn-I-o-t-w a--gy--tS-w -wom 5--Xo-_--an-bo \o-%- N-]-dn-e--jo-\o- uan-N-\-o-- anK- H--l-o--I-w tN-n A--u5-
-eo-Zyn-[o-cn-P-Z-f-\w
-h|n-ao A--bn-\--Xp-Y-]n-Z
h-\n-X-\-[-aw \n- a-in-en-Iy--jo--tS a-gy-cn-fo-m H- D-|-d h-u-fw \-- F-m

D-S--o-l [p-p-eo-Zyn-[o-cn-P uh-en-[-a A-[o-]Xo h|n-ao A--bn-\--Xp-Y-]n-Z ]-l-. \-uc--g-Wo-t 75-nw
75 nw P--Zo-\n-uLn-g-o-t n-K
-an-bo \-S--e-- 5--n-g-W-]-c--c-bo hw-hnco-%-I-bn-bo-- A-u--iw. a--gyn \p -f|-c\n-Wm F--Xn-Wm b-Yn-Y-o h-\n-X-\-[-a
h-u-fw. X-|-a-ho, A-iw-~-1n-o F-o-t\-- \n- a-in-en-Iy--;-tS-w A-Qw C-HX-t-bn-Wm. ue-Zn--h-u-f-an-Wm -D-]-\o-gK--I-;w ~-1--^--;w -K-e-ZmKp-X-w
\-!--Xm. ue-Z-eyn-h-w f--cn-Nn-cyww Z-f-\-an-Wm \--% \-o-b-Xm. eynh-Z-f-\w X-t f--c-Z-f-\w. eo-Zyn-[ocn-P-Z-f-\-=w C-H-X-t. an---%
eo-u[-b-a-n- ]-c-a-h-Xy-an-b ]-c-~1--t hn-n-XmI-co- F-n h-Xy-Z-f\--;w A-So-n-\ h-u-fw X-t\uc
\uc
g Pb
Pb
o 5ngW]cc
c-W-bn I-eo-bn-b -n-\w H- \n-So-t-w

H- P-\-X-w hw--Xo--tS In-e-dn-jn-bo--.
n-n-\-n-\ F- -2o-n-\ b-Yn-Q-o
a--gy-Pp-eo-X-o-t -]n-\ A-Y-en Pp-eo-X-]
n-\-bn-bo an-lo-b-un A-H hn-[n-c-W-n-c-t
-K-e-ZmKp-X F- eo-uf-go-o--t-. ue-Zn-No--I-;-tS c-U-J-\o-I H--l--X-- A-\-Lan-b #--Xo-I a-d-bn-j-a-\-m eo-jo--W-K-en
h-in-b-I-an-b-un H--t-?---t\-un-td
C-eo-tSn- B-yn-Zo-I \-uen-Yn-\-o-\m I-a-!--g-\n-bo-p--en-I-ko- !--Wy-!--g-\n-bo- -n-\w. h|-Kp-b \-uc---g-Wo-t 75-nw
75 nw
P--P-b-o-ubn-S--_-o-m A-u--iw
\--% --o A-\n-e-c-Ww tN- tteZo-I-udn-I-o-t h-\n-X-\ [-a-5-Infw uX-So-- A-u\|-g-W-an-Wm -n\-o-w \-t tIn-t-o-%--Xm.
-2o-bo--tS D-W-=w n-n-\-o--tS
D-Zme--X-w ]-I--I-tb- Zv-Xyw
\o-e-io-.
18-nw
18
nw Zoehw (2012
8)
ub a--gy-cn-fo-% \-!-en-I-ko--.- -\-Xo--tS
h-u-f-o- \o-c-%w-eo-[-- B-Nn-cn--~n-\-jn-Wm --Xo-I P-\-a-[y-o 5--N-co-o-u-Xm
Xm. F-n, P-\--;-tS ttZ-\w-Zo-\ Pp-eo-Xo-td B-Nn-c-?-a--tj \o-b-o-%- --Xo-I
hh-Fw J-d|o-Zw ~-1 F- \--Xo-h-u-f-t
eo--co-m Pn-Xp-b-an-w A-n-tX--- D--\p-N
ue-Xo-co-=-I \n-o 5--N-co-o-%-un a-inuZ-e-ttN-X-\yw X-t uZ-e-h|--]-an-bo a-gy-co 5--I-S-an-!-. B uZ-e-n a--gy--]
w h|p-I-co-m P-\-a-[y-o-td-o a--gy-Pp-eoX-t u\-e-ko-bo--tS \-S-K-. A--t\--
a-in-uZ-e-\n-bo-- eo-Zyn-[o-cn-P N--o-h|n-ao
Xo--e-So-I. In-dn-Xo-e-o-bn-b ue-Z--;-tS
A-[o-In-c-\o--]-Ww B-[o-In-co-I-an-bo
\o-F-io- A-u--iw a--gy-t eo-f-ot \p-Xo-bn-Wm n-n-\-o-w \-uI-Xm F-m a-d-bn-jo-tb ]-To-o-. J--\m
B-in-cw -\o-ug-[o-%--Xo I-To-\-an-b
]n-]-an-Wm n-n-\-\o-ug-[w F-m a-gy-cn-fo-ubn-Sm B-Zy-uan-Xo-b a-in-\n-b
E-go-bn-Wm N--o-h|n-ao-I.
19-nw
19
nw Zoehw (2012
9)
+xn 470 13
13
-n-c-Xp-b ]-co-5n-P-I--tS
]-co-o-Xo-Z-f-\w
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--f|-c-w 5-#-Xo-w a--gy-w H-n-tW- Zf-\-an-m n-c-Xp-b--uS-Xm. A-Kn-[-an-b ]-co-oXo n-n-\-=w C-Xo-d-S-o-bo--1m. ]-o--Kn-Zo-I;ww ?---d-Xn-Zo-I-;w A-S-o-b eo-f|-5-#-Xo--tS
A-eo-n-Py-L-S-I-an-m a--gy-cn-fo-w. C-e--tS
]n-c--cy-o--tS an-^-ua udn-I-Pp-eo-Xw hnQ--I-an-=-I-->. H-m a-tn-o-t\ \-foo-%--Xm Aw-Kp-I-co-n-\n-eo-. B-enh-ey-e--bo C-e-t-nw H--dy-n\-an-m E-go-an I-+o--Xm. e-\-\-fp-I-cWw-tIn-1w an-do-\yw-tIn-1w \-Zo--tS
\n-fw tIn-1m ]-co-o-Xo -?-e Xn-jwtX-o-bo-co-%-I-bn-m. e-\-t --Po%-- A-c-Wyn-\o--ew E-uK|-Z-o--1m.
A-Y-e-ue-Z-o-td #--Y|o--2w a-Bo-t\
hw-c-o-u--Xo-t\-%-lo-n-m ey-2-
ioandbZf\w
tI. _o. 5h
h!an
an
H \nSot hnw
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H eo
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uNnZ\=ww D
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W
F ua aintWm
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hnwn
coI tt\c
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hvcyn
anb an\ F^
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ud
bn tNWw. Bbocn
Bbocn1I;tS
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l
ncXpb ainhw
ainhwXom
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tww Hnbon
t
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bnôI,
bn oI, ?uaW
uaW Xo
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ain
joud%ww Au\|
gWot PndI Hl%.. ioan
an-%--Hm. D-]-\o-g-K-I-jo-w C-Xo-in-h-!-cn-W-jo-w ]-co-o-Xo-h--d-\-t-%-lo-m fn-pb-an-b [n-cn-jw ]-cn-a-f--;-1m. H- a-cw ]-K

!-^-n-% H--dy-an-tW-m B--ue-Z-o-w,
\-Zo-bo a-d--^-eo-h-P-\w \-S-K-I-ubn, H-I-ubn, \-l-cn-bo-n-\w tN--I-ubn tN---tXn-m A-lo-!-cn-W-o-t \o-cp--Ww. P--tj-ubn ]-o-I-tj-ubn e-[o---tX-m \--tS
C-Xo-in-h-!-cn-W--jo
ey-2-an-o-bo--1m.
anan-\o-gn-Z!! ]n-So-b en-8p-Io-w B-[-a--K-t
tIn---tX-m hw-\yn-ho- !--an-c-n-tctn-1 ]-l-bo- In-jo-Zn-h-w iow-h
-t-Xo-tc f-p--b-o-b a-in-I-eo-Ijn-m. e-\-en-h-o-\o-S-m an-lo-an-lo
Xn-a-ho- cn-a-w hp-X-w ]n-7-e-w
]-co-o-Xo-u_n-[w 5--I-So-o--e-cn-m.
]n-c--cyw Sn-uKn-cw !--an-c-\n-fn-w
]o-n-d I-eo-I-;w 5--I-So-o-o--1m.
20-nw
20
nw Zoehw (2012
10)
dboud bn^
dboud%
bn
AHtIn
A
tIn1mm Xt
BZnu\|gW
nu\|gW bn^Sobn
bn
Sobnmm. KwK H
H
ain\Zobnbocou Xt hwXo
hw XotS
tS ain
Ppe\ Pd[nc
Pd[ncSobnbo
Sobnbo anc.
an
. \ZoItj
Bcn[o%en
Bcn[o
en ioandbo c1m
c m [na
;1mm. bu\n
b u\nôww KwuKnôw.
KwuKn
w. Pdt
Bcn[o%I
Bcn[o
I Fn, 5#Xotb
Xotb Bcn[o%I
Bcn[o I
FXnmm. 5#Xotb
FXn
Xotb ain!Wyanbo
ain Wyanbo AloI.
Alo I.
AHeko
eko 5#Xo
Xoanbo
anbo eoIanb
eo
anb H
H ]nc
]nccyw
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dKI.
I. eo[w 5#Xo
XotS
tS ttNX\y
o \odp\anbo eotInn
eo tInnmm Ego
an ueuZn]\ogKI;tS
ueuZn]\og
tS hI Au\|
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go
5]o
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YiIjo
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m - ha
ha
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bnboHmm AHm
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edotbn
iZf\anmm. \ogmIna
anb B uuiZf\ot
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eo
aobn
aobnmm ioandbw.
21-nw
21
nw Zoehw (2012
11)
IeoX FXotc \S ekoI
\o I-eo-X-X-t-bn-Wm. I-eo-X --go-%- F-Xo-\m n-g --go-%--te--X-t-bn-Wm A-Qw.

tI. cnPuKn]n
G-tXn- hw-Xo--tS-w h-X|-h---an-Wm n-g. H- n-g A-]-N-b-t--un H- P-\-X--tS
n-g--tS \p-tcn-?-%-I-tj A-j--lo-bn-- an-]o- A-o-X|w X-t uNn-Zyw tN--t--. A-H-tIn-
14
470 14 +xn
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Pbo 5ngW]cc
n-Wm n-g-bo-n- P-\-X -a-bn-tW-m Kno-o-Po ]-l--Xm. n-g--tS G--=w hn--=w

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hw--eo-%--Xm. f-p-o-w A-Q-o--ao-Sbo I-eo-X uZn-d-\w tN--tIn-u-bo-co-%w.
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en-o-t \o-Xy-X-tIn-m a-lo-I-S-n-- G-=ww h-^-d-an-b [--a-an-Wm I-eo-I-aw. a--gy-N-co^--o-td a-i-n-b Z-f-\--tj-nw tan-ko-t-Xm In-ey-n-g-bo--tS-bn-Wm. G--=w a-i-n-b
I-eo-X--tS B-Zo-a--]--jn-Wm ue-Z--jo--Xm. A-u\|-go--lo- h-Xy-t ]-I--e--Xo-\m en-%-I-;w _ow-_--;w F-^-an-^w Xp@--[yn-\-un-tS-bn-Wm 5--ubn-Ko-u--tX-
E-go-an--tS A-u\|-g-W-o-\o-n-Wm In-eyw
--]-an-o-%--Xm. eyn-h-w en-8p-Io--tan-t In-eyw Z-fo--e-cn-Wm. \o-ao-e-c-. In-eyn-e- A---eo-%-I an^--a- a-e--e-co A-H -wo-%-en-w
I-ko---e-\n-Wm b-Yn-Q I-eo. A-t\-bn-Wm I-eo E-go-bn-bo an-c--Xm.
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B-dn-]-\--;w 5-n-e-\-I-;w-tIn-m --J-co-Xan-!- I-eo-X A--en-N-I-\o X-o-\o-%-
I-bo-. I-Y-bo-n- I-eo-X-w I-eo-X-bo-n-

I-Y--an-Wm C-m --X-dn-bo F-?-X-t---Xm.
Kv-c-e--Fw I-eo-X-tb en-bo-%--e-w !--l-e--. \- I-eo-X-I-jo--tS-b-n-tX, In-h-e-tInun an--k-5-Z-f-\w tIn-un A-e-tc Xo-co-tIn-1-e-cn-\n-Io-.
I-eo-X-bo-\o-m
A-5-Xy--an-bo-tno-co-%- ?----]--tj--o-w eyn-!-d-t---e H-co--w h|-w I-eo-X I-t-o-be-c-. --e-w I-dn-f=tata-Bo-bo-co-t, I-Y-I-jo
In-Wn a-l--u]n-!--e-cn-W-e. ?---\o-cn-ha- a-lo-m h|--X|-\o-cn-h-an-Wm a-d-bn-j-I-eo-X--tS
A-]-N-b-o- In-c-Ww. Pp-eo-X-o-do-n-Xn-botn-o-co-%- a-d-bn-jo--t I-eo-X-bo
A-u\|-go-m \nw te-c-tX \o-cn-f-t--I-bn-Wm.
-B--\o-I-X--uf-gw e-do-b I-eo-I-uj D-n!-->. I--W-ubn, !--So-tbn-ko--udn, --X-nun, In-eo-td-n-un u]n-td-- e-do-b
I-eo-X-I D-n-In--tX-m F-
A-u\|-g-Ww ue-Ww. In-ey \o--]-W-anI-t uI-e-dw !--lw-N--%-lo--I-jn-bo H-H-. ]-T-\- I-eo-X-I-jo--tS-b- a-lom ho-n---jo--tS-bn-Wm --u-c--Xm.
C--c-tan- In-d-m c-N-\-bo-w
en-b-\-bo-w -F uKn-!-c--tj a-lo-IS-%--X-cw h-Kn-Z-I Nn-ue-c-I-nWm a-d-bn-jw In-o-co-u--Xm.
22-nw
22
nw Zoehw (2012
12)
ue-Z- \o-Xy-Pp-eo-X-o-
\o-l-o-co-%--Xo-\n A-tX-nw uZ-e-Xn-ZI--jn-bo. n-n-\-W-an-b b-w B-\-

-5-Zn-b-I-an-m. 5--]-n--K-X-an-b h-a-e---;w A-e B-cn-[-\n--ew ]-To-.
A-lo--tS P|n-d-I Fu]ntdXn-]-h-f-2o
ô-o-eo-[-u-Z- D-]-ubn-Ky-X F-nw -ucn
a---jo-w A---eo-%-. P-dw a--gy-m
-Pw 5--Zn-\w tN-- f-2o-bn-m. P-d-o
-g-[-f-2o -W-an-m. AA-<-ua ueyn-an A-~ep-Xm A--eo-f|n-\o u-g-Pnxnx- C--t\
5--]-n--K-X-an-b F-n f-2o-I-;w
A-lo-m B-cn-[o-%--Xo A-e
_--[--cn-bo--. ue-Z-]-T-\w B-ynZo-o-Iw an-^-a-. v-Xo-I Pp-eo-X-ot F-n e-f-;ww ]-To--lo--e-cn-m
B E-go-an. C-w \nw u\-co-- G-H
5-T--%w ue-Zw \-t h-in-bo-%w.
uUn. ]o. eo. eo-f|-\n-Y-\--Xo-co

-n-c-Xp-b-hwncot
w ncot A-So--l-bn-b ue-Zw
F-n n-n-\-eo-n-\--;-tS-w J-\o-bn-m.
X-]-o--tS I-t-o-b B-Xy-o-I h-Xy-an-m
A-e hn-n-XmI-co--Hm. ]-cp--W-fn-d-I-jo
]-cp-o--lo- B-u]-o-I-h-Xy-a-. No-c--\an-b h-Xyw a--gy Pp-eo-X-o-m 5--ubnP-\-5-Z-an-bo A-e D-]-ubn-Ko-. fn-o--Wan-b H- Pp-eo-Xw A-e B-eo-l-co-.
ue-Z--tj
\o-l--Ww
D-u]-o-Xn-m C- In-- A-fn-o. E-uK|-Zw
n-n-\-5-Xo-]n-Z-I-=w,
b--ue-Zw
I-a-5-[n-\-=w, hn-a-ue-Zw B-\--Zn
-b-I-=w B-m A-Y-e-an-I-t hw-c-W-o-t ue-Z-an-m. 5--]--o-td
h-a- ]-Zn-Y--jo-w -f|-c-h-
\uc
\uc
g Pb
Pb
o 5ngW]cc
+xn 470 15
15
Y--!-dw \-S-K- ue-Z-5-N-c-Ww n-c-Xp-b hw-n-c-o-t H- Xo-co--e-c-en-I-t.23-nw

23
nw Zoehw (2012
13)
io-%--Xm cn-{-Z-f-\-an-b-Xo-\n--t h-Xyw
cn-{-Z-f-\w h-Xy-o-\o-m
C-Xo--n-bo-co--Ww. ue-Z--;-tS-w D-]-\o-gey-Xo-N-do---Xm
K--I-;-tS-w Xn-|o-I-e-fw C-Xn-Wm. hn-[nH--l-> eo-f|w--c
c-W P-\--m C-Xm a-\-o-dn-o-tn--n
cn-{-Z-f-\w H-co--w h-Xy-o-\o-m ey-Xo-K-en eyn-h \-Io-b I-Yn-ZI -eyn-JynN-do-n ]n-So-td-m X-|-No--I-\n-b H--l->
\-an-Wm a-in-n-c-Xw. eyn-h-t In-d-t cn-{eo-f|w--c ]-l-. \-uc---g-Wo-t 75
75-nw
nw P-N-co-^-t-w cn-{p-b \n-b-I-tc-w a-in-n-cZo-\n-uLn-g-o-t n-K-an-bo \-S--e-- 5--nX-I-Y-bo D-t--o-bo-co-%-. h-Xy-o
g-W-]-c--c-bo [n[n-ao-I cn-{p-bw;
w eyn-h
A-[o-~o-X-an-b hn--io-I, cn-{p-b, hnw-n-co-I,
-t -wo-bo
o F- eo-g-b-o hw-hn-co-%[n-ao-I Pp-eo-X-No-^- C-Xo en-bo--lo-bnw.
I-bn-bo-- A-u--iw. n-n-\-eo-n-\--;[n-ao-I cn-{p-b-o-t d-tS-tb-nw A-So-n-\ 5--an-Ww h-XyW- a-in-n-c-X-o-\o-m \nw
an-Wm. h-Xy-ta-n an-c- --ey--;I-1-]-To--Ww. [-a-!-^ [n-ao-I cntS-tb-nw A-So-bo an-l-ntX \o\o -
{p-p-b-o-t-w --ucyn-[-\ A-[n-ao-I
\o-Xy-an-b h--bn-Wm. B-[yn-Zo-I-=w
cn-{p-b-o-t-w -p-n-e--jn-Wm.
v-Xo-I-=-an-b F-n Z-f-\--;w h-Xy[-an-[-a--m A-Xp-X-an-b \o-Xyo A-[o-~o-X-an-bo-co--Ww. A-h-Xy-o-t -p-n-e-an-Wm -K-en
cw Z-f-\--jo H-n-Wm cn-{-Z-f-\w.
#--t\-w A-u--iw ]-l-.
5--Pn-]-co-]n-d-\-=w udn-I-c--w \o-e24-nw
24
nw Zoehw (2012
14)
eo-n-\-o-t an-[y-a-h-n-c--
-#--uKn-]n-AA-n-\-o-\o-
eo-n-\-o-ud-%-
]-co-Wn-aw;
w
eo-n-\-ua-J-d--tS eo-In-hw.
A-Xm ]-I- \-uI-o-e--un h|p-I-co-
an-[y-a--jo I-dn---X-an-b an-- 5--I-S-anbo. en-tan-ko-bn-bo, e-c-tan-ko-bn-bo ]o-p-Sm A-So-bn-w H--eo Uo-Po- --]-o-ud-%w eon-n-\w h--co-%--Xo-\m In-dw hn-o-bn-bo.
-Y--eo-t --J-K-\o-m n-n-\-eo-n-\-
h|p-I-co-o-- Y--!-d-h--Zn-bw ]o-n-dm, uZ-e-\n-K-co do-]o--tS eo-In-h-o--tS eon-n-\w !--lo--e--t-. C-Xo B-Zy-u-Xm
ue-Z--jn-Wm. anan-\-e-t r---c-bo-td G--=w
]-k-b r--an-Wm ue-Zw
w F-m ttette-Zo-I-hn-io-XyN-co-^w F- r--o-t B--J-o
\-uc---g F-?-Xo. -te---S-dn-ho
A--So-a-go !--c-;-un -wo--t--
A--c-h---bw A--b-eo-n-\-tbn-Wm \o-l---Xm. C-5-In-cw, r---]o-tdn-H--t-- eo-n-\w A-u\|go-I-% --o H--l--t--; A-e
a-\p-go-I-jn-bo-p--. -udn-I-eono
n-\w
16
470 16 +xn
- ISIw Bg\nZw
t]n-H-en-ubn eo-g-bn-[o-~o-X-an-ubn h--bo--e-o-co-%- r-j--n-Wm eo-n-\-uInf-. H--ao- n-g-I-jo-w eo-n-\-uIn-f-;--m. r---]-o g--i-Zn-co-I-jn-b A-e-
_-Z-dn-bo Uo-Po- F-tth-uuBnu n-]p-Uo-b-I
B--\o-I-In-d-m --]w-tIn-1. A-uXn-tSn-w
C--t\-ew A-e-Xp-W-an-bo. bb-Zo-in-o X-Z\y-^-b-u-in-o \ X-XmI|-No-Xm (C-Xo---Xm
F-n-bo-S-K--n-Inw;
nw C-Xo-do-n--Xm a-tn-co-SK--ao- F--Qw) F- a-in-n-c-X-en-Iy-t
A-\|-Q-an-%--eo-[-o C--t\-m e-j-I-ko-o-co-%-. B-Zo-In-d-m eo-n-\-o\n-bo Y--!-d-o-ud-m hcoo
h coo
a--gy]opSm rfndIjoudm
fndIjoudm h
hco
co.. Fn,
B--\o-I In-d-m \- C-co-%-o-S-K-X-t
eo-n-\w d-y-an-!- o-o-Xo e-uN-. A-Xn-b-Xm, e-b-td-hm I-W-Imoeo-o-bo--tS
udn-I-t-eo-tS-bo--w
eo-n-\w -u\-Sn I-ko-w. a-tn-c-Qo, eo-n-\w C--t\-m F- an[y-a-o--tS \-o-ud-m, \--ujnt-Sn-w
h--co--tIn-o-co-%-I-bn-Wm.
25-nw
25
nw Zoehw (2012
15)
ufgw 25--nw u]Po...
\uc
\uc
g Pb
Pbo 5ngW]cc
a-d-bl-jr-|o
abcdebu-S
e-Zl-]-il-cG
E-tKz-Zw, b-Pp-th-Zw, km-a-th-Zw, A-Y-h-th-Zw Fn-h-bneqsS H-cp Xo-YmS\w
kw-tim-[-\w
\-tc-{-`q-j
{]o ]-n-t-j
17
thZw A-]-cm-PnXw
C-y a-cn-n-n;a-cn-p-I-bp-an F-v F-\n-p t_m-[y-s-Sp-n--
a-lm-]p-cp-j-\t{X B-Nm-cy \-tc-{-`qj. th-Z-am-Wv {]-amWw; th-Zw
am-{X-am-Wv F-v B-Nm-cy ]Tn-n-pp. th-Zm--sa- t]-cn
{]-N-cn-p- Pohn-Xhn-c-n-bp-am-bn th-Z-n-\p _--an. `qan-tbm-Sp-
A-\p-cm-K-amW-Xv io-en-n-p--Xv. B-Nm-cy m-]n- B-j-\m-Zw
amkn-I Cpw ap-S-m-sX \-S-pp. I-en-bp-Kw 5112 F-v am-kn-I-bp-sS
ap-J]
- w-n-bn Im-Wmw. b-Pp-th-Z
- n-s A-hkm-\ {]-iv\
-
- fn-sem-n
Im-Wp- kwh-c
- Zo-m-a{- w shp-sIm-v C-tX- h-jw K-Wn-s-Sp-mw.
th-Z
- n Pm-Xn- C. Fm-hpw th-Zm-[n-Im-cw- Dv. {i-bpw Pn-m-kbpw
th-W-sa-t-bpq. kw-i-b-ap--h \m-cm-b-WKp-cp-hn-s tlm-a-a-{hpw
C-X-cIr-Xn-I-fpw {in-p- ]Tn-s. hn.sI.\m-cm-b-W`--Xn-cn-bp-sS
"th-Zm-Yhn-Nm-c'hpw t\-cm-b h-gn Im-n--cpw. A-n-hn-Zy io-en-m
kzm-YwRm F- s\v(A-lw C-Xym-Pyw) tlm-an-Ww. C-y-bp-sS
ap-n-am-Kw th-Z-am-sW-v B-Nm-cy \-tc-{-`q-j ]Tn-n-pp.
kzm-an Z-bm\-, th-Z-_-pi-a F-n-hcpw C-tX- kXyw Nq-n-m-n
I-Sp-t]m-b-h-cm-W-tm.
C-y ]n-n- h-j- tX-tPm-a-b-am-bn-cpp. h-cm-\n-cn-p- h-j-
A-Xyp-z-ea
- m-bn-cnpw F-v ta-d- -ht- cm-sSm-w B-Nm-cy \-tc-{-`q-jWpw
hn-iz-kn-pp. ]m-m-Xy]-n-X-am C-hn-sS ]-d-p-]c-n
]Tn-n- \p-W-Ifpw A-_--fpw \mw ssI-sh-Sn-t ]q F-p- am-{Xw.
F-\nv Cu Zr-Vhn-izm-k-n-te-v D--p -Xp-d-p-X-Xv B-Nm-cy
\-tc-{-`q-j-W-t{X. A-t-lw F-s G-gp- \m-f--fp- A-n-hn-Zy-bn-te-v
D-]\
- b
- np. B kva
- c-Wt- ]mepw ]-hn-{X-am-Ipp. tI-cf-s B kva
- c
- W
- b
- n-te-v
D-W-p- "am-Xr-`q-an'bp-sS {]-h-\w k-ê
- a
- mI-t F-v {]m-Yn-pp.
hn-jv-Wp-\m-cm-b-W \-q-Xncn
18
`m-c-Xo-b m-\-ss]-Xr-I-n-te-v
H-cp Xo-Ym-S-\w
thZ-sa-m A-dn-hv FYw. th-Z- Cu-iz-c a-\p-jy-\p
\-ev-In-b m-\-k-ap--b-sa-v \q-m-p-I-fm-bn hn-iz-kn--s-p-h-cp-p.
kI-e Zm-i-\n-I[m-c-I-fp-sS-bpw D-]m-k-\mk-{-Zm-b--fp-sS-bpw
aq-et{km-X-m-Wv Ah. {]-]--am-k-I-e-ap- k-I-e hn-m-\imJ-I-fpw
kq-v-a{]-Im-i-\--fm-bn th-Z-a-{--fn-e-S-p-p. E-tKz-Zw, b-Pp-th-Zw,
km-a-th-Zw, A-Y-h-th-Zw FnhbpsS kwlnX \m-ep thm-fy--fm-bn
am-Xr-`q-an _p-Iv-kv a-e-bm-f-n-\p k-m-\n-p-p.
\ldu el-jpG 4,300 ]cG ]-PuIy

Ur 1/8 Us-d-Io _-btrMo
thZ-kq-- A-[yb-\w sN-p--Xn-s {]m-[m-\yw

`mcXo-bNn--bp-sS ]-cym-]v-Xam-b G-Xp hn-h-c-W-n\pw
E-tKz-Z-kq---fp-sS A-[yb-\w A-\p-t]--Wo-b-am-Ip-p.
]n-ev-me-s Nn- i-cn-p a-\-n-em-p--Xn-\p th-Z--fp-sS
]T-\w B-h-iy-amWv. {]-]--c-l-kyw D-sm-p-hm\pw
B-hn-jv-I-cn-p-hm-\p-ap- a-\p-jy-a-\-ns Cu {]-Y-a
{]-b-Xv-\--fn, h-k
- \
- n-izm-k
- ntem {]-`m-X]
- p-jv]
- ntem
Im-Wp-Xp-t]m-se-bp- H-cp ]p-Xp-abpw F-fn-abpw
hn-h-cn-p-hm-\m-Im- B-I-j-Whpw \mw Im-Wpp.
tUm. Fkv. cm-[m-Ir-jvW
19
kh--Xz-n-s ap-{Z-bp- th-Z-hn-m-\-n-\v k-th-iz-c-\n\n-m-sX a-sm-n-\npw B-hn-`-hn-p-hm km-[y-am-bn-cpp.

{ioi--cm-Nm-cy
N-Xpcv-th-Z-kwln-Xbnse
{]-Xn-]mZyw
H-mw- `m-Kw
th-Zm-Zy-- N-Xp-cv-th-Z-]-cy-S-\w
E-tKz-Zm-Zn `m-jy-`q-an-I th-Zm-[n-Im-c-\n-cq-]-Ww
ssh-Zn-I-kz-c-im-kv-{Xw ssh-Zn-Ibm-K-kz-cq-]w
ssh-Zn-I-hm-Mv-a-b-n-s cq-]-tc-J
c-mw `m-Kw
E-tKz-Z-]T-\w E-tKz-Z-kw-ln-X
(tZh\mKcn en]n kzcklnXw ASbmfsSpnbXv

aebmf en]yctmSpIqSn)
E-tKz-Z-n-se E-jn, tZ-h-X, O-v, kz-cm-\p-{I-a-Wn-I
a-{m-\p-{I-a-Wn-I E-tKz-Z-n-se tZ-h-Xm-k--ev-]-:
H-cp ]T-\w.
th-Z- B-Zn-a-m\-s aq-o-I-cn-pp;

A-h ssZ-hn-I-kz-c-amWv. k-\m-X-\am-b `q-X-nepw h--am-\-nepw
`m-hn-bnepw A-Xp \n-e-sIm-pp. kr-n-v B-Znbpw
A--hp-anm-Xp-t]m-se ssZ-hn-I-kz-chpw
A-\m-Znbpw A-\--hp-amWv.
kzm-an hn-th-Im-\
20
GsX-nep-sam-cm-fp-sS in--W-m-em-sX hn-m-\-am-Pn-m

Bpw km-[ya. kr-n-bp-sS {]m-cw-`-th-f-bn {Z-m-v Cu-iz-c
th-Z- {]-Im-in-n-ncp-ns-n G-sX-nepw Xcn-ep
hn-m-\kmZ-\w ]n-ev-me-v A-km-[y-am-tbt\.
kzm-an Z-bm-\--k-c-kzXn
aq-mw- `m-Kw
b-Ppcv-th-Z-]T-\w b-Ppcvth-Z-kw-ln-X (ip-w)
(tZ-h-\m-K-cn en-]n kz-c-k-ln-Xw A-S-bm-f-s-Sp-n-b-Xv

a-e-bm-f en-]y--c-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn)
- n-se E-jn, tZ-hX
- , O-
- v , kz-cm-\p-{Ia-Wn-I
b-Ppcvt- h-Z
b-Ppcv-th-Z-n-se tZ-h-Xm-hn-Nm-cw
km-a-th-Z-]T-\w km-a-th-Z-kwlnX

km-a-th-Z-n-se E-jn, tZ-h-X, O--v , kz-cm-\p-{I-a-Wn-I
km-a-th-Z-n-se tZ-h-Xm-hn-Nm-cw
A-\p-_-w
th-Z-kq-- a-{m-\p-{I-a-Wn-I
\m-emw- `m-Kw
A-Y-cv-h-th-Z-]T-\w A-Y-cv-h-th-Z-kw-ln-X

A-Y-cv-h-th-Z-n-se E-jn, tZ-h-X, O--v , kz-cm-\p-{I-a-Wn-I
Xn-c-s-Sp--s- kq-- A--Yw k-ln-Xw,
a-{m-\p-{I-aWn-I
`mc-Xo-b-cp-sS B-ob-X-bp-sS h-m- D-d-h-bm-Wv th-Zw.

A-Xv hn-m-\-n-sbpw kw-kv-Im-c-n-sbpw I-a-i-n-bp-sSbpw
D--a-`m-h-sf a-\p-jy-a-\-n D-Xv-]m-Zn-n-pp.
kpIp-am A-go-tmSv
21
`mcXobkwkvImcn\v ASnd ]mInbXv

sshZnIhnm\amWv. thZsf kw_np Aht_m[w
`mcXobPohnXs Fmepw \nb{np t]mnpv.
`mcXoba\ns hym]mccoXnI Bgn
a\nempXn\p thZ]cnNbw A\pt]WobamWv. AXv
AdnpsImmWv BcykamPw `mcXobPohnXs
Iffn\npw apampXn\p thZsf apJyambpw
B{ibnXv. PmXnk{Zmbw apXemb A\mNmcfn\nv
P\Xsb am\knIambn hntamNnnpXn B ]cn{iaw \smcfthmfw D]Icnnpv. B[p\nIImev \psS PohnXw
t\cnSp {]XnknIsf AXnPohnm\p almbn
thZ]cnNbw \apv inbmbn `hnpXmWv. \tc{`qj
Cu kXyw AdnpsImmWv Xs hn]pehpw AKm[hpamb
thZ]cnm\w NXpthZkwlnXbvp kanXv.
Fw.sI. km\p
\tc-{`q-j-: Po-hn-XtcJ
1937 sabv 23\v sNqcnse apImhn
P\\w. lcnbm\ lnm KpcpIpe
almhnZymebn\npw hnZymcXv\, hnZym`qj,
sshZnIbXnaen\npw BNmcyFo _ncpZ.
aebmfnepw Cwojnepw lnnbnepambn \qdne[nIw {K
cNnnpv. aebmfnse GI sshZnIZmi\nI
{]knoIcWamb Bj\mZw amknIbpsS m]I {]km[I\pw
apJy ]{Xm[n]cpambncpp. BcykamP iXmn ]pckvImcw (1983),
aljn Zbm\ ]pckvImcw (1987), {]Ya AarXIon ]pckvImcw
(2001), tIcf kmlnXy AmZanbpsS sI.B. cma \qXncn
FtUmhvsav (2005), ka{K kmlnXy kw`mh\m ]pckvImcw (2009)
XpSn \nch[n ]pckvImc e`np. 2010 \hw_ 16\v Acnp.
_me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-eI-s Ko-Xm-c-l-ky-n-\v \-tc-{-`q-j \n-h-ln-
]-cn`m-j{ioa-Zv `-K-h-Zv-Ko-Xm-c-lkyw am-Xr-`q-an _p-Iv-kv 2011
{]kn-o-I-cnp.
22
{]o ]-n-t-j hy-h-I

1. NXpcv-th-Z-kwln-X ap-J-hn-e 2600 cq-]. {]o ]-n-t-j hn-e 1700.
aq-p X-h-W-I-fm-bn (700+500+550) 1750 cq-] am-{Xw.
2. a-Wn-tbm-U A-b-bv-p--h {]o ]-n-t-j Xp-I ap-gp-h-\pw Hnv
A-Sbvt--XmWv.
3. ]pkvXIw X-]m-en th-h-cn-\nv 150cq-] t]m-kv-t-Pv Cu-Sm-p--XmWv.
4. X-h-WI Hmtcm am-k-hpw 10mw Xo-b-Xn-p ap-]m-bn A-S-n-cn-t--Xm-Wv.
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kw-tim-[-\w
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tIm-gn-tmSv- (t^m: 04952367744), ]m-e
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I-q (t^m: 04972762122), am-Xr-`q-an _p-Iv-m-fp-I-, Xr-q(t^m:04872423284),
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tIm--bv (t^m: 04832745800) am-Xr-`q-an bq-Wn-p-I-, amXr-`q-an sd-bn-th _p-Iv-m:
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Hm-sse _p-n-n\v:
X]m-en e-`n-m
www.mathrubhumibooks.com
1,700+ ` 150
M.O / DD
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t^m: 04952367744
email: booksmbi@mpp.co.in
_pn-Mv tI-{--fn\n-pX-s ]p-kvX-Iw ssI--t--XmWv.
24
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29
nw Zoehw (2012
19)
A-Xo-Pp-e-\-o-- c-1 e-ko-I
Xo-I u\---jo --co-]--=w [n-wy-un-tS

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a--gy-t e--]-l-o;
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28
470 28 +xn
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eo-g-b--;w D-n-bo-- F--Xm C---Wo -u--Xn-Wm. ]-c--cn-K-X-=w h--=-an-b \--tS tt\-h-\o--I #--go-cp-Xo-tb
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1 5 tN-d-ue ue-o-e--->. P-d-o-t D-]ubn-Kw ]-o-tdn-n-bo !--l-w. D-+n-Z-\w cn-h#--go-bo-\o-w d-o-%--Xo-\m H--dy-an-bo-co-%w.
Xp-. A---e-o --X-dn-Wm F--Xn-Wm
h-Xyw. C-y-bo C-un 40 d--o-d-[o-Iw
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eo-g-b-an-Wm. ey-2o--tS \o-L-b-t-w -Xp--an\-t-w an-^w B-[-bo-n-Wm A-Xo-t 5--ubnK--a-X. F-n, I--an-b --Ww D-l-n-%--
Xm H- hn--iy-eo-g-b-=w \-b--]p-I-c-W-o-tww -c-W-o-t-w n-K-=w B-Wm. \o-d-\o-+o-\m

A-\o-en-cy-an-b C-e-tb P-\w h|-bw t\-o-ud-o
--u--o-\m X-n-ln-bn an-^-ua A-Xo-Pp-e-\w
hn-y-an-. -In-go-I tt]-J-I-o--tS -n-c-X-Nco-^w Xo--nw
30-nw
30
nw Zoehw (2012
20)
Y--Z-f-\w n-c-Xp-b ]n-c--cy-o-
h-co-m B-f-b-=w 5--e--\-=w an-lo e---Xm

F- te-n --K-[-a-o-t an-w A-lo-bo-%-Xm B-Nn-cy-n-cn-m. In-d-o-\--h-co-m anc---Xo-t\-bn-m h-\n-X-\w F- \nw eo-jo-%-Hm. b-Yn-Y-Y---n--tS a-\|--c- A-XoZp-L-an-b In-d-N-?--tj !--lo-%-. C-e-bo
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h--+o-o-co-%-.
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e-ko-bn-W-Xm.31-nw
31
nw Zoehw (2012
21)
-H. eo. Dg
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\o-b-a--tj-w ]-u-o-b--tIn-1 \n-a-lo-. A-Xo-\--lw A-Xp-o-b-an-b A-lo-=w a-gy--n-!--1m. A---e-o \o-nmm n-n-\--n-!--Hm. n-n-\-o-t
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X-t Y--h--Zn-b-an-tW- In-Wnw.
In-d----h-co-m A-Xn-b-Xm, --K----
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h|p-I-co--W-ta-m A-h-o-e-an-bo 5--Jyn-]o-Xm h|n-ao-Po an-^-an-m. tte-Zo-I [-a-o-ud--
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A-ubn-yn cn-a-t Zn-f-\o-I N-co-^-o-tS B-Zn-cn-a-X-|w P-\-,-Z-b--jo --V--d-an-%-I-bn-m tN--Xm. a-Xw a--gy-X|-t
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cn-Py-o-\-I-Kw !--l-Kw A-hw-LSo-X-cn-bo, -c-W-5--Xo-]- cn-{p-b
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29
do-m eo-u[-b-cn-bo I-ko-- -{-d io- P-\- I--Xp-X-an-bm ]n-o-I--Xp-X-an-bm tti

o F---Xn-m.X-m h|n-ao-Po tIn-- D-W-K a-w PnPn-Xo- --e-uc D-W--eo D-b--eo
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32
nw Zoehw (2012
22)
ue-Z-o-t Zn-f-\p-I-X-d--F. eo. cn-[n-#--tte-Zo-Im
n-c-Xp-b Z-f-\--;-tS B-I-cw N-H-ue-Z--jntW- bn-Yn-Qyw A-\o-ug-[y-an-b e--X-bnmm. ]n-c--cy-eo-f|n-h-o ue-Z- -f|c-\o-f|-ho-X--jn-tW-w, B--\o-I N-co-êp--W-o A-e-b-^-w 5n-n-Np-\-an-b hn-ioXy-\o-I-g--;-an-tW- In-cy-=w --ey-an-m.
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eyn-Jyn-\w h--W-an-w Zn-f-\p-I ]--Xo-%m
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In-cy-an-b h|n-[p-\w C-m B--\o-I tti--eh--i-o --fy-an-m. eo-f|-Zn-f-\p-I-a-7-do G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-t-%-lo-m B-Zyw ]-l-
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eyn-o-w B-k-=w A-lo-bn-tX, A-
A--t\ \-bo-%--u]n-td X-o-w X-Sww \p--. -F--K-jotd E-goan tIn-;-o e- tte-Zp-I-hn-io-Xyta- --Zp-]w A-W-bn-tX --o-u-Hm, B--\o-I X-d--l--tS I--eyan-m.33-nw
33
nw Zoehw (2012
23)
td eo-eo-[ -wo-I! F-n-Wo-tX-nw? B-cnWo-tX-nw ]-Wo-X-Xm F-m A-\n-Zo-In-dw --X
a--gy No-o- u]n-o--1m. -wo-I-jo-td
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I-a-=w -ucn !--Xo-b I-a-t -wo-%-.
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I-a--;-tS -p-I-c-W-o-\n-bo Pp-eo-I

ep-1w ep-1w ]o-l-%-. F-eo-tS-bn-m C-Xotn-c-yw? uan--5n-o-e-tc !--\-P--
hw--eo--tIn-o-co-%-.-.-!-\-P-w D-n-!- F--Xo-m F-nmm tX-jo-em? X--fn--o X-|-h-a-Q\-o-n-bo 5--Xy-w, A--an-\w, hn--fyw,
A-Qn-]-o, f-pw F-p 5--an-W--jn--m
I-+o-o---Hm. a-co-%--Xm In-Wnw, F-n
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A-lo---Xo- eo-f-Zp-I-c-Ww \-In A-lobn- e--X--tS I-+\-bn-Wo-Hm. A-Hw C-eo-tS
ubn-Po-o-. C-\o---Hm f-p-5-an-W-an-m.
f-pw F--Xm ue-Z-en-Iy--tj --No-o-%-. ue-Z
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ue-cm ue-Z-o-dn-m. ue-Z- 5--]--o-t
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o m ue-tln- ue-cm B-e-fyao-n--H-u]n-td-X-t, ue-Z-X-|--m a-tno-t-w B-[o-X-|w C-. h-\n-X\-[-a-ot \o-d-\o-,-X-t ue-Z-en-Wo-I-jo-dn-m. ttZ-eoI-e-N-\--jn-I-bn A-e-bo ]-Xo--I-jo-.-a--gy-P--o-t In-cy-ta--n, \nw
-f|-c-t a-io-a-ubn-m A-w eo--u]n-!w. A---tS K--]n-^-o
5--ue-fo- Pp-e \n-\n-eo-[-I-a-jo \o-m B-Po- 5n-n-ct---tj-tn1mm --d-uZ-iw \o-o-o-m ]o-p-m B
f-cp-c-un---So --ao-bo-ud-% e--.
]o-t C-eo-tS I-a--jo G-t--Ibn-bo. B-h-2o-ubn---So tN--t--
I-a- ep-1w P--o-m In-c-W-anbo-p--. C-Xn-m !--\-c-]o P-\-\w !--\-c-]o
a-c-Ww
w F-o--t\ B-Nn-cy h|n-ao-I \p-o]n-So-b-Xm.-
-ue-Z--jo !--\-P---;-tS --N-\-I-;-1m.

D-]-\o-g-K-I-jo !--\-P--t--o-w eo-ufgo-m -fn-en-hyw, I-Tw, On-un-Kyw, g--iZn-c-Wy-Iw F-o-e-bo !--\-P--t n-n-]o%---Xn-bo In-Wnw. ~-1--^-o-w C-Xm AQ--f--o-S-bo-n--eo-[w h-a-Qo-o--1m. he-D-]-\o-g-K-I-;-tS-w hn-c-hw-r-i-a-n-b -Ke-ZmKp-X-bo eo-gn-Z-a-l-\n-b A--\-t\ -K-en
D-W-K--H X-t I-a-!--\-P--ho-n-
- u_n-[o-o--tIn-n-m.-P-\-\-ta--Xm u\-c-t D-n-bo- H-cnZn-n-eo-t Xo-co--e-c-en-m. a-c-W-uan? C-n-- f-cp-c-an-!- B-e-c-W-o-t _-io-p-co-W-an-m a-c-Ww. B-Zn-eo-t --d-f-cp-c-anmm f-cp-cw. F-n uu[n-n-^n-Zo-]--Iw, en-Kn-Zo
]--Iw, 5n-n-Wn-Zo ]--Iw, A---c-Ww F-o-e
uN--Xn-m -K-f-cp-cw. --d-f-cp-cw eo--n-w
-K-f-cp-cw \o-d-\o-w. 5n-n-W-a-b-uIn-fw, In-aa-b-uIn-fw, a-u\n-a-b-uIn-fw, eo-n-\-a-b uInfw, B-\--a-b-uIn-fw F-o-e-bn-m -K-f-cpcw. C-e-bo eo-n-\-a-b-uIn-fw, B-\--a-buIn-fw F-o-e uZ-io ep-1w e--un --tS-t--n-!w. C-e-bn-m -F-P--hw-n-cw
F- ]-l-b-t---Hm. 5n-n-W-a-b-uIn-fw, In-a-a-buIn-fw, B-\--a-b-uIn-fw F-o-e H-o- ]o-ltI H-n-bo eo--X-t u]n-!w.-fn--r---jo-w -F-P-w hw
-f-b-nXp-X-an-bo
5Xo]nZooco
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e-cn-i-ao-io-cn-Nn-cy-t g--i-n-X-Ita- r--o -F-P-- A-lobn-- an-K- \o-u--fo-o---1m.
---o, n-c-Xp-b Pp-eo-X-o-t
A-So--l -F-P--eo-f|n-h-an-tW- ]-l-bnw.34-nw
34
nw Zoehw (2012
24)
-K-e-ZmKp-X - \o-Xy-Pp-eo-X-o-
-K-X-an-bo-n-m \o-L-bo-o---Xm. F-n-w

D-]-\o-g-K-I-m H--dy-an-b-n-\w fn--o-m d-o-o--1m. 5--ubn-P-\-=w A-^-unj--1m. A-Xo-\n hw-hn-c-x-J--jo \o-w
\o-?-o uX-So-tb-K--e-m c-1w --Jy A--buI-- X-t-bn-m. Kp-X D-]-\o-g-K-I-;-tS
hn-c-hw-r-i-an-m. Pp-eo-Xw [-\y-an-n B-r-
[paZm
paZm h|nao ueZn\hch|Xo
hw-hn-cPp-eo-Xw F-w x-x-J-a-b-an-m. 5-T-

\o-l--Xn-m. C-Xo \o-- B-Xy-o-I
\o-?-o-n-- an-K--jn-m D-]-\o-g-K-I
\o-u--fo-%--Hm. [p-p-a-Zm -K-e-ZmKp-X D-]-\o-g-. D-]-\o-g-o-t n-K-=-a-. a-in-n-c-XA\uc
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g Pb
Pb
o 5ngW]cc
+xn 470 31
31
io-%--e-m A-H-an-^w D-tn-n a-Xo.

H-jo-un--uan h-yn-h-uan A- Kp-Xn-Nn-cy
\o-u--fo-%--Hm. Pp-eo-Xn-ubn-[-\-an-m. A-Xo
A-lo-un A-lo-bn-X-ubn e--t]--e-cn-m
\n-ta-nw. C-eo-tS \o-m c--t-S-W-ta-n-m
F-n-e-w B-r-io-%--Hm. A-Xo-- e-ko-b-lobn-tX, d-o- A--d- -#-X-t-%-lo-m No-on-tX P-\o-w a-co-w In-dw I-ko-%-. \o-nc-\n-b a-y X-\o-% d-o- a--gy-P-w ]-d
v-Xo-I-uan-i--jo --o-n-Sm ]n-kn-o-j--I-bn-m tN---Xm. A-e-\m h|-bw c--t--I hn-y-a-. A--X|w tIn-1m ep-1w ep-1w
]--!-ko-I-jo ep- e-d--. Pp-eo-Xn-ubn-[\w H- 5--ubn-P-\-=-ao-n-Xn-bo-p--I-bn-m.
!--u-^--ao-bo \o-- A--\-t\-un-td
--Jw e-c-1m f-cp-cw eo-l-m B--[w te-m Ip-k-Sn [--ao-%-I-bn-m. Kp-X-bo, Pp-eo-X-o
\nw I-1-- F-n an-\-ho-I hw-L--\--ujww A-]-r-Yo-m eo-f-I-d-\w tN-o--1m. Pp-eo-Xw
I--n-o-eo-f|n-h-un-w In-cy--a-X-ubn-w --Sob-Xn-o-p-%-en-- \o-u--f--;-tS H-
]-c--c X-t A-eo-tS--1m. A-Xz-|-d-an-b
H-cn-eo-l-c-Ww X-t-bn-W-Hm. ]-u, \n-ta-nmm tN---Hm? --p--X-w ttBtt -_y-o-w e-fw
-e-Z-cn-bo-an-c-. eo-ue-Iw e-ko-In-u- h--o B--tS h-in-b-an-m uX--I
F--lo-bn-tX e-d--. hn-c-Yo-tb
a-l-%-. !--u-^-o A--\
hn-c-Yo-tb Xo-co--lo-m B-[-bo-
F- In-cyw \nw -u--Xn-m.
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Xo-co--lo-bn
I-ko---uen
A-^-w \--H-X-t. eo-g-b--jn-!-
]n-X-bo--tS A-Xo-ue-Kw !--Xo--]n-- !--Xoc-I-jn-m \--tS C-o-b-. A-e-tb h-a
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-{-d-X-w C-n-Xn-=-I-->. x-x-J- H-ko-

u]n-=-I-->. Kp-uXn-]-uZ-f--jo ]-c-a-5-[n-\an-b-Xm A-H-X-t-bn-m. --J-x-J--;w P-b-]-cnP-b--;w Pp-eo-X-o-t n-K--jn-m. A-uny-\n-bo A-e-tb-tb-nw a-lo-I-S-n-- f-2o
a-\-o hw--co-o-co--Ww. \o-cn-f H-o-w
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--un- !--Xo-nw. Pp-eo-X-o I-aw tN-nXo-co-n ]-o--un. A-tXn- X-]-n-bo h|pI-co-n Pp-eo-X-o-t h|-n-ew X-t an-loal-w. I-a-^-d--jo-- Po-n-h D-u]-o-m
I-aw G--=w \-n-bo tN---Xo [-o-%-Ibn-m ue--Xm. en--e-o A-X-u X-]-m!
C-Xm C-n-d-m \-w-t-o-co-%-. I-a-^-d-;-tS ]o-n-ud-- n-n--=w A-\--=-an-b
t\-un--an-m C- \nw In---Hm. A-H-tInt-n-m hw--eo-%--tX-m -n-u]
n-w B-w [-o-%-o-. Pp-eo-Xw F-n
I-aw tN--dn-m. A-Hm B-%w H-ko-en-n
I-ko-bn- In-cy-an-m. \--m H-ko-en-n I-ko---Xm I-a-^-d-o-- hw-Kw an-^-an-m.
Pp-eo-Xn-ubn-[-\-o [-[--c-n-cn-b ]n-Qn
n \--X-t-bn-tW-m a-l-n-Xo-co-%-I.
d-yw u\-Sn I-To-\--jn-b e-ko-I I-S- u]
n-uI--H-1m. K-i-\--jn-b eo-Nn-c--;w
[yn-\--;w F-nw C-Xo-m A-\o-en-cy-anmm. A-Xo-m ubn-Ko-ubn h-yn-ho-ubn
B-ue- B-e-fy-ao-. A-e ep-o-do-co%--un-?w uPn-do --d-o-co-%-un-?w
an--o B-!-un-?w I-jo--j-o-dn!--un-?w I-a-hn-[-\-I H--S--tInu-bo-co--Ww. Iv-c-e-]n-7-e -
]-Ln--d-o--tS \-o-ud-t-K--Xm
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35-nw
35
nw Zoehw (2012
25)
io--X|w H- !--\-en-b-\-
^--In-c-n-w
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32
470 32 +xn
- ISIw Bg\nZw
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Xy-No---tS Z--V-Xn-+-cy-t f-co-% a-\o-o-dn-o-b e-w cn-{p-b-Xn-+-cy--%-ue-o

A-H-X-t 5--N-co-o-. Pn-Xo ey-e-ub-n
p-I-c-an-b ]n-Ln-Xy/Ay A-l-_m hw-n-c-o-td
e-W-telow
elo w A-So-a--ey-e-hn-b-=w A-H-tIn1--X-t C-eo-tS In-cy-an-b N-- eo-g-b-anbo-. h|-bw \-ep-I-co-n-- io--X|-o-t
h-i-Pn-e-u_n-[-t-ubn N-d-\n-Z-I-X-tb-ubn
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u5--c-I-f-2o. \o-d-eo-do-- hn-i-N-cy-jo-td Pp-Wn-e--I-ujn-Sm [p-c
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Xt A--cyn-ao-bn-b G-I-n-e-n A--[ip-X-bn-bo--, n-c-Xw. N-co-^-K-Xo-bo A-J7--X fo-Jo-d-an-b n-c-X-o-t G-Ip-I-c-Ww
D-n-!--Hm uZ-fp-b-5n\ot
n\ot ]o-l-eo-ubntS-bn-m.--X-\-No-n-K-Xo-I D-tn-1m eo-Nn-ceo-8-e-o- H--S-w !--lo- cn-Pn-lnw uani
ulnbo B-Zp-b \-uen-Qn-\-o--tS-bn-m
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Zbn\hch|Xo w, [pcna
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--h--an-o-b-Xm. ue-\-In-d-m 5--en-iK-Xo

a-p--eo-%--H-u]n-td,
eo-uZ-fn
-[o-]-Xy-In-d-m io--X|-o-t 5--en-iw a-K-Xo-bn-dn-bo--1m. A-H-tIn-n-m Pn-Xp-b-X
-u]n-- an-do-\y- e- --Sn-\o-S-bn-b-Hw,
eo[ Pp-B-X-I-tj --g-Ww tN-m eo-uZfo-I A-[o-In-cw Dlo.
Dlo . Z-bn-\-, eo-ue-In\-, A-c-eo- H--S-o-b-e h|-cn-Pm A-\oen-cy-an-tW- 5--Jyn-]o-n-\o-S-bn-b cn-{p-b
]-co-h-c-=w C-H-X-t-bn-m. A-^-an-^w N-d-\nZ--I-=w !--ucn-K-a-\n-Z-I-=-an-b io--X|-an-m
tte-uZ-fo-I-an-b a-u-H- 5--Xy-b-fn--u-n-;w
n-c-X-o-m A--ubn-Pyw. a-a--gy-\nbo-p--I F--Xn-m io--X|-o-t
5--Xy-b-fn-w. \\-n-b a--gy-t\
\ -won-\n-m A-Xo-t B-Nn-cy-n [--aoo---Xm. A-e- uI-e-dw, 5--Xy-b-fn-
eyn-Jyn-Xn- an-^-an-bo--o-. anan-op--do-t B-Nn-cy-n--an-bo--.
A-H-tIn-n-m A-e-tc Ynww
BNncynww AeXnc;anbo
BNncy
AeXnc anbo B-cn[o-%-en \nw Xn-ln-b-Hw.36-nw
36
nw Zoehw (2012
26)
uXn-tS B-Zp-b--dy--% cn-{p-b-o-w
n\
n\n
n!.. h-Xyw, A-iow-h F-p
BZf AXoKi\anbo ]-co-K-Wo--t-.
hn--io-I Xo--I-t-Xo-uc-- h-a-cw h|n-Xy-y-h-a-c-o-t n-K-an-bo an-c-. an-\-eo-I-X-bod-[o-~o-X-an-b I-a ]-co-]n-So-I-m h|n-X-yh-a-c-o 5--[n-\-n-\w d-o-%-. A-uXntSn-w X-t ]v-cn-Wo-I n-c-X-o-t D--XnZ-f--ujn
jnww ue-uZn-]-\o-g-K-I-jo-td- D-#-wnf-b-ujnnb
ujn nb BoJyw
Bo Jyw uZ-fp-b-X--tS
n-K-an-bo f-2o-t-.-.-h|n-X-y-u_n-[-o-t n-K-an-bo ey-2oeo-h|n-X-y-o-w P-\n-[o-]-Xy-hw-n-c-oww ue-o-- A-o-enRmO-w e-j-o-tb-%-en uZ-fp-b 5-n-\-o- hn[o-o--. tte-uZ-fo-In-[o-]-Xy-o
\o- uan-N-\w u\--en h-in-b-I-an-b
uZ-fp-b-u_n-[w h--No-X-an-bo ]-co-Wao-n-tX H- hn-e-uZ-fp-b ep--Ww
D-b-o-tn-1-e- F--Hw [--u--ban-m.-uI-c-jw A-n-d-K Xo--eo-Xnw-,
+xn 470 33
33
tIn-o, a-d-_n F-o--t\ eo--Po-X-an-bo--.

~o-o-p-gm C-y--tS nK-an-bo-- a-d-_n-lo-dn-m
h|n-X-y-h-a-cw B-Zyw f-2o-t---Hm. F-o-w
uZ-fp-b-5-n-\-o-td B-f-b- tIn-o-boww Xo--eo-Xnw--lo-w P-\-a-[y-o F-o-u--en I-eo-^-b-I-eo-X-I h-in-b-I-an-bo.-I-eo-X-I uI-c-j-t G-I-an-bo In-en a-d-bn-jo-I-tj h-in-bo--H-u]n-td X-t
n-c-X-t h-a-r-an-bo Z-fo-%-en-w h-in-bI-an-bo. I-eo-Xa--X-tb eo-u\n-uZn-]n-[o-bn-bo
I-o-- hw-n-c-o \o-m A-o-\-e h-+---jo-ud-% \-bo-%-en uZ-fp-b 5-n-\w
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h|n-[p-\o-o-1mm. B-fn I-eo-X-I-jo 5--I-San-!- h|nX
h|nXy-y-anen,
nen , B-Zp-b-u_n-[w,
n-c-Xp-b-X, --X-In-dn-oJyw
o Jyw C-e-tbn-t uZ-fpb-5-n-\ h|n-[p-\-X--tS e-c-dn---jn-m. PnXo-u-Z \o-cn-h-=w pX|
pX|!\x
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eo\bN
h-Kn-Z-I-hn-io-Xy-o-w
tth-n-o-I-Xd-o-w udn-I-t A-Xy--F-an-b h--+-\
-an-m Xo-W-h--+-\w. H- In-d-m n-c-Xp-b
hn-io-Xyw udn-I-hn-io-Xy-o-t -]o-dnbo-- F--Xo-t h-a-Y-\-an-m Xo-W-h-+--\w. I-eo-X-bo-w tth-n-o-I \o-d-]n-So-w
udn-I-hn-io-Xy-o-w C-^-w A--F-an-b
H- \o-d-]n-So-. I-\yn-!-an-co --X Xo--Xo e-tc--n-bo-- H- n-c-Xp-b cn-Pyh--+-o-t (uN-c-uNnuNn-j- ]n-7y) t]n-Hen-b hn-io-Xy-n-g-bn-bo-- tN-ao-km, A-Xo-t 5--ubn-K-=w ho-n-=--an-m Xo-W-h--+-\w. C-m \--tS
A-lo-eo-n--tIn-1m
n-gn
tte-eoy-y-t ubn-Po-o-%- hn-io-Xy-an-Wm
C-tXm
X m a-l-- u]n-bo-co-%-. ---obn-lm I-eo-Xn-h-an-i-c-=w tXn-n-o-bw
F-
tth-n-o-I-r---;w,No-d-
34
470 34 +xn
- ISIw Bg\nZw
5--ua-b--jn-o-b-Xo- ]o-o-w h|n-[p-\-X-1m.-bn-Yn-o-Xo-I hn-i-N-cy--jo e-j--I-w

cn-P--c-W-o Ip-ko D-b- D-uZyn-Kw e-io%--I-w tN-o-w a-in-I-eo D-> uZ-fp-5-n-\o-t I-a-]-co-]n-So-I-;-tS 5--Nn-c-I-\n-bo. A-[x#--X--tS u-^-5-ue-f-\-o--ue-o en-Zo-%-Iww AXo
AXo cWIntj uu5--co-o-%-I-w
tN-. !--cn-W-I-Yn-]n-^--tj e--an-\-In-d
hn-i-N-cy----h-co- !--\-c-e-Xc-o-o--tIn1mm uZ-fp-b-5-n-\--dy--% I--K ]-I I-eo-bn-m, a-in-I-eo D->.- h|n-X-y-h-ac-o e--un ]v-cn-Wo-I-n-c-X-o-td
tt]-J-I--dy--tj e--an-\-o-t D-p-e
-\v-g-[-an-o. h|n-X-y-o-t eo-in-b-houd-% ]-l--b--en P-\-a-\-I-% No-l-!-Ijn-bo ]-co-W-ao-, e--un--eo-X.-B-Zp-b-X--tS --ao-I-bo-l \o--tIn-1
X-t h|n-X-y-u_n-[-o-ud-%w P-\n-[o-]-Xyhw-n-c-o-ud-%w uI-c-jp-b hn--i-t \-bo%--en hn-[o--e-cn-m B-fn, D->, e-un F-p a-in-I-eo-I.37-nw
37
nw Zoehw (2012
27)
-Xo-In-cw, a-Wo-ua-J-d F-p r---;w
hn-io-Xy fn-J--tS a-Wo--K-I-jn-m. h-Xyo hn-io-Xy-hw-n-cw X-ao-ko-u\-n
a-d-bn-jo-m A-i-X-t--Xn-m. ua-d--m
\n-cn-b-W -\n-b ua-J-d-bo K-ue-gWw tN- I-t-o-b eo-g-b--tj a-d-bn-jo
--X [--ubn-tS ]-To-u--In-dw A-Xo-?-aoo-co-%-I-bn-m. Xo--%-l uI-c-j-\n-o--n-bo-- n-n-\o--tS r--an-tW-m h-a-Yo-n
C-\o-w \nw H-u-tl In-dw In-o-co-u-o-ew.
w. rp-p-o-udn, uln-ao-udn udn-I-o-t a-tn-
--d-Kw In-Wn- hn-io-Xy-tth-n-o-I
hv--cy-fn--an-m Xo-W-h--+-\w. B-cy-ny n-eoU-u-Z-o-t --f-bo en- hn-ioXy-tth-n-o-I-]---tj \o-cn-I-co-tIn-1m n-c-Xp-bw F- A-Z|o-Xo-b-an-b
hn-io-Xy-hv--cy-fn--an-bo Xo-W-h-+--\-=w tte-Zo-I en-Mma-b-=w uXn-ujn-uXn uN- \o-d-tIn-=-.
38-nw
38
nw Zoehw (2012
28)
\uc
\uc
g Pb
Pbo 5ngW]cc
IngoI tt]
tt]JIo
IotS
tS
ncXNco^ww Xonw
ncXNco
Xo nw
uUn. B. uKn-]o-a-Wo
-5n-#-X-a--gy-t\ hw--X a--gy-\n-o ano-b 5-?o-b-bo #--go-m H-nw n-n\-an---Xm. #--go--tS H--S-w \-ep-\
fo-dn--K-o-dn-bo--
F-n-Wm
t]n-H-ue I--X-t---Xm. ]n-Ln-Xy-tS I-W-%---do A-Xo-\m 12,000 e-g-;-tS ]-k--ua-->. C--t C-ln-w
e-S-%-Io-k- C-ln-o-w C-S-bo-dn-bo
Io-S-%- PnPn-uan
an F- ]--W-o-\on-Wm G--=w !--cn-X-\-an-b In-go-Ine-fo-w- I-t-o-bo---Xm. C-eo-Sw ]-k-b
ta-h-t-un-ao-b hw-n-c-o-t- --o-w --Sobn-m. A---In-d-m \-S- No-d ]-T-\--jo
\o-w C-uX In-d-L--o A-ua-co--bo-td
ta-Oo-un-bo-w A-Xo-!-l-d-an-b H- In-go-Ihw-n-cw \o-d-\o-o---Xn-bo -tX-jo-o--m.
]-u, t\-o-w uKn-X-o-w ]-I-cw a--unj-o-t (Maize)
(Maize) A-u\-I-X-cw -eo-K-I-jn-m
A-eo-tS-\o-w d-o--Xm.- -ta-h-t-un-ao-b hwn-n-c-o-t A-uX In-d-L--o--t-bn-m
C-y D-]--J-7-o-t e-S-m ]-So-n-ln-bo
ho--\-Zo--tS Xp-c-5-uZ-f-m udn-I-t B-Zy
\n-K-co-I hw-n-c-ta-m eo-uf-go-o-n-=- H-
In-go-I 5--[n-\-an-b hw-n-c-eo-uf-gw X-k-m
e-j-o---Xm.
--ua-lo-b-bo-ud-%w ta-h-tun-ao-b-bo-ud-%w [n-\y--;w ]--o e---;w
I-b-e-a-Xo tN-o-- H- P-\-eo-n-K-an-Wo-eo-tS
Pp-eo-o---Hm. C-eo-tS \o-w !--ko-t---t-
e---jo \n-jp-uI-c-o-u-w an-X-j-\n-c-Io-u-w B-#-Xo-I-jo-- -c-Wo-I I-to-bo--. ue-Z--ep-I-an-b tth--e-hwn-n-c-o-t ]-k--t-%-lo-m A-o-5n-b-u-Z-;--m. G--=w !--l--Xm 7000 e-g-t ]-k-w
hw-n-c-o--t-m I--Xo-bn A-e--tS
#--go--tS B-cw--t-%-lo-- In-d-K-W-\ F-ûbn h-i-n-p- \nw !--l-uIn--tIn-1-u]
n-I-Ww?- -ua--l--e-bo \o-t-nw ey-Xy-=w eo-No-^-=-an-m ]--o--uS-w a--unj-o-u-w 5--en-h-\-I-Y-I. a--un-jw H-
A-ua-coeo-j-bn-bo-n-m \nw I--Xo-un--
A--c-u^n-n-I-=w In-eyn-h|n-Z-\-=w\uc
\uc
g Pb
Pb
o 5ngW]cc
Hmm. tl-Um C-y-n #--go tN-o-- H- eo-j.

F-n, A---In-d-m ho-o-ao-td a-d-\o-c-Ijo e-\y-bo-\w h-hy--tj I-t-n-ue-o
No-d C-y fn---n \-S-o-b ]-cy-ue-gW-bn-^-I-o-S-bo udn-I-m a-tn-coS-Kw I-t-n I-ko-bn-Xo-- a-un-j-o-t e-\y-bo-\w A-eo-tS I-to. t\-;w uKn-X-w eo-!-d-an-bo #--go
tN- H--S-w -]m C-y-bo a--unjw #--go-tN-o-- H--In-d--n-bo-t-w --X --No-- [n-\y-
I-t-o-b-uXn-tS a--un-jw -W-anww A-5-Xy-y-an-b-Xn-tW-w I--Xt--. tth--e-hw-n-c-In-d-L--oww --X-t C-y-bo \o-w hn-i-ho-I-cn-b
H- P-\-eo-n-Kw a--un-j-=w ]--o-eo-Kw
\n-jp-uI-c-=-an-bo h---an-Kw A-ua-co- Xpc-u-m !--So-ub-lo-b-Xn-bo \--m -eo-f|-ho-uo-bo-co-%-. C-m udn-I-ta-w eo-!-d-an-bo
#--go-tN--t-- -A-ua-co- ]--o--tS u?nu na-h-L-S-\ ]-co-ufn-[o--Xo, A-Xo C-y-bo
\o-t-o-b uZ-fo ]--o--tS H- th-m u?nu na-h--;w A-ua-co--bo-td e-\y-bo-\w ]--o-botd H-- -th-m u?nu n-a-h--;w -A-S-o-bo---Xn-bo
I-t-o-bo--1m. h|n-n-eo-I -h--c-W-=w u?nu na-h-hw-Jy--tS C-c-o--w -H- h-hy-bo-\-o
hw--eo-%--Xo-- In-d-ttZ-Lyw I-W-otd--%-un G--=w !--l--Xm 10,000 e-gw
--t-o-w C-y-bo \o-w hw--X-No-ww In-go-I-eo-Z-e-w -B-b H- --w B-;-I
A-ua-co--bo-ud-m !--So-ub-lo en-h--l-o--Xo-t
^-d-an-bo-n-m -n-c-Xp-b hw-n-c-=-an-bo e-do-b
hn--fy-- A-hmtS-Im-an-b hw-n-c-
A-eo-tS D-Z-bw -tIn--tX-m I--Xo-bn A-Xm
tX-n-eo-. tth--e-hw-n-c-In-d-o--uf-gw
C-y-bo \n-an-e-uf-g-an-b \n-jp-uI-c--go
fn--h---Z|p-!-I-jo eo-I-ho--Xm A-ua-co-
Xp-c-m \o-w H-?-Io-tb-o-b \n-jp-uI-c-eo-K-Ijo \o-n-bo-- F-m I--X-t---1m. --o udn-I-In-go-I-hw-n-c-o-t -ow C-y-bn-bo---te-m \--m A-o-an-\o-nw.39-nw
39
nw Zoehw (2012
29)
n-c-X-o-t
\nb uc
uc\nYm
\nYm
h-a--eo-n-\-=w
Z-f-\--
+xn 470 35
35
;ww In-ey-u]-S-I--jo-dn-m --o--t-o--Hmm. A-H-tIn-1-X-t \--tS hw-n-c-o-t

--f-I-;w --So-bn-m n-c-Xp-b I-eo-X-I. n-c-Xo-t hn-an-\y-P-\-X-m hw--X-n-g A-\y-anbo Xp--I-w \--tS eo-n-\-o-t tt]-JIw G-t--%-en I-ko-bn-tX-u]n-=-I-w tN-.
udn-I-Km a-t-eo-tS-w-u]n-td --n-1-I-%-- do-Jo-X N-co-^w \--%-d-y-a-. \--tS
K-ue-g-I --co-n-K-=w tN-t-K--Hm n-c-Xp-b
I-eo-Xn-h-u-X-o-ud-n-m.
In-d-K-W-\-w
N-co-^-=w --ao-fn--=w F-nw C-Xo-t--.
ue-uZ-Xo-in-h--jo-ud-w hn-io-Xy-fny fn--r--jo-ud-w In-ey-n-g- hw--X-an-m. A-e-bnI-t ?-- \o-_--an-b N-H--Zo-I-jn-w. -!an-c, In-jo-Zn-h, n-h-II-eo-I-;-tS #--Xo-I-tj-nw
en-bo--lo-b-W-ta-o hw--X-o ez]-o---e-cn-bo-co--Ww.
K-Wo-X-fn--=w,
uPyn-Xo-x fn--=w B--ue-Z-eo-[o-I-;w In-co-II-jn-bn-m F-?-Xo --o--Hm. N-H--Zo-I-jn-b
I-eo-X-%m --d-eo-g-b-t--K-]-o-ud-%m
an-n-- I-ko-em A-\yn--f-an-m. A-e a-\x-]n-Tan-bo --o-%-en-w F-;--an-m. A-e-fy h---jo A-e-m [|-\o--tS A-So-n-\-o
n-gyw \-S-K-en-w I-ko-w. a-tn-
5--uXy-I-? \o-_--an-b-Xo-\n Xn-jnZ--I-an-bo-co-%w. In-ey- \
\ B-\n---Xo A-\o-e-N-\p-b-an-m. \--tS
In-ey-hw-n-c-t tXn--lo-bn-- In-dXn-a-hw \n-\n-ua-J-d-I-jo --dy-Nz-Xo-e-o e-o-co-%-.
C-m \--tS a-d-bn-j-n-g--dy-Nz-Xobo-ud-%m --X-d-&-m \-S-K-. A-\y-cn-w
hw-n-c--;-tS I-S- I-b--=w --fy-an-y-a-
]-I-- eo-I-d-n-g-w C-Xm X|-co-X-t--K-.
]-co-in-c-?o-bn-bo ]-d an-K--jo-tdn-m \o-ufo-n---Hm n-c-Xp-b In-ey-hw-n-c-o-ud-%
a-S-oun
oun,, F-n-m. a-d-bn-j-n-g--tS-In-ey-
h-c-Wo-bo c-1m 5-n-\--;-1m. n-g--tS

X-\-Xn-b ]n--5-n-\-an-m H-m. C--t
a-d-bn-j n-g A-\-e-[o --]n--c--%-uf-gw
\o-d-eo-e--Xn-m. 600 e-g-o --X
In-d--k-w I-+o--t--o-. X-ao-?w hw-X-=w --So-u- n-g-w \nw A-Xo---m D-]ubn-Ko-o--. Kn-\n-Z-I-an-b -c-So ttf-dobo-]n--5-n-\w-f-2o-t--Xo-m
h-an--can-bo--t hw--X-?- \o-_--an-b In-ey-;w D-n-bo. A-e --co-n-K-=w u^nu n-I--;-tS
h-an-in-c-an-bo--. c-1 5-n-\--jo--- In-ey--jo uI-c-j-N-co-^-o-t -w]n-=w \o-k-do--In-Wnw. \- hw-n-cw h-ano-o-%-en H- \- I-eo-Xn-h|-nZ-I-\n-bn
hn-[o-%w. A-Xo-\n-h|n-Z-I I-eo-X tX-c-t-%--Hm Y--W-uZn-g-eo-ue-N-\ eyn
yn ue-Ww.
I-eo-X-,-Zo--an-n ]-e-ta-o ]o-p-SXo \o-m ~-1n-\-n---Xo-d-o-%w. n-gn-?-an-bn-w hw--X-?--an-bn-w A--en-N-I\o A---Xo--n-n I-ko-=-t-o-td
A-H-tIn-1 5--ubn-P-\-->. C-m uI-c-j-o-t
\n-\n-n-K-Kw I-eo-b-c--I-;w A--c-u^n-n-I-hZ--I-;w \-S-%--1m. In-eyn--fp-d-\w an-\-hoI-eo-In-h--n-%--uXn-tSn-w, G-Inr--X-w, B-ucn-Ky-=w 5--Zn-\w tN-w.a-d-bn-j-o-td 5--J-I-eo-I-;-tS
A-\-e-[o #--Xo-I !--Xo-b X-d--l-m
A-\y-an-bo-tn-o-co-%-. 5--uXy-Ioww u^nu n-I-. A-e-bo-m A--c-u^n-nI-h-ao-Xo-I-jo-td B-h|n-Z-I-%m an-ân-bo hw-e-c-Ww tN--t-o-co-%-.
C- n-gn-]-T-\-]--Xo-bo eyn-I-cW-=w, ?---=w, A-d-n-c-=w \o-g--an-b-u]n-td
uXn--. a-d-bn-j-n-g-w --X-n-g-bn-tb-
uI-n A-W-X-t-uS-o-e-co-, A--t\ e-cnXo-co--t.
40-nw
40
nw Zoehw (2012
30)
5n-n-Np-\-n-c-Xp-b-eo-n-\-o-t
B--\o-I-5-h-2o-
h- F- B-f-b-t D-]-ubn-K-t--o-b-Hm.
C-Xo-in-h-In-d-L--o a-in-n-c-X---eo-Pb-o--uf-gw eo-eo-[ 5--uZ-f--jo ]n-7-en-n--tS 5--Xo-\o-[o-I-jn-bo-- ]- A--X-nco-\o-n-m ]o-n-d-m ]-n-b-m F-
h--+w eo-I-ho--e--Hm. tX-c-t---t- cnPn--n -co-o-- dodo-n-eoo ]-c--c-bo-dn-m
e--t A- P-\o--Hm. ?o-o--eo-m 400 e-gw
uUn. A-d-On- uP--_m .-]o.-F-hm
-5n-Np-\-n-c-Xp-b eo-n-\-o-t B--\o-I

5--h-2o-tb-m F- uNn-Zyw ]-k-b-Xn-m. ue-Z-jo-td rn-n-a-h-, uKn-^-h-ao-Xo F-o-e-bo
\o-n-m B--\o-I P-\n-[o-]-Xyw 5000 e-g-%-uf-gw P-\-Ip-bn--^-W-o rn-n-a470 36 +xn
36
- ISIw Bg\nZw
\uc
\uc
g Pb
Pbo 5ngW]cc
-m G-X-ho H--S-o-te- H- ho-hm-o

\o-n-m P-\n-[o-]-Xy-o-t H--S--ta- --WI-jn-m F-o-w \--tS I-dn-d-b--jo--tS ]-Too--t---Xm. e--a-X-o P-\n-[o-]-Xy
-]n-c--cyw dodo-n-eoboo bo-\o- e--Xn-m. A-Xm
]o-p-Sm G-gy -?-e ]-c-. A-ufn-I
Ip-kmt--o-b I-dow-K-bo cn-Pn-eo--]-I-cw tXc-t---t- 100 Aw-K--jn-bo-- A-ufn-IN-?-e-o--tS B-?-a-W-h-a-b-m I-dow-K-cnPyw -co-o---Hm. A-H-tIn-n-m cn-Pn-eo-t\-o I-dow-K---N-co-^-o 5--Xo-]n-Zo-n-Xoco-%--Hm. tX-c-t---t-- 5--Pn-]-Xo-m 8
Y--W- ue-W-ta-m 5n-n-Np-\-n-c-Xp-b eo-n\w A--fn-ho-%-. C-w A-Xo-m an--ao-.
uNn-j-n--tS P-\n-[o-]-Xy-cp-Xo --]-t--o-b
II-k-I-;w ]-n-b-m, eo-u-Pm XX-l-e-;w
-c-W-\o-F-i-Ww \-S-o-b cn-Py-n-m rp-pho-t\-w ~o-o--uW-w an-J-I-bn-o P-\n-[o-]Xy-t-%-lo-m ]-To-n \nw \o-W-bo--to-co-%--Hm. C--uWn-ao-Om fn--an-bo eo-I-ho%---Xo-w F-^-ubn --m cn-an-b-W-o-td cn-acn-Pyw te-t^-b hmu-m B-bo--. a-in-ZnKn-o A-Xo-t\ h|p-I-co-. [p-p-cn-a A-ubnynyn-\o-en-ho-I-;-an-bo B-f-b-eo-\o-a-bw
tN-m D-+n-Z-\-o-t 20 f-X-an-\w e-an-\ \o-!-Xo-bn-bo Xp--an-\o--uXn-tS D-?H--a-lo-n-tX Io-S- A-ubn-y In-go-I--ao-bn-bo an-lo. [p-p-cn-a-t In-go-I-\b-an-m --ao-tb D-e-cbn-o-b-Hm. No-^cn-an-b-W-o cn-a A-i-dy-tb ]n-Zw
tIn-1m -fo-%-o-. p-p-I-tj F-^-an^ww _-*-an-\o--t-o---te-m C-Xm
ey-2-an-%-. a-in-n-c-X-o hn--o-I-fn-
ww Kw-p-c-an-bo A-e-X-co--t-o-co-%-. A-\-t\-w p-a-t\-w c-1 h---o [-\-In-cy-ao-o-an-cn-o-b --[o-~o-c-\o--tS c-1-X-cw [-\-Incy-a-o-an D-n-bn cn-{-o-m F- hw-eo-%-ta-m eyn-h ]-To-o-%-. I-{-Wo-hw,
uhn-gy-do-hw F-p B-f-b- B-Zy-an-bo
5--Xo-]n-Zo--t---Xm a-in-n-c-X-o-td eyn-[Kp-X-bo-dn-m. A-|n-\o-%--e udn-Iw -co-%-Xo-t\-%-lo-m A-Xo eo-f-Z-an-bo 5--Xo-]n-Zo%-. 5n-n-Np-\-n-c-X-o--n-b-^-w a-i-n-b
\o-b-a- udn-I-o H- cn-{-o-w C-He-tc--n-bo-o-. B--\o-I \o-b-a--tj-n
fn-p-b-=w h-a-r-=-an-bo-- A-e. a-c-Ww
tIn-d-]n-X-I-=-an-w, tIn-d-]n-X-Iw a-c-W-an-w
an-c--Xo-t\ -K-an-bo I-?-\p-Xo eo-d-bo-K-. fn-p-b-an-b tX-jo-=-uf-J-c-Ww bn-e-y--Xo-bo-w A-l-hmo-t --dn-an-d-I \n-c-Z--Xo-bo-w, cn-{-X-w, uh-ugyn-j-Po H--S-o-b-e
fn-o-]-e-o-w eo-e-co--t--. B--\o-I
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Printed and published by N. Vedaprakash for Narendrabhooshan Smaraka Prathishtapanam & Arshanadam Trust from
Dayananda Bhavan, Narendrabhooshan road, Chengannur 689 121 Kerala and printed at Southern Printing House,
Kottayam. Chief Editor : Kamala Narendrabhooshan. Editor & Publisher : N. Vedaprakash.
40
470 40 +xn
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F?]obm aiZm5ngW

Arshanadam 470 Net

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\ucg PboubnS_om 5ngW]ccbo ]te

uZehy ]fy Ineyw \ aanc \ PpcyXo.

acme P\bnttZeyw P\am

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ARSHANADAM 470 AUGUST - 2012

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ARSHANADAM 470 AUGUST - 2012

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ARSHANADAM 470 AUGUST - 2012

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ARSHANADAM 470 AUGUST - 2012

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ARSHANADAM 470 AUGUST - 2012

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ARSHANADAM 470 AUGUST - 2012

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ARSHANADAM 470 AUGUST - 2012

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