+Hl3 +J HlU+

lUd U3l +8J: +J HJUH Hl (1479-1574) lHJUJ dJ lH N

lH UJlHd HlU3 l=U 3lH d, +J HJUH Hl U3l Hl3+J ldU l+ U; (J
HJUH +I 3J 3Jl UH 3lU 8l =+) lH lHU3 HJ JUl H+3 l=U J8 U +8J
H J38 Ul UU lU Ul UUl; lH UJH +U HJ HU +8J 3 l=3 JH U lUd lHU 8U3
HH dJU U; (d l=UJ ld dU+HJ d HU UdH+lHJ d d = U+8lUJl
HU H3 3J = U+) 3 lHH HH 3 =3=JI l=U J8 U +8J + Ud l=UJU U, Ul
lJ3 HJJ UUl U!lUH J= dJd +J8Il l=U +J HJUH Hl U3l +8J ldU HU
U!+J HJUH Hl U JUl dH H=l HUl U UH U l=U UlU HU JJ3 l=U HH3
U HU Hl!+J Hl UJlHd dH UJ lUd 3J (Quasar) =+ + UU J U U HU3=
Jl 3J HlI Ul l+!lUU 3J ldH HUJI 3J 3 +I =UJ UJH s5U U!lUU
l=HH 3J -HI+ J Hl lUU U 3 H U ld lUU 3J H5 3 5300 lHl dH-
=J UJ U; HU ld U-+lU 3 s +lU H5 HJHl H5 U Ul s H8J U!UU d lHUJ UH
+J HlU8 lUU =H= J U HU-l=3 J+3 H H3 HU U, UU UH =5 3J lU
U-+lU U 8J8J UHI Ul +3l dJ JU UU U! Ul H +J d HlU8 3 U 3
8U U +J HlU8 U UH, U UJ HHH 3 lUl3UH UJ U J= Ud UI
UUlU U!H UJH HJdH=Ul HHHd 38Ull U HU Ul HHI UUlU!lUH H8Ul lHU
HHlUl UJH-HH3ld U dU U:(Adorf Van Harnack, Die Mission, 1902) UU UJH Ul
UUUU U, HU UU lUH HlJUJ 3 Hl +3l Ul HU U!Hl= U JU U JUH
UHH J-Ul=l H5 l=U U U!J-H+3 l=U H Ul H dlH3 Ul U; (dU dUl
UU lU+) lUU + +J8Il l=U dUl +Ul U lUU HNI UJ U 3 UU lU U dH U,
(UU lUU U HJ Jl3+) lUH l=U Hl= 3 H3 U JU ls UU U!
(2)
lUH JU l=U 3lH +J d, +J HJUH Hl 8J U l d3 3 l=UJ HI U:
1. +J HJUH Hl Ul H Hl=l
2. lH-lHU3HH3 l=U lH +J HlU8 U J38 3 HHJ U UJH U HUl HU
3. +J HJUH Hl UJ UJlHd HU 3 UJH UUH H8lU3 l l=U l=I +U
lH=:
U. JH-HU Ul lUU UJI H3-lU3-U U l=HH + U Ul l=l
. +J U HHlHd UUH Ul =l H -HJlJd Hl
U. lUU UJH Ul lUH3l H3l J= HJ +I =l 3l Ul 5Nl l=l
H. lUH3l Ul HHJU 3 +3 UJlHd J= 3 UJlHd ld= 3 Jl3 U + HI;
lUH3l UJH UJ U lUdJ UI 3 UJlHd HHU U dH-dH 3 UUH U 8U U
lUdJ H=ldJ
4. lJ l=U +J HJUH Hl U 8Il 3 HlU3 8J =lUJ 3 U Ul HlU3 JU l=U
l=HH HUJ3 8J UJU U=+l!
(3)
+J HJUH Hl 5 HUl, 1479 Ul: HH!H H U 3J 3 UU 3l8Jl 3 s-H =J
=l dJU H!U U l=U 24 H Ul UHJ l=U UlU 3 U U U Jd 3 U Jdl
H! Hl d =H= lUU H 3 UU 8J HHHl Hl= HlUU H 3 UU HJ dJ3= H
J dJU H H ldH U+ lUU Ul HJJl H HU U! Hl I Hl= U 3H J HH Ul
UH +J d, +J +U HlU8 Hl U HJd l=U U, 3 1552 Ul: U U 3lH d, +J
HJUH Hl U +U!+J HJUH Hl I Hl= U 8dl 8U 8Ul =J, lH UJH U UJ 3
lH H+ HH83 dJ Ul Jl UJUl d 3 U3HU H3 lHU3 dl3l 3 lH3HJ
3 UJl UJ HlU3 lUd I+l l5 +lUU= U3 U l+ 3 +J + U HlU8 Hl HJ
lUU J8 U NJ U l+; (+l8U = +l8U Jl HH+)lH H+3 l=U lUU l5 lHl U UJ
=H HlI HU U, J= U ld +lUU= UU UJ U lHH U lHl NHUl U 3 + =UUl
HUl U!lUU UJ lJU lH lUd UU, HlUHUl, HHH 3 lUU, d8J 8UHU 3
d+J U JH +J Hl HJU JI dJ U H!
+lUU= l= +J HJUH Hl +J Ul HHU HH83 dl3 lHU 3J J JlU3 JH
lU3 HU Hl 3 +J Hl U UdH Hl ld lU +3 s H+3 J= ld U U UJH dJ 3
lU UJ dUl +J l=U HU sd d U, 3 8UHU, HlUHU, HlJ 3 +Jl8, UUl,
l=l H3 U HJ l=d3l lUU HJ3 = dl3l!
lUU +J Hl lUd 8U3 Ul HUJ, +8U =l, dl 3 UJ Vdl 8Ul 8I=Ul, H UJ
HUl 8l3 HI ls =l U =+ HH83 HJ JUl U!lUH 8Ul Ul 3 l=U Hdl H
H H 3lU3 l lUHllJ UJ lHJH Hd Ul lUUJl 3 U+3 8Jl HHl
+Ul U!lUH HU dJH-d5l lUH dJ = d = l=3 3lJU HU =H Hl3dJ
lU3 HU U!
lUU Ul +J Hl lH U H H+3lHd UJ UI Ul, lUH JH Ul 8J8Jl U 3J 3
Ul 8ld HJUl UHdJl lHl = JH Ul l3d HJ3 3 lU3lHd J Ul Hl
3 , lUHU HJJl sI =H dl3!U U H = U H+ HHJH = I lUdJ 3
Ul 22 Hl8 l=U dl3l =5 Ul 3JH UJ UJH UJ U UUH Ul 22 HHl HUl3 dl3l
3 lU HHl U Hl l=U 8l8l =l UJH UJ 3 8U Ul lUdJ U d ld3
dl3!
+lUU= l= Ul dJ Il HJHl 3 +J -H8U UJ H HJd 8IlU
Hl; +J HlU HHlU H8U =J3lU+UJ dl 8Il 3 HlU3 l=U 8lUl UJd lUU
UlU ld UJ dl 8Il H JH-HU U HJdJ 8J HUl +=Ul UI Ul HlId U!
lUH Ul HU UJ +J-H8U lH HHl3 U I 3ld =lI3 H 3 8U H3 = JUH=U
3 lJ d, lUHU lH I += d J8l UdH l=U JlU d U=l-H U H3 8I
UlH l+, HU ld H 3 8U H3 JI J l=U Il HHl3 U l=H dJ , lHH UU
lJ=I Hd3l dlUU H, Ul I lH HU H!
lUH HU UJ +J Hl HH, HJ 3 l=U Ul HHlHd JHH 3 dJHd5 +lUJ
JUl JU lU3 3 HUl JHl 8UHI-HJl=U Ul UUl 3 H 3 Hd3 dl3, d Hl
U3 Ul lH lU3lHd HH U J lUd dl3!
lUU Ul +J HJUH Hl UJlHd d = HlH I 3 H+3 l3+I l=JU H3
UdHH HJl dl3 3 lUU ldHl 3 HHJ-=+l lH H3 l=U dUJl HU lH
l+!
+lUU= l= Ul lUl H38J, 1574 Ul: I U3JlUdJl UI d ld3 dJ UJ3 lUU
lU3=l U d ld H3 UJ3 U 3 +H Ul dJ (H3 H ls dUl J=Hl H H H
JlU+), H+ lUH H l 3H U lJ3 l=dH U lUd J HHI U, H3l H3 HH +U!
(4)
lH H3 U+l 3J HHI Ul lUHU lUd l=HH lHU3 U l=l+d HU HHI 3 =
dJ 8J HJJl U!ldH UJH HHI 3 HUI Ul U UU UlUl lUU ld UHUl +3
3 HUUl =l HU, UHl U ld UHUl +3 3 UdHUl = =3lJ =l HU!ldH UJH
Ul +3 =I Ul H UH UJH U 8lUl lHU3 3 H UJ= Ul UUl l=l =
dJl UUlUl U, H UU H dJU U; 3 Ud HUl = =3lJ l=U UH UJH U lH 3
UJ= Ul J3 3 HdI l=JUl-l=l UJ UUl U!lUU UHl UU ldH UJH ld
3J HHI Ul U 8J 3 +J =UUUl U!l=JUl-l=l 8J Jl8UJ U +J +l3Hl
l=U lUd dl=-dJ UJ UHU U lH= dUl HlJ ldH 8+lU l=U Hd +8 U U Ul
J, dH=l d dJ!lH H3 l=U ldH UJH Ul UUl l=l = dl3l HUl U, H UH
UJH JUl UHl +Ul U=!ldH UJH HHI Ul UHUJUl = =3lJ UI U+l + U HU
ld dJ3I 3 UH JI U =3lJ lJHHd 3 H=l=JUl Ul UU U!lH JlU3H =l H3l
H UH H3 Ul U dJ 3 =JHU U (H+3 HlU U U H3!d8Ul lUlU Ul 33!)
lH H3 U 8lUl l=H=H 3 l+ lUU U ld lUl3UHd UH d l=U lJ3 lUd H3
l8JHH UI dJ UU lUd UH 3 lJ Ul!lUU l=H=H lH H3 U JJd l8U U 3 lH
UJH HHI 3 U I Ul 8lUl UlH U!Hd3l 3l Ul UJ UJH l=U d l=H=H 3
UUH UH HU U, lH HI dJd lU3Hd l=dH l=U dl Jd= HUl U!lUH
Ul UH= d, +J +l8 U lHN Hl lUH l=H=H, ld UH d lUd Ul H3 U, HI 3
HHI Ul UUlU3 UJHUl 3 lUU =l UJHlU ld l8 lUU + HI U lU3lHd 3l
Ul U HdUl!(l8 HH lHU UlU Ul+8..)
JUl +JUH Hl (1551-1639Ul:) lHl U l==U-JlU3 l=ldJ =H lHU U, UU HH
dJU U ld UJd lUl3UHd +J d= HJlJd 3 Ul = H lJ UU Hl, HU ld UH l=U
H3 UUl JlUUl Hl (JH dlU ld HJl3 UJ+l8U H=Jl+=.J.+.)
HUlH Ul H ld lUd JHl Hl 3 s= d (1595-1649Ul:) U HHdl Hl, lH U lUH
8lUl lHU3 U =JI Il H3d Ul8H3-lU-HHlU8 (1645Ul:) l=U dl3 U!+J +U
HlU8 l=U =l dUl =J lUH l=H=H UUJlU U!(JHUlH +J H+ 3J dU +J Hl3 JH
HlU UJl++.+.H.)
(5)
lH H3 8J l=l+d 3U lUU U ld lUH l=U UH UJH U lHU3 lUdl Ul dl3,
Ul lUU lUU H3 H lUHH U dUl lUJd U; lH= dU dU dUl l=U= U= dlJ dJU
U!lUU lUd H33J 3 HJI UJH U, lH= ld +J +U HlU8 Hl, lH U UJ l=3 HlU3
3 lUl3UHd lUJ 8J-8J I lUUH 3 UJ lUHUl Hl dJU U!H HU
ld UJH U lU 8U3 l=dH dJ l+ U, UJH U l=U= HHJ U UJH U HIl l=U
=5U UJUH=Ul UJH 3 +8Jl UJH!JUH=Ul UJH U UJ H U lHl J= UU
U; HU ld +8Jl UJH lUd +8J lHHU =lU+J lHU HJd UU U, UJ HUl3
UU U!lUH 3J U lHU HJd Ul l=l HJl 88J (1878-1965) lUd HUJ =H
dJlU ll HlJUH=U l=U H d =JU U UU HU3= JU U!HU ld +8Jl UJH
l=U +8J H d ldU U UUl HU3= JU U!(Abrham J. Herschel, The Prophets, 1963)
HU-J= l=U U UU UUl, HHlUl 3 lUHH H3 +8Jl UJH U, HU ld JJ3 l=U U UU
lUU, 8U 3 H H3 JU H=Ul UJH U!lH UJH JJ3 l=U U UlU lUd lUd +8Jl UJH
U, lUH Ul l=l+d J3 dJlU lUH ldH JJ3l UJH Ul H HlU+l HI U
H Ul Ul UU!+J +U HlU8 l=U lUHUl dUl U= UJ J3 UUl U!
(6)
JH-HU J-lUlU=l H8U U JU l=U JUH=U HJ UJH U HJ U!UH l=H= H+ 3
8U JUH=Ul J= U V+ 3 l=lH 8J 8U3 +JlJ lU UU, J l=U U =l lUHUl
JHl3d Hd3l 3 3dldl Hd3l Ul U3H3 J8 U HlHd J= U J +8 lU
UlU U!lUU J l=l+d J3 3 UJHld l U U =J 3 H33 3 U Hl
H l=U U UI dJ U UlU U, 3 UI lUU Hl H lUd 8U-+l l=U UU Ud
UlU U, lHU + Hl 8Ul Ul 3 HJ= Ul lUHUl!l=l+ = lUd H33 H =H UJH
HH3 3 Hd3 Ud +3Hd J= 3 H 18=l HUl l=U 3JdHUl l=l+d Hd =
UJ H+3 lU3!+U=U 8UlHl= lUH lU dH U lU3!UI =lU=l HUl U
ls U UUld 3 H l=l+l lH= 8J lUHUl, HdH 8J, HdH d
3 H 8UJ Hl Hl=, 8lUH5 3 H U Hd Ul UJlHd l-JHl Hl U 3
lUHU dl3 U!8J lUHUl dlUU U ld HJ UJH l=U 83 J Ul HlUH U
lHUJ H5 3l dHHJ lHU H l=U 8U3 =5 l + dJU U!HJld 3 JH U J-
3 l=l+ U Uld l=dH 1969 3ld HHJ Ul J -dUJ3 UJI, lHUJl ld lHUl HUl
UJlHd HU U UJ Hl, 3H dJ lU3 U!lU Jl dJH =l UJlHd J==;
H+3, Hl= 3 H =d 3 = JU 3 UJH Hl HJdJ U dl3 U!lUH +
Ul Hl l=3 dJ (51 : 57) 3 UUl U lHU lHHl JU U H UUH J Ul H UlH
l+ U 3 HHl U 3 Hd l=U lUH + 8J HH UJHlU l+ U UJ3l UJ
lUd U lJU U 3 Ul+Ul 3 8JUl l=U l JlUI H U H HJdJ U!UJH
HH3 l=U lUd +H UJHld HJ 3 lU Hl 3Jd U HH3l HU llU Hl!5l=5
lUH (1711-1776) Il JU lUlH U lUUH UJ l=U lHU dl3 ld 3Jd U HU
d= lJJHd HU UU U; lH= +lI3 l=U UU U, 3 UH H+3 U HU lHH l=U Hl JlU JU
U J= UlJ3 UU U, 8HlU 3Jd U lUH + UJHld l U lUH= U
dl3l, lUd UU lUH lHUJl dJ HJdH, UJ5lJU, l3H 3 H H3J UUl Hl;
lUHU dlUI Hl ld UUl l+ H= U lHUJ lHU Hl J= l=U U UU Hl, 3 UHl
UU lUH Hl lHH l=HHI3Hd UJH HH lU3 lHH Ul 3 +lI3 l=U 3Jd U
HU3= HlH3 dJ lU3 3 lUU UJH U HJdJ JH U JU, 8I3J 3 HU HJ 3 =
dJ lU3!lUH l=HHI3Hd UJH U HHU3 + 8 J+, 8J5 JH 3 5l=+ l=Hl
H!dHl8H l=U JlU lU l=U 5l=+ l=Hl HJ lUd Hl, UU ldU dJU Hl,
UJH HH3 UJ UJH HH3 3H dJ Ul U!HU UH ls HU ld lUU 3
UJHld 8dJ U HI+ 3 UHU H=8 UU Hl, JUH=Ul J= ldH Ul U? lUH JUH=Ul
J= 8J 8J lUHUl ldU U ld, HJ 3 HUJ 3 JJ= HH8 lHH Hl
HlUHH dJ HdU U, UU JUH=Ul J= U, lUU J= l=l+ U l3H U!lH+H5
UJlU5 3 dJ H+ HU JI U HJ 3Jldd l UJ lUU dlUd dJJl H HJl U
ld Hl 3Jd U, lUU Hl H= Ul HHU dJ = HU U 3 =UJ JJH+ Ul!
lUUl dJI U ld UI =lU=l HUl U ls d UUld l=U JUH=U 3 JUH=Ul J= 8J
8Jl 3l8J3 3 5Nl lUUHl U U +Ul U!J l=l+ 3 UJH U J dJI Hdl
H= lJl lUl =+ +HJU Ud lH l=U UH Udl U!sH l=U lH Ul HJ
l=l+d 3 UJHld HlU l=U U, 3 = J= 3 dJ 3 Il U3 l=dH3
dJ Ul UH+ 3 l3H l=U U UUl U!J=l 3 Ul=l HUl U 3Jd=Ul UJ 3
8U lUU UH dH U lHH H JUH=U l=U lUUHl Ul lJ U 3 UH UJH
= J3I U lUHJ dl3 U!
(7)
J3 HH U JUH=Ul J= 8J + JlJ lU dJ U= 3 HJ 3 = U HH+Jl lUU +U lH
UlHU ldU HU U, =U3 3 8Ul U HUl +U 3 lU= UJ J8 l=U HUdl
3 Uld HHlUl JUH=Ul 3 lUHH U HUl Ul J 3 3 UUl U!lUH HH+Jl U
lU UHU U ld JUH=Ul lH U 3J U UU U, lHUJ lUd UH 3 =J UU UlU
JUH=Ul UJH U 3 UH +8Jl UJH U!J5 ldH lUHHl JUH=U Ul ldJ3l 3
lH 8J UHU U 3 HH dJU U lJ=I l=U d= lH3= U 3H UU U, HU ld
U l=U lUHH UU dJd HUl HJU U 3 8d Ul =HU 3 dJd Il Hl UU
3 HHl3 U lHlH HJl JU U!lHUJ H J8 3 U Ul 3J HJU U, UH Ul
HJ H3 UUl U, J= ld UU J8 l=U JU U HU U!(The Mystics of Islam, 1921)
lH JUH=U U lHUJ lH +J +U HlU8 Hl 3 +J +l8U lHN Hl U UHH +U l=U UlH
l+ U, lUU dl HUl JUH=U U 8d = lH Ul U, ld lJ=I 3 Hd3l JUl
8UH l=U I lH UI U, 3 UU HHl3 U 3 H3 UJ 3 J JU3
JUl HJ UUl U J= ld Hd3 3H lHH 8UHl+l ldU l+ U, UU J Ul HJHl U
=Ud 8I HU U!lUUl dJI U ld +J +U HlU8 Hl U UJHI U ld 8UHl+l U H l=U
UlH U J Ul UU U Ul U!(8UHl+l JUdJ UHU+) UHH +U l=U +J +l8U lHN
Hl UJHUU U ld HU UU =lU+J lUd lHd U +U (U 3 Ud J U ++8.) 3 =lU+J
UdH Ud U lUd l=HH UUH Ul lUU JlH!UU UUH lUU Hl ld Ul+Ul U HJ
dJ 3 8JUl U 3H dJ (UJH U= H 3 U8J+UH HJ d H UJ+8..) lH
UJH HJ =lU+ J lUd UI U lUU UUH lH UJH lUU 8Ul UJH J 3
lJU U 3 lUH H3 3 UJH =H HUl3 dJU U!lH UJH UJ H3 3 l=H= UJH =H
dl3 U= dUl U Hl Ul, H+ lUU Jl 3J UlU3 3 l=l+d U= U!lH lHU3
l=U lJ=I Ul dUl HlUH l8 Ul dl3l, Ul lUH l=U H3 Ul =HU Ul 3 Ul
ldHl H3l Ul lU U!lUU 3 J J U UI Ul Hl= HJU lHlU l+ U!J
H H dJlU HJ d dJ8 dJ Ul JI lU3l U!lUU lJ U -H U!lUH +
J+3 d8lJ Hl l8 dl3 U!(dJ=3 J dJ= 3Jl++ + H l83l HJl+UU =Jl
H UlJ lJ+dJ= U H dU dU dU HJ+)+.+.H.
(8)
+J HJUH Hl lUU J l=U JH-Hl3 U H Hd Hl3-lU3- U , lH HJU U
Hd U lsdJ l=U, =l lJH U dl3l!JH-Hl3 U Jl sI U ld 3J
HHI Ul lUU H dUl + 3 3Hl lJU 3 UH lUU HH Ul ld lUU 8lH-JlU3 3
sI-JlU3 HUUHl UUl U lHU HJI H3 UUl U, HU ld d lUH HU HlJd HU U
lH= ld HlHJ+ l=U U (Ul=l H JUl J= Ul Jd= Ul 8IU) H HJ+ J=
Ul JUHHUl 3J+ HHl HU U!H5 H U + U Jl8U Il H3d Life Divine
l=U 33J UlHU U U= lUU UlU HU U ld:
Hl UU U, Hl lHHl JU U JH U, Hl HH U H U, lUH Hl= Ul UU =l lUH dJI U
3 Hl= 3 lHHl JU U 3H =l lUH dJI U!
Uld +H lUHUJ U.U.85 (1846-1924) Il H3d Appearance And Reality
l=U dJU U, HJI3 3 J= H3 HJl UU 3 l Ul lUUI U!
+JlJ lU3, J= lUU lHU dJ HdU U ld JH-Hl3 U lUU l3 KsI lUd-UH 3 lJ Ul,
lU l=U 3H sI JH-Hl3 l=U JU UU l8 HHI HJ= U!Hl3 J= =HU, lU3
J= U3 3 H33 JlU HdU U 3 lUH dJ lU3 Hl3 3 l8 I V+ l=UJ HdU
U 3 Ul Hl3 3 lU3 I =HU JI Ul U Ul HJJ3 U !J U U =H,
U3 H ld JH U H UJ U, 3 l8 Ul U HdU!U3 I l=U HU JUH U H
ld Ul Hl lUUl U, lUH UJHld HlH =Hl dlUU U!UH = 3d lUH =Hl U
JJd l8U Ul ldH dUl HH Ul HdUl HU 3d UU U3 HJI = 3J JU
U=!J Hl3 3 lU3 Ul lHUl J= HJ3 dUl Ul!lUHU HI lUU UU U ld HlH3 U
JUH=U l=U U Ul HH UU HU ld HHl3 U JUH=U l=U JH-Hl3 U l3 sI
l=UJd3 3 =U3 3 UU U!lUH d3 +J HJUH Hl Il 8Il U JHdl
H ld +J +U HlU8 Hl l=U UJH U, l=U HH dJ lU3 U:
U dl U, 8J 8U3 H U, J +J U H8U UJ lUHUl HH Ul U!H U J
lJ 3 8lHH l=U HHU JlUI U!J ld dJd H l UUH l=U U UU UH 3 HJ
Jd= UJ dJ lUU U 3 UH HU JlUI = HU l+ lUU U!H HU HHJ U HU 3
Hd3 U HU U 3 UU H8U UJ Hl 3 l=3 U HU U
U U HJ d dU U +J 3 HlI+HlI U HU +J 3 ld dJ llJ+dlJ
ld ldl= d l+ H HlJ+UJU lH d HU 3 l3 d H8U HU H=lJ+dU
d lUU U U U +J 3 HlI+ lHl HJ lUUl U U!
(9)
Ul 3 HU +U sU + UlHU H UHU U ld H UJ 8IU U,
H lU H: lUU H3 HlJ, lU3 3 H Hl HHl3 U H HNd HU U!HlJ Ul
JU UUl U 3 lUU H= U, HU ld 3H HJ U!lU3 H5 J8 dJH dJd U 3
H Ul U33l Hl lHUJ =l /JH U U, UH UUl U!lUU Ul Hl Hl= l=U
8U3 HU33 U, dJH H dJd UU U 3 ls HH U dJH Ul =+U I lJUJ3 dJU
U H Hd3l lUU U- lUU lUU JHJU U!lUH 3J H H =l UJU U U, lUU H3
HJ UHU l=HH HU3= UU U, ldUld lUH U U 3H J= HJ=U HJdJ J UU
U; UU d +3 U lHUJ lUU U lU l=UJ ls U l=Ul U U 3H HHI Ul l8J3l
HHU U!lUd lUU Ul H J l=U HlJ Ul Jd Ul Ul, H+ UU HU U ld lUHU
UHU H UJ H J l=U J= U UU U!UU HHU U ld UH dl, ld= 3 ldU I U,
lUU UHU UJH UHI U; lHU UU lUH dJd Ul HUU ld UH l=U JUlUJ Ul J==
Ul U!lUU 8UldHH3l Ul + U ld lUU 8J lUU +3 UJ U U +Ul ld UU d=
l=HH HHU lHd Ul JH dJU U, HU ld UU UJ JlU HHU U 3 l=UHl
l8 dJ UJ3 dJU U!lUH sdJ l=U lUU JH , H H3 U J UJHU UJ =H3
U l3 +I U UJ UJ, l3 HIl l=U =5U U-H3, JHH, 3HH!
lUl dJ U JH JHl, HU 3 H3l3 JH UU U; HU ld UHl dJ U JH 8-
=JUd 3 UJ3l UI = UU U 3 3lHl dJ U JH HH3l 3 N8JU U dJU U!HJ
=HU lU l3 +I Ul lJ3 H =U N dJd ld 3J 3 lH3 J l=U HHU U!lUH
dJd dUl =l lUU H3l=d JH HU dJU U!J+=3 +l3 l=U H3l=d JH Ul lUUI lUU
UHl +Ul U ld lUU HU l=U lH, HU-HUJ 3 HUl UU U 3 lUH H= dJ H
HlUHH UU U!lUH dJd JJ3l d JH+, +8 HH, U= 3 U =UJ HU dJU U;
JJ3l d lHU lUH dJd Ul dJU ld lUH lHU3 ld JlUUl U 3 JJ Ul =UU; H+
UU lHU JH U H H8lU3 UI U l dJU U!lUU l=U l3 dJ U 8Ul-
d3 3 UH-d3 JH H +U U!lUU UH U:
H3l UH-HlJd 3 =lUHl +I = JH, lH= lH 3 HI!
HU UH- U I lU HdJ dUl H8l l=d3l JH NJ-NJ d = =!
lH3 UH- I ldH dlU U, lUH ldH s lU U 3 lUU ldU lU U; lUHUl l=UJ
dJl!
lUH 3J Ul dJ JJ= 3 UJ= U ls dJ U UlU +J HJUH Hl +J HHU Ul
HU3l dl3l!H d UJ s -=5 +JU=J +J HJJl 3J 3 HlJ UlU U!+J Hl
I d UI = UJ l=d3l Ul +J l=U HU sdI Ul J8-HJ3 +Ul UUl Hl!
lUl3UHdJ lU U dl JH 3 dl JHdHJ, dl HlJ 3 dl d+, dl UU H3l = 3 dl
l=l H3 =, dl lUU 3 dl HHH HJ lUU HJ3 Jl dJl Ul!UH HH lUU UJ
lUd Ul U HJ lUd JH dJ Ul d dJl =l HJ= U!HU ld HUdl JJ3 l=U
HHH U HUl UJ=H +J Ul HHU HJJ U JU H!
lUl3UH (U=U-U-UU) l=U UJH U ld =H lHHUl H ld H UJlU HdJ+H U
U3JlUdJl Hl, 3J I d UI 3 lU +J sdI Ul ldU dJU Hl!l
HlU8 dHJ UUlH l=U lUU U= lU dJU H, HdJ dUl ldH 8U U NJ l8 HU
sld l+ 3 HH UU ldH lHUU 8U d Ul, H+ HJU d l+ Hl!
3 +J HJUH Hl lH +J Ul lHH HHU HH83 dl3, UU I lHU3 3 UUH
dJd HHHl +J 3 lJ Hl!lH Ul +J HHU JJ3l lUl3UH 3 =3=JI l=U H
J l=U l3 3J = 3 d3ldJl dJH dl3:
(1) lH +J d= HlUH-l=Hl Ul Ul!HHJ l=U HlUH-l=Hl Ul HHH JJ 8Jl
lHU U 3 lUH UIUJl U HJ dJd HHH HHJ U UH d 3 lUJld 3 =J HJ
UU U!lUl l=U HU H3 U JH Hl 3 lUU + lUl3UH l=U ll lHUl U ld lUd
lHU HHH H3 HlUJ Ul +l l=U JH NH-NH d lUU +UU Hl, HHH, HU
HHH 8I, 3U5 d H d Jl U, UH =Ul HlUH l=Hl Ul JU lUU!( HHH!
HHHl dU!U l8+HJU HlUHl dU)!lH +J l=U HH8l Ul lU3 HI = HU,
Hl l=H=-JUlUJ U lH lHU3 U 3ld U!
(2) lH lHU3 JH =lU+J Ul U3 HlU lUHU H8U Jd 3 lHU3 HJU U 3
lUU lHU3 lUU H3 U JH 3l lUHldI, lHH HJ JH HlHd 3 UJlHd Hl= UJ
J= UU U, 3 =l = J U!
(3) JH U UH U Hd lH lHU3 H=ldJ Ul dJU 3 lUd Ul H+ dJU U ld JH
HU, Hld 3 HUl-HUl ldJ3 l=U lU U=!+J HJUH Hl lH Hl= HU U lU HJ
d3ldJl =lUJ UlJ!

(10)
H3l U H8lUd JU UU lUH3l H HU l=Ul U 3 +I= 3l U!Ul HH 3
H5 UH l=U lUU + Hl HUl U ld H3l Ul HUl J UH = UUl U HU UU I 3l Ul
lU l=U I H Ul U!H 3 Ul 8UH JI l=U ldU l+ U lUH3l U
lUU =5 UJH U ld UU I 3l Ul H3 8U Il 8l U=, =U HJ HJ HU UJ
lUU HH+ + U!lUH3lIH UJH : UJJ3J+HH+=U U l=lU3 HJ+ : HJ=dH
lH3+ 80,75.
lsl U=l HUl l=U JJ3 l=U UI = l 3 HHH UH=J H3l Ul JHH U
UJ U +U 3 U lUH Nl JHH 3 lJd dJJ3 Hl l=H=H Ul =UUJl U
lUd lHJ UlH!lUd l d l5U5JH lHdH UHl HUl J= UlH lUU lU Hl, UH
8J J Ud ll ld lUU 3l Ul 8=d3l H3 U 8lH U!Ul JJ3 l=U NJ Ul J3
= JH HlUJ Ud HJ lUd H + UI dJd, H=UHl HHH H3l Ul JHH
HJ Hl H 3 d8 3 8UJ Hl l=H=H UlH, HHJ l=U 3Hl lH=lU lUU J3 U
lJ U, lHUl +J=3 Ul U+ H HJ +U 3l U HJ HUl U (UJ HU83 U H
lUU dH HJU H3!H 3 8U HH HJU dJ J= H3!)
JJ3 U l=UHl HHd lUH +J-H=l 3 HHlJ l=JUl JHH 8U dJUI Ul dUl d Ul
8IlU!J3+l H=l HUl l=U + l=U H3l Ul JHH +J-dl dJJ U lU3 Hl!
d8J 8UHU I UJ UU Ul-U-lUUl UJH l=U H3l Ul U JU dJ lU3, J
UH lUHUl JdUH Ul dUl d Ul 8IlU!HU+lJ HU 33 UJ 8 3 UH Ul ld
lUH Ul UJl l=U = 8I HHH l=U lUU JHH lHU Ul l3U HHU U 3 UH H3l
lUH Jld!HUHU HHH U d8JH3 d H3l Ul JHH dJ +J-d l dJJ
lU3!H 1664 l=U J +H8 I HJ JH l=U H3l Ul U 8U dJ U UJHI HJl dl3,
J UHUl HJdJ lUH JdI l=U dH8 UUl!
J5 l=lH 8ld 1829 Ul: U HUJH-1 lH 3lU3 H3l Ul JHH 8+ l=U +J-dl
3 HH-d3 HJH dJJ lU3!lUU U H8 l=U 1849 Ul: HU lUU + H d8H dJ l,
UH = 3d HHU Hl!J 1947 Ul: HU +H JJ3 s5 +U 3 lUU H UUJ= JJl U3 =+
HJ lUH U = l+ dU dUUl lUHUl 8J HI lHUl JlUUl U!+J HJUH HJ
3 lU H3l U JUl HU3= 8J lJI dl3 3 HHdJ U Hd 3l = HJ Ul l3UJl
JHH JU dl3!+J Hl UJHUU U: +I= 3l UU Ul H I 3l U HJ UJ3 lHU
H HUl U!H l=U UUl J3 H3l = HdUl U lHUJl l8JU dJd HJ HUl U!U d!
UU H3l HUl U H l=sJ lUH3 HlU d I dUJ3l Hl= HH, Hl3dJ3 3
HUUJd V+ 83l3 dJUl U H3l UlU ll H HlJ l+ Hl+d H3l
HIll lH l8JU U HJl+Jl H H3l HIl Hl H3l JUl+H=l HUl I l3 Ul
HHl++.+.H
+J Hl lUH HUH UJ lU 3l U lHUU Hl HJ HJ =l H3l U U 5 dl3 3
U HHld3 +U JJUJl UJl lJ=UH U UJlUJ UlUlU l=Ul 8U lIl = dl3
U, lHH l=U JIl JH3l I 3l JJUJl UJl dlUUl U ld H3l lU3 l=U HJ d HJ Ul
dl J U, 8U l=U HU UH I 3l Ul H 3 Ul 8J HIl 3 UH HUH HJd lUH +
Ul Hl dJ lU3l!3lHl + +J Hl lUU dl3l ld U lUU l=U Hl3dJ3 lUH JHH 8J
lH lHU3 U lU3 3 U lUHU HH 3 UJl JU UJ lUH3 l U lHUU Hl HJ
HJ Ul lUH U UJ UI = HJ UH JU dJ lU3!lUH3 lU 3 8U l=U lUH3
UU Hl UJH Ul lHU, lHH lUd = HH83l UlH 3 Ul lUHU 5 =l
dl3!
(11)
lUH3l U HHHd J38 3 UHU JHl3d lUdJ UHUl UJlHd HHJU 3 UHU UJlHd
J= U lUdJ 3 UJH U HHU+3 dH 3 8U l=U lUH I =Jl + U!lUd U H8U
HHHd 3 JHl3d 3J l=U lUH3l U U 3 UH U H8U lUH3l UJ UJH Ul
HHU= +=Ul UIl 3 U U 8U dJ U!++ HJ H l=H= UJH l=U J3
UJ UU UJlHd J= l=U lUH I = dl3 l+ U, J U UJ UJlHd HHU=
+=Ul UI 3 U U 8U dJ Ul +3 Ul Hl l+!lHUl =+l ldH U,
J H JHl3d J dJd Ul H+ dUJ3 = J3 Ul Hl=l+d 8I3J 3 UH UJl
+3 dJI UlH l+ U -ldH =l U3 l=U ldH J3 UlH U J H3 dJ Ul
l+ Ul UIl UUlUl!lUU d NlJ lUU dJ lH 8IlU! lUH3l H=33J
HUJl3!(H lHHJ3l, 8U lHHJ3l, +3H lHHJ3l)
+3H 8U I HJ 3 J U HUl U 8J UHH UlH Hl ld H J3 8U HN
l=U HH UI Ul l+ lU3l HUl 3 lUU UJH UHJ H 3d UU, J ldUld J3
lUH l=U HH U +Ul U lUH dJd lUU UJH H H H U UJ UJ Ul lI U H=+!
(HUJlJ8H3)
lUH 3J dJ U lUd HHUJ lddJ 8U=l dlUU U, lHH=Jl lJUI Ul U
HJU J3 3 =UJ HlHd +3 3 HlJd 8 lU3 U! (=J U 3Hl)
H HUHU UH HU lHHJ U HU3l lUd U3= (1952) HJl dl3, lUHH U HHlHd 8U
l=U J3 = UI U 3 UId JlH l=U HI U lUdJ Ul ldUld UU HHUJ
dUJ3l 3J 3 HlUJ UUl U!
UUl HUJ l=U J3 H lU U dH l=U dUl lUH Ul Ul 3 U lUd =J H
l8lU HU U lHU JUJHl JU l+ UU U!H3 UUl HUJ 3 lUU lH
lHl 3 UJU Ul HHlUl H+3 l=U J3 U dJd 8I ldU!JH dUld UJU l=U
H =l ldH J3 UJl 8I Ul l+ Ul lU3l HUl!
(12)
UJ dl 8Il HlU3 3 ld= lJ U 3, dl HlU3 JU 3 8Il lUd Ul UlH U, UJH U
lUl3UH UJ Hl H l=U U UI = lUU UU 3 +JlJ H U!J d UI 8Il
3 HlU3 l=U 3J dJ + U U!HlU3 U H8U H+3 3 3Jd U HU ld 8Il
U=l-=H U!HlU3 Ul UH d U I l=JU l=U UUl U, HU ld 8Il J-H=l dJH
U!HlU3 Ul J lUHU +I 3 J= 3 UUl U, HU ld 8Il d UH3J HIld3 U, lHH
lUU H-lHU dlUU U!+J HJUH Hl lUH l=H 8J HH UJHlU U; U=l 8Il 3
l8 H d UJ dUl JJH+ JU-H Ul U!HlU3 HlUJ3 3 +3l U UH = U,
HlU3 Ul UH H lHUJ ld l+ UHH dHHJ lJU U,3 =UJ U+l Ul--Hl3+J l8
UJ dUl U 8Il+8Il 3 dUl Hl3+J 8U UJ dUl 8Il+dUU dU HIU dU dUl =Il+
(+.+.H.)
(13)
l=3 dJ l=U lUH Hl ldU l+ U, ldUld lUU dH8Il JUl Ul 8Il U 3
H Ul JU Ul! H H 3 lH lUd U HI 3 dJ =J+l H3d 8UI UUI 3 =l
lUH =J+l UlH Ul 8I HdI+!(17:89) dJ U HlI 8J 8U3 H3d JUl +Ul
U!lUU U= lUH l=3 +U U HlU3 H, lUHUl -8U =J3d U UJ UJ dl3 HU
U lHHU lHU3 U H 3ld l=HHI Ul UlU!l.H. Ull (1888-1965) +Hl HlU3 U
l3H Hl, UHU 8J8J U HlU3 + Hl H UJ JH= l=U dUl Ul!UH lHH dl=3 l=U
HlU3 JlU UH, UH UdJl 3dld U lU3!lUH 3dld l=U HHlH 3 l8 dl3l
HUl U J lUHU U H 3 Ul dl3 HU!lUH l=U lUJU 3 J+-Hd3l 3 8U lUJ ldH
UJ V+ 3 =J lHU UH l=H = Jl3 HU U!UJH 3 UJH-HH3 U 3 l=U
HlU3 U HH l=HUlJ3 UJ l.H.Ull Ul lU3!Ull Ul dl=3 U lUU U= +I
V+ +J +U HlU8 Hl l=U +J HJUH Hl Ul 8Il l=U 3 U HU U:
1.J+3 dl U lJl+U lJl J+3U dJl l8H HJ+ UI+(JHdl H:3)
2.UU HlU H8U HU=+H8U HU= HU HlU Hl3+J HIlU+
3.H d lH +J H3l HH U=+U= 3 HH lH dUl HlU JU +J +
4.HlU lJH 8UJU lJH+ 8UJU 3 lJH HlU lJH Hl3+J 3 dJIl dHIl+
lUJ HU Ull Il H3d Four Quarters l=U d l=U d N Ul + dJU U
3 UU UUl dlUI Ul dlHH dJU U H +J HJUH Hl JHdl U l=U dlUU U: U H
HlJ 3 HU JU UlJ + ! HJ H, 3 UHH =lU+J HlJ JlU!