Type of primary occlusion

Mesial step- Distal surface of the lower second molar is more mesial to that of the upper second molar.
Step facing mesial side Step facing distal side

Distal step- Distal surface of the lower second molar is more distal to that of the upper second molar.

Flush terminal plane- Distal surface of the upper and lower second molar are in a straight plane (flush) and therefore situated on the same vertical plane.
Absence of a step.

Types of primary canine relation

D M

The cusp tip of the maxillary canine is in the embrasure between the mandibular canine and the mandibular first molar

The cusp tip of the maxillary canine is in the embrasure between the mandibular canine and the mandibular lateral incisor

The maxillary canine is distal to the embrasure between the mandibular canine and the mandibular first molar

An in between status can occur in the canine relationship in the primary and permanent dentitions; this is referred to an end-to-end relationships

Careys analysis
Used to assess the difference between the space available for the teeth in the dental arch and the space required for accommodating the teeth. If the space required is less than the space available , spacing results. If the space required is more than the space available , crowding results.

Method
1. Determination of arch length - measured using a 0.012 inch soft round brass wire
- The wire is adapted to the model of the mandibular arch so that one end engages first permanent lower molar near the marginal ridge.

- The wire is next passed over the buccal cusps of the premolars , then over the normal cuspal position of the cuspid , then over the anterior teeth at ridge center and finally around the same course on the opposite side, ending in mesio buccal line angle of lower first permanent molar of the other side.

 The wire is cut at this point and straightened and the length is recorded. - in case of proclined anteriors, the brass wire is
passed along the cingulum of the anterior teeth - in case of retroclined anteriors, the brass wire is passed labial to the anterior teeth - in case of well aligned anterior teeth, the wire is passed over the incisal edges of the anterior teeth.

Determination of arch width/ total tooth material (TTM)

Determined by measuring the mesio-distal width of teeth anterior to the first permanent molars (incisors, canines and premolars) at the maximum contour using bow divider Determination of the discrepancy refers to the difference between the arch length and total tooth material

Inference
Non extraction case if the discrepancy is 2.5 mm or less, it indicates minimal tooth material excess, which can be managed by proximal stripping

Extraction of second premolar if the discrepancy is 2.5-5mm, second premolar may need to be extracted Extraction of first molar if the discrepancy is more than 5mm then extraction of first molar is advised.

Ponts analysis
Pont in 1909 proposed that the measurement of four maxillary incisors will automatically establish the width of arch in the premolar and molar regions. It helps in- determining whether the dental arch is narrow or wide - determining the need for the lateral arch expansion - determining how much expansion is possible at the premolar and molar region

Determination of sum of incisors

Mesio distal width of 4 maxillary incisors is measured and values summed up This is called sum of incisors (SI).

Determination of measured premolar value(MPV) width of arch in the premolar region from the distal pit of one upper first premolar to the distal pit of the first premolar on the opposite side is measured- Measured Premolar Value

 Determination of measured molar value(MMV) - width of the arch in the molar region from the mesial pit of one upper first molar to the mesial pit of the opposite side first molar is measured Measured Molar Value

 Determination of the calculated premolar value (CPV)

Expected arch width = SI * 100 / 80

Determination of calculated molar value(CMV)

Expected arch width = SI * 100/ 64

 Inference
if the measured value is less than the calculated value, then expansion is indicated.
Amount of expansion in premolar region = CPV MPV Amount of expansion in molar region = CMV MMV

Ashley Howes analysis

Determination of Total Tooth Material (TTM) - mesio distal width of all the teeth mesial to the second permanent molar is measured with the help of bow divider and all the values are summed up. Determination of Premolar dimension (PMD) - determined from the tip of buccal cusp of left first permanent premolar to the right first permanent premolar in the same arch. Determination of Premolar Basal Arch Width (PMBAW) - measured from left canine fossa to the right canine fossa

If the canine fossa is not clearly distinguishable , the measurements are made from a point that is 8mm apical the crest of the interdental papilla distal to the canine.

PMBAW % = PMBAW * 100/ TTM

 Inference - expansion of an arch is possible if PMBAW > PMD

- expansion is not possible, if PMBAW is less than PMD
PMBAW%
44 or more 37-44

Inference
Treatment by non extraction Borderline cases

37 or less

Need for extraction

Linder Hath Index

Modification of Ponts analysis
Formula for CPV (calculated premolar value) CPV= SI * 100/85 Formula for CMV (calculated molar value) CMV = SI * 100/64

Korkhaus Analysis
Similar to ponts analysis & uses Linder Haths formula to determine the ideal arch width in premolar and molar regions. Uses an additional parameter, a measurement made from the midpoint of the interpremolar line to the point between the two maxillary central incisors Korkhaus advocated that for a given width of upper incisors, a specific value of the distance between the midpoint of interpremolar line to the point between two maxillary incisors should exist. An increase in this measurement is seen in case of upper anterior proclination and this value is decreased in case of anterior retroclination.