KEY KNOWLEDGE
Perceived benefits and harms to the athlete of legal and illegal performance enhancing strategies including: 1. altitude training, 2. creatine supplementation, 3. enhancement of oxygen transfer, 4. gene doping, 5. hormones (including steroids, erythropoietin and growth hormones), 6. diuretics and masking agents, stimulants and beta blockers The reasoning behind anti-doping codes used by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA)
KEY SKILLS
Evaluate anti-doping codes used within sports by world and Australian authorities such as the World AntiDoping Agency (WADA) and the Australian Sports AntiDoping Authority (ASADA)
Anti-Doping Initiatives
Drugs have been used as early as 400BC in the ancient Greek games. The Romans used mixtures of plant extracts and herbs in gladiators and chariot horses. Athlete commonly used drugs until drug testing was introduced in the late 1960s. Modern doping began in 1935 when the Nazis used testosterone injections in their athletes 1936 team. Later used by the Soviets. Those involved has turned a blind eye to the side effects and ethical implications of taking drugs. After drug use was wide spread at the 1952 and 1956 Olympics, countries spoke out against performance aids and their side effects
Anti-Doping Initiatives
Anti-doping development took place in 1960 in Europe. The televised death of drug taker Tommy Simpson in 1967 (below) shook the athletics world. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtAyGvZqiwk The IOC then became actively involved. First drug tests were conducted at the 1968 Olympics A list of banned substances was constructed by the IOC.
The USA Anti-Doping Initiatives developed a synthetic form of testosterone called anabolic steroids in 1955. Athletes continued to take drugs during the 1960s and 70s. The East Germans had a heavy drop taking protocol and were very successful at international competitions (See Heidi Krieger). Coaches and athletes worked out methods of beating the drug tests The 1980s saw the introduction of human growth hormones (GBH) and synthetic GBH. Both were undetectable In the 1990s, erythropoietin (EPO) became the drug of choice. It is very hard to detect as it is a naturally occurring hormone. Sydney 2000 was the first accurate EPO test.
Anti-Doping Initiatives
Analytical measures such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry where therefore introduced. Ben Johnson was famously stripped of his 1988 100m gold medal for steroid use. Procedures and standards for laboratories were set up by the IOC In 1999 the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was established after the drug taking in the tour de France scandal. In 2003 all major federations and governments signed a Anti-doping code. In the 2004 Olympic games: 3000 drug tests were conducted with 23 athletes being found positive of banned drugs.
Narcotics
Used to reduced moderate to severe pain so that athletes can continue to play while injured. Increase muscle bulk, power and strength. Training recovery is quicker and training intensity levels can also be higher. Used to reduce blood pressure and pre-competition stress relaxation.
Anabolic Agents
1. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids -Synthetic protein building chemicals. 2. Beta 2 Agonists Heart and blood pressure prescription drugs.
Steroid rage, acne, sudden death, tumours, liver damage, reproductive problems in females. Hypotension, hypoglycemia, cardiac failure, asthma severity. Dehydration, cramps, muscle strains, irregular heart beat. Peptide Diabetes, hypotension, decreased immune function, heart failure. Polypeptide Blood transfusion risks.
BetaBlockers
Diuretics
Weight reduction (water and electrolyte loss). Can be used to dilute illegal substances. Peptide increase muscle and bone development. Believed to offset the effects of steroids. Polypeptide Increases RBC production.
Performance enhancement
Reasons why athletes might take illegal performance enhancers Ongoing dissatisfaction with performance Psychological dependence Self-pressure and doubt, lack of confidence, nervousness, stress, anxiety or depression Relaxation/socialisation The belief that such practices may not cause any long-term harm Wanting to keep up with other athletes Believing they can get away with it Being easily influenced by peers A win-at-all-costs mentality Personal pride and the need to retain a hero or role-model status Environment-related reasons for athletes taking illegal performance enhancers Friends or peers using illegal practices (drug culture) with improved results Pressure to win from others Unreasonable scheduling of events (allowing insufficient recovery time) The financial rewards offered as prize money by sponsors, product endorsements etc The prestige and fame associated with being the best The influence of role-models The demanding qualifying standards required to make national selection National honour and pride
ERGOGENIC AIDS
PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES IN DETAIL
ANABOLIC AGENTS
Anabolic steroids are related in structure and function to testosterone Most commonly used illegal sporting drug Anabolic steroids (synthetically produced chemical) attempts to maximise the PROTEIN BUILDING (muscle growth)/anabolic effect Anabolic steroid use increases muscle bulk, power and srength by: 1.Increasing protein synthesis (Improves recovery period) 2.Blocking hormones responsible for the break down of muscle tissue following intensive exercise (Improves recovery period) 3.Increases aggressive behaviour promotes greater quantity and quality of training
ERGOGENIC AIDS
PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES IN DETAIL
SIDE EFFECTS
1. 2. 3. Diabetes Hypotension (Chronic High Blood Pressure) Decreased immune function 1. 2. 3. 4. Sodium and water retention Skin changes Impotence Heart Failure
ERGOGENIC AIDS
PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES IN DETAIL
ERGOGENIC AIDS
PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES IN DETAIL
BETA-2-AGONISTS
Beta 2 agonists are commonly inhaled to treat asthma If taken intravenously (blood) can have anabolic effects Prohibited except for inhaled bronchodilator medications Athletes take beta-2 agonists to improve their uptake of 02 to enhance their performance.
BETA-BLOCKERS
Beta-blockers prevent the effect of beta receptors (nerve impulse receptors found in the heart and blood vessels They control: SIDE EFFECTS 1. blood pressure Hypotension, 2.Slow the heart rate Hypoglycemia 3.Lower anxiety levels (pre competition) Increased severity of asthma Cardiac failure 4.Reduce tremors Used in fine motor skill sports to increase accuracy
ERGOGENIC AIDS
PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES IN DETAIL
MASKING AGENTS
Drugs taken to mask/hide the presence of specific illegal drugs and have the ability to impair or conceal banned substances in urine samples Examples of Masking Agents: 1.Diuretics 2.Plasma volume expanders. Taken to mask use of artificially produced EPO (Erythropoietin (EPO): A hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow). When plasma volume expanders are taken with EPO, they can elevated blood volume while maintaining the % of RBC in the blood and % haemoglobin levels within the legal range. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQZnBpoC2jc&feature=relate d
ERGOGENIC AIDS
PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES IN DETAIL
STIMULANTS
Stimulants are substances that act on the brain, effecting the body both mentally and physically. Similar affect to adrenaline and noradrenaline (produced by the body). Stimulants increase: 1.Alertness 2.Competitiveness 3.Aggression and also help combat fatigue. 4.They make the athletes feel stronger, more energetic and decisive TYPES: 1.Psuedoephedrine (counter cold medication Sudafed) SIDE EFFECTS 2.Ephedrine Increase blood pressure Convulsions 3.Cocaine Increase body temperature Heart Attack 4.Amphetamines and Insomnia Stroke 5.Caffeine Irregular heart beats Can be addictive
ERGOGENIC AIDS
PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES IN DETAIL
NARCOTICS
Used to reduce moderate to severe pain (painkillers) thus enhancing performance Enables athletes to continue competing while injured. Highly addictive The high associated with taking Narcotics can impair judgement, balance and concentration. EXAMPLES: 1.Codeine 2.Morphine 3.Derivatives from opium poppies 4.buprenorphine, dextromoramide, heroin, pethidine SIDE EFFECTS 1.Addiction 2.Respiratory depression (decreased rate of breathing) 3.Death
ERGOGENIC AIDS
PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES IN DETAIL
GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS
Powerful anti-inflammatory drugs. Used to help treat arthritis, asthma, and allergic reactions. Athletes use them to reduce pain and the sensation of fatigue ACUTE SIDE EFFECTS (Immediate) 1.Fluid retention 2.Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) 3.Mood alterations
CHRONIC SIDE EFFECTS (changes over time) 1.Increased chance of infections 2.Musculoskeletal problems (Osteoporosis, softening of connective tissue 3.Weakening of muscles, bones and ligaments
ERGOGENIC AIDS
PROHIBITED METHODS & PRACTICES IN DETAIL
BLOOD DOPING
GENETIC MANIPULATION
CHEMICAL/PHYSICA L MANIPULATION
ERGOGENIC AIDS
PROHIBITED METHODS & PRACTICES IN DETAIL
BLOOD DOPING
An ergogenic procedure in which an increased red blood cell count is achieved by using transfusion of the athletes own blood or transfusion from someone else with same blood type. PROCEDURE: 1.Approximately 500ml of blood extracted from athlete well in advance of the competition and stored 2.In sufficient time, the athletes blood levels return to normal levels. 3.Just prior to competition the harvested blood is intravenously replaced into the athletes CV system, thus increasing blood levels and 02 carrying capacity thus increasing aerobic capacity and improved endurance performance. 4.Detected by blood test which detects higher than normal RBC levels
ERGOGENIC AIDS
PROHIBITED METHODS & PRACTICES IN DETAIL
of correct training programs Heart Rate Monitors Resistance Devices (weights, weighted vests, tyre towing etc Computers/Software Video Recording Compression Garments Altitude training/rooms/tents Specifically designed clothing/footwear Specifically designed equipment
source of vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids Good for athletes who are aiming to increase lean body mass (muscle) Good for coping with demanding training programs or growth spurts Good for post recovery snack for high intensity powerful activities.
energy release from food) MINERALS: assist in: 1.Muscle contractions, 2.Nerve transmission, 3.Fluid balance and 4.Enzyme activity A balanced diet should provide an athlete with sufficient vitamins and minerals. Obviously if diet is not balanced supplements may be required. Supplements can be taken in multi vitamin/mineral (Centrum) or a single nutrient supplement (calcium or iron)
1.Low iron levels leads to anaemia 2.This reduces 02 carrying ability 3.Balanced diet usually provides sufficient iron 4.Supplementation may be required for: a) Female athletes b) Adolescent athletes growing quickly c) Pregnant athlete d) Athletes adapting to altitude or heat training 5.Best taken with vitamin C for 2-3 months or until deficiency is rectified.
1.Important for: a) muscle contraction b) Nerve transmission c) Enzyme activity d) Blood clotting e) Bone and teeth strength 2.Important for athletes who: a) Have insufficient calcium in diet b) Females with impaired menstrual functions (1500mgms / day) 3.600 milligrams suggested daily intake
Additional creatine is stored at the muscles when creatine supplementation and high carbohydrate diets occur together
Creatin e
Peak levels in the blood 1-2 hours after consumption 3-9mg prior to exercise has been recorded to enhance performance in running and cycling (3mg =Approx 2 cups of coffee) Doping controls has set a limit of 12 ug/mL Side Effects Restlessness and insomnia Elevated blood pressure and heart rate CNS disruptions High fluid loss (diuretic) Upsets thermal regulation in the body
Drug Testing
Conducted by Australian Sports Drug Agency ASDA. Urine tests are conducted either at competitions or training. No notice is given to athletes prior to the testing who are selected at random. Two samples are taken to verify the initial testing procedure. No reliable blood tests are used to detect banned drugs.
Injection of Vitamin Supplements to aid Performance Practice is not illegal or banned its use is widespread. Eg. Australian cycling team, including Jobie Daika, mislead an investigation into allegated drug use. Jobie originally denied using vitamin injections because they werent authorised by the AIS. Lance Armstrong openly admits the use of vitamin injections. Ethical issues; Its unnecessary, its potentially dangerous and damages the image of the sport eg. Cycling.
Genetic Manipulation
Gene therapy Nontherapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance (WADA). Eg. Use of synthetic genes to enhance performance. Practice is banned under the WADA anti-doping policy. Its side effects are unknown However, it will be undetectable in athletes. In the future, athletes will be modified at a young age, undergoing genetic modification to be the next big star.