Abigail Urayenza

Bse-IB

Gymnastics---is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring physical strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, and balance. Internationally, all of the gymnastic sports are governed by the Fdration Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Each country has its own national governing body affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic sports. It typically involves the women's events of uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault. Men's events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and high bar. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks, that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills. Other gymnastic disciplines include: trampolining, tumbling, rhythmic gymnastics, aerobic gymnastics and acrobatic gymnastics. Participants can include children as young as two years old doing kindergym and children's gymnastics, recreational gymnasts of ages 5 and up, competitive gymnasts at varying levels of skill, and world class athletes. Etymology---The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective (gymnos) meaning "naked", by way of the related verb (gymnazo), whose meaning is "to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise".The verb had this meaning, because athletes exercised and competed without clothing. History---Exercises of the ancient Greeks began with athletic feats performed by each individual according to his own notion. The youth were encouraged to combine amusement with exercise. In time, this kind of exercise was incorporated into a system that figured prominently in the state regulations for education. In fact, the period for exercise or gymnastics was equal to the time spent on art [3] and music combined. All Greek cities had a gymnasium, a courtyard for jumping, running, and wrestling. The term includes stretching exercises and warm-up preparing to athlets (from the Greek athlete thlos, which means "struggle", "fight"). These tests were a summary of military exercises. As the Roman Empire ascended, the Greek gymnastics gave way to gymnastics whose purpose was military training. The Romans, for example, introduced the wooden horse. In 393 AD the Emperor Theodosius abolished the Olympic Games, which by then had become corrupt and gymnastics, along with other sports, declined. For [4] centuries, gymnastics was all but forgotten. In the year 1569, Girolamo Mercuriale from Forl (Italy) wrote Le Arte Gymnastica, that brought together his study of the attitudes of the ancients toward diet, exercise and

hygiene, and the use of natural methods for the cure of disease. De Arte Gymnastica also explained the principles of physical therapy and is considered the first book on sports medicine. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, three pioneer physical educators Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (17591839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (17781852) created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco Amors y Ondeano, marquis de Sotelo, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. In particular, Jahn crafted early models of the horizontal bar, the parallel bars (from a horizontal ladder with the rungs removed), and the vaulting horse. The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first "modern" Olympic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, that would seem strange to today's audiences and that included for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was primitive, for it involved only synchronized calisthenics, was held at the 1928 Games, in Amsterdam. By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. The new medium of television helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Comneci received the first perfect score, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by the Romanian coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), Bla Krolyi. Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise. Even with Nadia's perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon. In 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. With an A Score (or D score) being the

difficulty score, which as of 2009 is based on the top 8 high scoring elements in a routine (excluding Vault). The B Score (or E Score), is the score for execution, and is given for how well the skills are performed. Gymnastics position and dance skills Tuck position-position in which the knees are bent legs are held tightly to the chest, and the body is curled up like a ball. Pike-Sit on the mat with your hips closed. Your arms should touch the mat on each side of your legs. Keep your legs straight and squeezed tightly together in front of you. Point your toes and keep your leg muscles contracted so that your legs dont bend. Keep your head in a neutral position. Straddle-Sit on the mat with your hips closed. Your arms can be up by your ears or touching the mat in front of you. Keep your legs straight and separated equally to the right and left. Point your toes and keep your leg muscles contracted so that your legs dont bend. Keep your head in a neutral position. Arabesque-standing on the foot lift the left leg in rear trunk well arch, head up. Arms in any position. Scale-standing on the right foot lift the left leg in rear as high as possible trunk arch almost parallel to the floor. Head is up arms in any position. Split-(forward) legs are extended forward and backward in a straight line. Arms in any position. Knee scale-kneel on right knee place the hands in front on the floor lift the left leg in rear as high as possible the trunk arch head held up. TightTight pike-long sitting position press trunk close to the legs arms are extended forward. Reach standChasse-a dance movement where one leg makes a small jump and is followed by the other leg .In layman term referred to as a gallop. Attitude-a pose on the leg with the other extended with the knee slightly bent either to the front, side, or back

Half Knee Bend, jump in air at the . A position of the body similar to the arabesque where the extended leg is bent at the knee. Stag leap-a leap made with one leg bent and toes touching the knee of the other leg, which is straight. Turns-a turn is usually a complete rotation of the body although a quarter and half turn is possible. Floor skills- standing arch back-standing feet together or one foot pointed forward bend trunk backward to arch position. deep lunge-sit on the right heel left leg extended sideward or backward. Trunks arch backward if the leg is at the back and bend trunk sideward if the leg is at the rd side. Rise on toes-either feet together or feet in 3 position. The arms in any position. V seat with arm support-sit on buttocks hands placed on the floor at the back raise both legs upward to form a v with the body forms straight and held up. Stunt-are acts in the form of play that test ones self on flexibility, agility, balance, coordination, strength and endurance. A. Individual 1. Turk Stand In cross-sitting position, arms in front of the body clasping the elbow, stand without breaking the hand clasp and the leg cross. Do this several times. 2. Rocking Chair In tuck sitting position, roll on back until the buttocks are up. Return to tuck sitting position. Do this several times. 3. Prone Rocking Grasp the ankles in near with the hands, arch back, head up. Rock forward and backward. 4. Ankle Hold Walk Hold the ankle with hands, legs relatively straight. Walk forward. 5. Coffee Grinder Side support position, walk on feet to go around the circle. Do this right and left. 6. Egg Roll of Tuck Roll Sideward Tuck lying position, roll sideward without breaking the tuck position. 7. Log Roll Supine lying position, hands clasped overhead, roll sideward right or left with the body arms and legs relatively straight. 8. Human Ball Frog sitting position, hold the feet so that the arms are between the knees. In tuck position, roll on the right side. Continue on the back to the left side and come up to the original position.

9. A-Jump to Full Turn same time turn in air as the body is suspended and facing the same direction. 10. Dog Walk In a four-base support, buttocks up, walk alternately right, left with the hands and feet. 11. Frog Kick Squat position, hands on the floor in front of the knees, push with the feet so that the buttocks are lifted in rear. The weight of the body is on the hands. 12. Lame Dog Walk Place hands in front on the floor, buttocks up and one leg extended in air. Move both hands, forward, then hop supporting foot close to the hands. Repeat the movement several times. 13. Frog jump Squat position, hands on floor, jumps forward as far as you can; end in the squat position. 14. Inch Worm From a front arm support, walk on feet toward the hands with knee straight for eight counts. Then walk with the hands for eight counts. To front arm support. From a bridge arm position, walk on hands and feet alternately towards the head. 15. Crab Walk From a long sitting position, hands on neck, walks on buttocks forward or backward. 16. Hip Walk From a long sitting position, hands on neck, walks on buttocks forward or backward. B. DUAL STUNTS 1. Wring the Disk Cloth partner face each other and join hands. Raise one joined hands while the other is lowered. Turn under the raised hands and end in a back to back position. Continue the turn to face each other again. Do this fast and several times. 2. Chinese Get-Up Long sitting position, partner stay back to back, position with elbows locked. Bend right knee ct. 1 bend left knee ct. 2, push against each others back to stand . Go down to original position four counts. 3. Jump Over One partner stands with hands on knees, trunk bend forward. The other partner jumps over the back of no. 1. 4. Three Partners One Jump Over Partners join right and rd st nd rd left hands. 3 partner of 1 and 2 partner. 3 partner, jumps over the joined hands, forward then back; partners help on the jump. C. GROUP STUNTS

1. Walking Chair Line one behind the other. Hold the waist of the person in front. On signal READY all participants go to half-knee bend. One command GO, walk on right, left, right, etc. 2. Merry-Go-Round In circle formation. Hold each others wrist, all small participants sit alternately with the bigger ones. All those seated put their feet together. On signal GO all those seated will go to straight body position. The ones standing go around to imitate a merrygo-round. 3. Skin the Snake Line one after the other, then go to stride stand position. Extend right arm forward to hold the left hand of the performer in front. Bend trunk forward. Last girl with feet together sits while the rest of the people in the line move backward in stride position, one performer sitting one after the other. After all are in a lying position the last performer to sit starts to stand, the rest follow ending from the starting position. 4. See Saw From the hook sitting position, partners feet together, hold each others hands. One partner goes to lying hook positions and the other partner stands to bend forward. Repeat with the other partner standing etc. TUMBLING SKILLS consisting of a single layout salto with two twists. Also called a Double-Twist: A single layout somersault with two twists. Forward Roll Standing position and the gymnast crouches down, places their hands shoulder width apart and hands facing forward. Backward Roll is similar to the forward roll but in reverse. The gymnast starts in a standing position and bends to a squat/sitting position with their arms in front. They then lower and lean back slightly until their bottom reaches the floor.