ELEMENTS OF THE STATE

The state has four essential elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. Population Territory Government Sovereignty

POPULATION
The State is a human institution. Hence population is its first and foremost element. No state can be imagined without the people, as there must be some to rule and others to be ruled. The people constitute its "personal basis". It is however, difficult to fix the size of the population of a state. For the Greek Philosopher Plato, the ideal state should not contain more than 5040 people. But Rousseau the French Philosopher would treat 10,000 inhabitants as the ideal population. The population of a state must be large enough to preserve the political independence and to exploit its natural resources and small enough to be well governed. But it is the kind of people that matters more than their numbers. What kind of people comprises a particular state? Are they literate, well educated, culturally advanced? Aristotle rightly has said that a good citizen makes a good state. So what is important is the quality of people, their character, their culture and their sense of belonging to the state.

TERRITORY
People cannot constitute a state, unless they inhabit in a definite territory When they reside permanently in a fixed place, they develop a community of interests and a sense of unity. It becomes easy to organize them into a political unit and control them. So the state requires a fixed territory, with clearly demarcated boundaries over which it exercises undisputed authority. Territory is its "material basis". The territory of a state comprises: i) Land, mountains, rivers and lakes within its frontiers, ii) Territorial water, extending six miles into the sea from the coast, iii) Air space, lying above its territory. The state has full rights of control and use over its territory. Any interference with the rights of one state by others may lead to war. There is no accepted rule as to the size of a state's territory. In the modern world, we find states of all sizes and shapes. More important than the size are the nature resources and the location of the state. A geographically contiguous territory is an asset; otherwise it creates problems of administration and control.

GOVERNMENT
Government is the important- indeed, indispensable machinery by mean of which the state maintains its existence, carries on its functions and realise its policies and objectives. A community of persons does not form a state unless it is organised by an established government. Government usually consists of three branches: the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. Their respective functions are legislation, administration and adjudication. The particular form of government depends upon the nature of the state which in turn depends upon the political habits and character of the people.

SOVEREIGNITY
The fourth essential element of the state is sovereignty. It is that important element which distinguishes the state from all other associations. The word 'Sovereignty' denotes supreme and final legal authority and beyond which no further legal power exists. Sovereignty has two aspects- internal and external. Internal sovereignty is the supreme authority of the state over all individuals and associations within its geographical limits. By virtue of it, the state makesand enforces laws on persons and associations. Any violation of these laws will lead to punishment. External sovereignty implies the freedom of the state from foreign control. No external authority can limit its power. India before 1947 was not a state because though it had the other three elements, i.e., population, territory and government, the fourth and the most important one i.e., independence was missing. The definition of the Sovereignty is quite similar to the Independence and they mostly used along together.

PILLARS OF STATE: EXECUTIVE POWER

In a constitutional democracy like the United States or Great Britain, the executive branch of government is represented by a presidential or parliamentary system of government. In the parliamentary system, the national leader is drawn from the parliament and is called the prime minister. The parliament is formed by the majority party and those willing to work with it. The prime minister and the parliament function more closely together than the president and legislature in the presidential system. In the presidential system, the president is elected in a separate election from the legislature. The president and the legislature may have different parties drawing on their own political power bases separate from one another.

ELECTED LEGISLATURE
The legislature or parliament serves to introduce, debate and pass laws. Legislators are involved in national budgets, approval of executive appointees to Federal positions, and they check the actions of government agencies through investigation. These legislators are charged with representing the area that they are from as well as the greater good of the whole nation.

INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY
An independent judiciary is necessary for the court system to function. The ability to function without fear of reproach is key to unbiased decisions based solely on the law in question. This independence ensures equal protection under the law for all citizens. Judges may only be removed from the bench through impeachment. The tenure associated with their positions allows them to operate without fear of losing their jobs based on making an unpopular decision.

FREE MEDIA
A free media is imperative for a democratic state to function. The media serves as a watchdog for its people providing information they may not otherwise have access to or seek out themselves. A free media allows individual citizens to question those in power and use that information to make decisions about their future.

COMMUNISM:
DEFINITION:
1. A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. 2. Advocacy of a classless society in which private ownership has been abolished and the means of production and subsistence belong to the community. 3. A theoretical economic system characterized by the collective ownership of property and by the organization of labor for the common advantage of all members. 4. All people are equal in which being ruled by the state alone.It brings a hwole group together as the power. The wealth and equality is divided among the people in which no man is richer and no man is poorer.No one is left behind. Example: You have barely enough food for your own family and your neighbor has none at all. You make sure in all equality that even though you may barely have food, you must give some to your neighbor. You both will eat dinner tonight even if it is not a the full suggested amount. COMMUNISM QUOTE: Russian communism isthe illegitimate child of Karl Marx and Catherine the Great.

SOCIALISM:
DEFINITION:
1. A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole 2. Policy or practice based on this theory 3. A transitional social state between the overthrow of capitalism and the realization of communism

EXAMPLE: An excellent example of socialism is the nuclear family. Let's say you have a family of 3: The family is doing financially well, given that the father and mother are both employed. Despite the fact that their child cannot work (and thus has no economic worth) they still care for him. If the mother was in a disabling car accident and lost her economic worth, the father would not only continue caring for the child, but would also take care of the mother. He does this because he believes they are still important, and because it is the right thing to do.

SOCIALISM
" Socialism is the idea that the working class, the class that produces the profits, the wealth, the cars, houses, planes, steel, should take over and run things collectively, democratically, for the benefit of the majority (who also "just happen" to be workers too).

COMMUNISM
Communism is the idea that society should not have classes - exploiters and exploited, oppressors and oppressed, and so on. "

Socialism generally refers to an economic system,

while communism refers to both an economic and political system.

Socialism seeks to manage the economy through deliberate and collective social control.

Communism seeks to manage both the economy and the society by ensuring that property is owned collectively, and that control over the distribution of property is centralized in order to achieve both classlessness and statelessness.

Both socialism and communism are based on the principle that the goods and services produced in an economy should be owned publicly, and controlled and planned by a centralized organization. Socialism says that the distribution should take place according to the amount of an individual's production efforts, whilst communism asserts that that goods and services should be distributed among the populace according to individuals' needs. Socialism and communism are alike in that both are systems of

production for use based on public ownership of the means of production and centralized planning. Socialism grows directly out of capitalism; it is the first form of the new society. Communism is a further development or "higher stage" of socialism.

CAPITALISM:
DEFINITION:
1. An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. 2. (capitalist) a person who invests capital in a business (especially a large business). 3. an economic system based on private ownership of capital. EXAMPLE: 1. Probably the most famous capitalist ever is Donald Trump. He purchases property and waits for the value of the property to go up. In this way he is taking advantage of the free market system, in which he can demand something at a low price and supply it at a high price at a later point in time. This purchasing of property at a low price and maintaining it until the price rises is call speculation. Speculation is one of the best examples of capitalism because it demonstrates supply and demand in a free market system, where the invisible hand moves the market price up and down. Keep it simple. Anyone who gets paid for his work and gets to keep the income he generates, whether he is an entrepreneur or an employee, is a capitalist. 2. If you own land and plant corn, and then harvest that corn and sell it at market that is capitalism. If you get to keep your profits, that is capitalism. 3. If, as a farmer who owns land and grows corn, you hire a laborer who helps you harvest, and you pay him and he gets to keep his pay that is capitalism. He keeps his income as a laborer. The key to capitalism is that each person gets to keep the money he makes from his efforts and spend that money as he sees fit. You create value, you get paid, and you choose how it is spent. In communism you would create value and not get paid, your government would choose for you how to spend your money.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIALISM, COMMUNISM AND CAPITALISM

SOCIALISM: You have two cows. The government takes them and puts them in a barn with everyone else's cows. You have to take care of all the cows. The government gives you a glass of milk. COMMUNISM: You share two cows with your neighbors. You and your neighbors bicker about who has the most "ability" and who has the most "need". Meanwhile, no one works, no one gets any milk, and the cows drop dead of starvation. CAPITALISM: You don't have any cows. The bank will not lend you money to buy cows, because you don't have any cows to put up as collateral. CAPITALISM Capitalism - An economic This term was first coined by Karl Marx to describe a system in which system based on the Survival small group of people own large amount of money, land, resources. It of the fittest. puts all the economy is the hands of wealthy business people with the only aim of maximizing profits. Such economies remain free of Socialism An economic government intervention with all the policies being determined by system based on You get your private individuals. The result is monopoly, and a huge gap in the share no matter what your earnings among the employer class and the worker class. Though its contribution is. very good for trades and industries to flourish, it can lead to worker exploitation and unethical business practices. Laissez-Faire capitalism Communism An economic which means pure capitalism with no government intervention is said system based on You put in to have never existed in practice. your fair share , you get your SOCIALISM fair share. It is considered to be the transitional phase between the capitalism and communism. Thus, you would find all communists advocating for socialism because it lays the foundations for communism. It advocates an egalitarian society where everyone shares equal wealth and power. There is a considerable disagreement over how the distribution should take place. Hence, socialism can be said to be between extreme capitalism and extreme communism with it being nearer to communism. Socialism is liberal. More people have say in how the economy works. COMMUNISM According to Karl Marx, this is the final stage towards development of egalitarian society. Here all the resources are state-owned and it determines its distribution based on the needs in an effort to bring about equality.

COWS EXPLAINING POLITICS

Feudalism: You have two cows. The lord of the manor takes some of the milk. And all the cream. Pure Socialism: You have two cows. The government takes them and puts them in a barn with everyone else's cows. You have to take care of all the cows. The government gives you as much milk as you need. Socialism: You have two cows. The government takes one of your cows and gives it to your neighbor. You're both forced to join a cooperative where you have to teach your neighbor how to take care of his cow. Communism: You have two cows. The government seizes both and provides you with milk. You wait in line for you share of the milk, but it's so long that the milk is sour by the time you get it. Dictatorship: You have two cows. The government takes both and shoots you. Militarism: You have two cows. The government takes both and drafts you. Bureaucracy: You have two cows. At first the government regulates what you can feed them and when you can milk them. Then it pays you not to milk them. After that it takes both, shoots one, milks the other, and pours the milk down the drain. Then it requires you to fill out forms accounting for the missing cows. Capitalism: You have two cows. You lay one off, and force the other to produce the milk of four cows. You are surprised when she drops dead. Capitalism: You have two cows. You sell one and buy a bull.