TRNG: I HC NG THP

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LP:HS-SINH 08B

DANH SCH THNH VIN: 1.L TH BCH DN 2. NGUYN NGC HUYN 3.L TH THY HUNH

4.BI THANH QUC KHANH

5.NGUYN TH LIU 6.DNG TH CM T

I. KHI NIM P SUT THM THU

Thm thu l qu trnh vn chuyn dung mi qua mt mng ngn cch 2 dung dch c thnh phn khc nhau khi khng chu tc ng ca cc lc ngoi nh l lc in t, lc pittng. ng lc ca qu trnh thm thu l p sut thm thu.
ng lc ca qu trnh thm thu l s chnh lch ca p sut thm thu. Dung mi s di chuyn t mi trng c p sut thm thu thp sang mi trng c p sut thm thu cao.

p sut thm thu sinh ra do s c mt cc cht ha tan trong dung dch v c th xc nh p sut thm thu bng phng trnh ca Clayperon Mendeleep nh sau:
p=(m/Vm)RT

II. ng dng
p sut thm thu l mt trong nhng ng lc vn chuyn cht qua mng mt cch th ng. Mng t bo cho nc qua mng: vo hoc ra v lun lun gi th cn bng i vi mi trng. Ngha l mng gi cho t bo c p sut thm thu c nh. Tnh cht thm thu ca mng gi l tnh thm (osmos).

ng v quan im sinh hc, Do s chnh lch p sut thm thu trong v ngoi mng, gy ra cc hin tng u trng, nhc trng, ng trng. a) Dung dch ng trng (isotonic): c p sut thm thu bng p sut thm thu ca t bo. V d: nu ta cho t bo thc vt vo dung dch ng trng th t bo cht khng thay i. b) Dung dch nhc trng (hypotonic): c p sut thm thu thp hn p sut thm thu ca t bo. V d: nu cho t bo thc vt vo dung dch ny th nc s i vo t bo, t bo trng ln. c) Dung dch u trng (hypertonic): c p sut thm thu cao hn p sut thm thu ca t bo.

V d: nu cho t bo thc vt vo dung dch ny th nc t t bo i ra v lm cho t bo teo li, t bo cht tch khi mng cellulose. Nh vy p sut thm thu ng vai tr quan trng i vi hot ng sng ca t bo.

Qua y cho ta thy r ngha ca sinh vt thch nghi vi mi trng. Cc sinh vt sng trong nc ngt c s khc bit rt ln gia nng ca mi trng bn trong v bn ngoi t bo. V vy, chng phi hn ch s xm nhp ca nc vo bn trong t bo, bng cch c hng s thm thu rt nh. Nu khng, chng phi tiu ph nng lng dng tng nc ra khi t bo, hoc th tch t bo phi thay i ph thuc vo s thay p sut thm thu ca mi trng. V d nh trng cu gai hot ng ging nh mt thm thu k, ngha l th tch trng cu gai thay i ty theo s thay i ca p sut thm thu ca mi trng.

A. THC VT
Nh hin tng thm thu r cy c th ht nc vo. Nc t t vo lng ht ri vo mch g ca r theo c ch thm thu, tc l t ni c p sut thm thu thp n ni c p sut thm thu cao.

 Cy hp th nc qua h thng r nh s chnh lch p sut thm thu (tng dn t t n mch g). Nc b y t r ln thn do mt lc y gi l p sut r th hin qua hin tng git.

 Cy ly c nc v cht khong t t khi nng mui tan trong t nh hn nng dch bo ca r, tc p sut thm thu v sc ht nc ca r cy phi ln hn p sut thm thu v sc ht nc ca t. Nu mn ca t tng cao n mc sc ht nc ca t vt qu sc ht nc ca r th chng nhng cy khng ly c nc trong t m cn mt nc vo t. Vic tng p sut thm thu trong t mn qu mc l nguyn nhn quan trng nht gy hi cho cy trng trn t mn.

 S iu chnh thm thu

Do p sut thm thu ca cy thp hn ca t nn cy khng ht c nc. Cc thc vt chu mn c kh nng t iu chnh thm thu lm tng p sut thm thu trong t bo vt qu p sut thm thu ca t. Tc v thi gian iu chnh thm thu ph thuc vo loi thc vt.

Ngi ta o c tc iu chnh thm thu trung bnh l 1atm/ngy. Tc ny ch theo kp cc bin i xy ra trong t mn. Tu thuc vo thc vt m c cch iu chnh thm thu khc nhau.

Mt s thc vt c kh nng tng hp v tch lu mt s cht hu c n gin, c phn t lng thp tng p sut thm thu. Cc cht tch lu ch yu l cc axit hu c, axit amin, ng. Khi gp mi trng mn, trong cy lp tc tng hp cc cht hu c nhm ny t iu chnh p sut thm thu ca chnh mnh. Ngoi ra, cc hp cht prolin, betain, putressin cng c hnh thnh khi b mn.

B. NG VT
1. C NC NGT
C nc ngt hp thu hu ht lng nc m chng cn qua da nh c ch thm thu bng cch i nht . Do vy trong c th c tr nn u trng nn hp th ch ng cc cht mui khong thit yu t mi trng xung quanh b li lng mui mt qua nc tiu v khuych tn qua mang c.

2. C NC MN
Hu ht c nc mn (c ui, c mp, c mt - Hagfish c c ch iu ho thm thu khc) thc cht hp thu nc khi chng h hp, v nc mui ht nc lin tc ra khi c th c ngc li vi qu trnh h hp, do c th c nhc trng hn so vi mi trng xung quanh nn chng phi ly vo mt lng nc rt ln v bi tit ch ng cc ion mui khc nhau (mi trng c thm thu thp).

c. Lng c nc ngt
Xt v phng din iu ha ASTT, s iu ha ca lng c tng i ging c xng. Hu ht cc lng c sng nc ngt v da ca lng c trng thnh l c quan iu ha ASTT chnh. Khi chng sng di nc, c dng nc thm thu i vo c th. Nc ny sau c loi ra nc tiu.

Tuy nhin c s mt mt cc cht ha tan (solutes) c nc tiu v da. cn bng s mt mt ny, lng c tch cc ly mui t mi trng c nng mui rt long.

d. Lng c sng nc mn
Thng thng th cc loi lng c khng tn ti c trong mi trng nc mn trong vi gi, tuy nhin c ngoi l. Ngoi l ny mt loi ch sng vng ng Nam l Rana cancrovora, mt loi ch n cua (crab-eating frog), c kch thc nh, b ngoi ging ch, sng cc m ly nc l vng ven bin. Chng c th bi v kim thc n trong nc hon ton cha nc mn.

Da ca ch thm nc, do cch n gin hn ngn chn mt nc chnh l duy tr mt nng thm thu nh vi mi trng. ngn chn mt nc bng cch tng nng mui bn trong c th

3. I VI CON NGI
Li dng c ch p sut thm thu ngc chy thn nhn to cho bnh nhn Mu t ng mch qua bm mu c p lc cao , qua "qu lc" hay "b lc". Thay v nc bn ngoi thm thu vo b loc th cc cht thi b "vt" ra bn ngoi, khuch tn vo dch lc v bn trong l mu c p lc cao.

T bo hng cu cha h thng thm thu nn ng vai tr quan trng trong vn chuyn

Hin tng u trng, nhc trng, ng trng hng cu do s chnh lch mi trng bn trong v bn ngoi t bo

- Nu ASTT ca hng cu v huyt tng l bng nhau, th hng cu vn gi nguyn c cc hnh dng v kch thc ca n. - Nu cho hng cu vo dung dch mui NaCl c ASTT ln hn ASTT ca hng cu, th hng cu s b teo li. Dung dch mui NaCl c gi l dung dch u trng.

- Nu b hng cu vo dung dch nhc trng c ASTT nh hn ASTT ca hng cu, nc s i vo hng cu, hng cu s c cng phng dn ln v nu cng phng ln qu mc th s b v ra - ASTT mu ca con ngi v ng vt c v ni chung l gn tng ng vi ASTT dung dch mui NaCl c nng 0,9% v c gi l dung dch nc mui sinh l, l dung dch ng trng. Trong thc nghim sinh l, ngi ta dng cc dung dch sinh l c p sut thm thu bng p sut thm thu ca mu ng vt, v d nh dung dch ringe.

THM THU NGC

Thm thu ngc ngi ta dng mt p lc y ngc nc t ni c hm lng mui/ khong cao thm qua mt loi mng c bit n ni khng c hoc c t mui/ khong hn.