Chapter 2

OSH in OIL & GAS INDUSTRIES ACTS AND REGULATIONS ON SAFETY AND HEALTH OF MALAYSIA RELATED
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Ghazi Faisal Najmuldeen

Ghazi Faisal Najmuldeen

Ghazi Faisal Najmuldeen

Ghazi Faisal Najmuldeen

HISTORY OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT

The code of laws of Babylonian king Hammurabi (circa 2200 B.C.) Hammurabi prescribed punishment of overseers (supervisors) for injuries suffered by workers In 1943, a German physician, Ellensburg, published the first known pamphlets on occupational diseases

Code of Laws of Hummurabi 2200) BC) King of Babylon (CONSTRUCTION LAW)

If a builder built a house for a man and do not make its construction firm and the house which he has built collapse and cause death of the owner of the house - the builder shall put to death ( Eye for Eye & Tooth for Tooth Law ) If it cause the death of the son of the owner of the house- they shall put to death a son of the builder If it cause the death of a slave of the owner of the house- he shall give the owner of house of slave of equal value If it destroy property, he shall restore whatever is destroyed, and because he did not make the house which he built firm and collapsed, he shall rebuilt the house which collapsed at his own expense If a builder built a house for a man and do not make its construction meet requirements and a wall fall in, that builder shall strength the wall at his own expense
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GLOBAL - WORK-RELATED INJURIES AND DISEASES 270 million accidents 2 million work-related deaths 160 million work related diseases 4% of gross domestic product is lost Source: International Labor Organization (ILO)

MALAYSIA ACCIDENT STATISTIC 1992-2003

Total Accident Reported per 1,000 employee
25 20
Accident Reported

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21.2 17.7
15.4

14 10.5 10.1 10.7 10.7 9.7 10.3 7.4

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10

5 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Source: SOCSO
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Reported Accident
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 5000 0

Agriculture, Forrestry, Fishing Mining & Quarrying

Manufacturing
Reported

Electricity, Gas, Water, Sanitary Construction

Accident Statistics 2003

Type of Industry
Permanent Disability Death

Trading

Transportation

Financial & Insurance

ACCIDENT STATISTIC BY INDUSTRY

Services

Public Services
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HISTORY OF MALAYSIAS OSH LEGISLATION

Selangor Boiler Enactment Perak Boiler Machinery Ordinance Machinery Enactment Factory Acts Lift Regulation Lead Regulation Noise Regulation Mineral Dust Regulation Asbestos Regulation Occupational Safety & Health Act

1892 1903 1913 1932 1967 1970 1984 1989 1989 1991 1994

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The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) (formerly known as the Factories and Machinery Department) first started as a small division in the Mines Department - inspect steam boilers used in the mines.

After second war, the division known as the Machinery Department and was separated from the Mines Department - to ensure safety in the use of all machinery used in mines, and the manufacturing industries.
Ordinance was replaced by the Factories and Machinery Act; 1967 - due to increase use of chemicals (pose greater hazard)

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The Factories and Machinery Act 1967 FMA Regulations

Factories And Machinery (Steam Boiler And Unfired Pressure Vessel) Regulations 1970 Factories And Machinery (Electric Passenger And Goods Lift) Regulations 1970 Factories And Machinery (Fencing Of Machinery And Safety) Regulations 1970 Factories And Machinery (Persons In Charge) Regulations 1970 Factories And Machinery (Safety, Health And Welfare) Regulations 1970 Factories And Machinery (Administration) Regulations 1970
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The Factories and Machinery Act 1967 Regulations

Factories And Machinery (Certificates Of Competency) Regulations 1970 Factories And Machinery (Notification, Certificate Of Fitness and Inspection) Regulations 1970 Factories And Machinery (Building Operations And Work Of Engineering Construction) (safety) Regulations 1970

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FACTORIES AND MACHINERY (FENCING OF MACHINERY AND SAFETY) REGULATIONS 1970 (REVISED - 1983)
PART I - GENERAL CONDITIONS PART II - PRIME MOVERS PART III - TRANSMISSION MACHINERY PART IV - DRIVEN MACHINERY PART V - DUTIES AND LIABILITIES

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The existing Factories and Machinery Act 1967 is regarded as inadequate due to: covers only premises defined as factories; large section of economic activities such as logging, agriculture and fishing are left out legislations neglect human and organizations factors legislations out of date encourages too much dependence on state regulation and rather too little on personal responsibility and voluntary, self-generation effort. most important single reason for accident at work is apathy - Robens committee.
Apathy will not be cured as long as people are encouraged to think that safety and health can be ensured by an ever expanding body of legal regulations enforced by an ever-increasing army of inspectors.
Apathy indifference, lack of interest, lack of concern, laziness, boredom
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In 1985, Factories and Machinery Department has been charged with the responsibility of enforcing The Petroleum (Safety Measures)Act 1984 to ensure the Safety of Workers and the public in the storage, handling and transportation of petroleum. Under this Act, two Regulations have been made and enforced namely: Petroleum (Safety Measures) (Transportation of Petroleum By Pipelines) Regulations 1985 Petroleum (Safety Measures) (Transportation of Petroleum By Water) Regulation 1985.
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Cont

On enforcement of safety of gas utilization, JBEG set up a division known as Bahagian Kawal Selia Gas. Personnel from DOSH were seconded to JBEG.

The Gas Supply Act 1994 was promulgated to control the tariff and register the contractors carrying out the gas reticulation system to commercial and domestic users

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Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984 (ACT 302)

The Parliament has approved the Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984 under the power of the Prime Minister. It has been agreed by the Parliament that certain sections of the Act be enforced by DOSH and include the following:

An Act to consolidate (combine) laws relating to safety in the: Transportation, Storage Utilization of petroleum and to provide for matters relating thereto.

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Act 302; Gazetted on the 28th. June 1984; Act A807 (Amendment) Gazetted on 12th. Sept 1991: Revocation of unnecessary provision; Adding new provisions;

The Act was enforced in March 1985 and consists of eleven parts: Part I - Preliminary Provisions (definitions of terminologies used under the Act) Part II - Transportation of Petroleum by Road and Railway

Part III - Transportation on Petroleum by Water.

Part IV - Transportation of Petroleum by Air Part V - Transportation of Petroleum by Pipelines

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Cont.

Part VI - Storage and Handling of Petroleum Part VII - Utilisation of Equipment, Gadget, Materials, Plants, Appliances, Buildings, Structures and Installations. Part VIII - Existing Equipment, Gadget, Materials, Plants, Appliances, Buildings, Structures and Installations. Part IX - General Powers for Rectification Part X - Liability Part XI - General

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ACT 302

PART I PRELIMINARY Short title, commencement and application. 2. Interpretation. Petroleum classes: Class I to Class III (as the flash point and boiling point) "Class I petroleum" means petroleum having flash points below 37.8C; "Class IA petroleum" means petroleum having flash points below 22.8C and having a boiling point below 37.8C; "Class IB petroleum" means petroleum having flash points below 22.8C and having a boiling point at or above 37.8C; "Class IC petroleum" means petroleum having flash points at or above 22.8C and below 37.8C;
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Cont

Class II petroleum" means petroleum having flash points at or above 37.8C and below 60C; "Class III petroleum" means petroleum having flash points at or above 60C; "Class IIIA petroleum" means petroleum having flash points at or above 60C and below 93.4C; "Class IIIB petroleum" means petroleum having flash points at or above 93.4C;

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cont

Petroleum Any mineral oil or relative hydrocarbon and natural gas in its natural state petroleum spirit including bituminous rock and other layered deposits from which oil can be obtained, including petroleum products; Inspector: An Inspector of Petroleum appointed under Section 38; Handling: Act of touch, feel, grip, move or cast by hand or assisted by any means; Storage: Including processing, distribution or transfer of petroleum: placed in the store, or arrange in a place or in an aircraft, motor vehicles, trailers or motor vessel; Licensed premises: Premises licensed for the storage and handling of petroleum;

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Petroleum products - SCHEDULE 2 - SECTION 2 (1)

. Methane, ethane, propane, butane or hydrocarbons which may consist of one or more of the above gases, either in the form of gas or liquid.

gasoline; . Naphtha reformat; kerosene; diesel; Fuel Oil; A base oil; Lubricant oil; Asphalt / Bitumen; Grease and Wax

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PART II - TRANSPORTATION OF PETROLEUM BY ROAD AND TRAIN Main provisions . Permitted conveyance of petroleum by road or railway. No person shall convey by road or railway any petroleum except in accordance with this Act and regulations made thereunder. Delivery must comply with the provisions of the Act and Regulations; Power of Minister to make rules for the safety of persons and property; Employees notified of the provisions of the Act / Regulations; Offense - fine;
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PART III - PETROLEUM TRANSPORT BY WATER

Permitted loading, unloading and discharging of petroleum. (1) No petroleum shall be loaded or unloaded or discharged except at a port, or at such other place as is appointed for that purpose by the Minister by notification in the Gazette. Prohibition on entry of vessels carrying petroleum without the permission of the port officer; Duties of the arrival of the vessel told the Inspector of Petroleum by the master / owner / agent

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PART IV - PETROLEUM TRANSPORT BY AIR

Main provisions Nothing other than petroleum that is used to move the aircraft may be transported, except with the consent of the Minister; PART V - TRANSPORTATION OF PETROLEUM IN PIPELINE Through the Pipeline Consent of the Minister of any pipeline work; Pipeline works: inspect, maintain, coordinate, improve, alter or renew pipelines; open the land for the purposes of the above;
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PART VI - HANDLING AND STORAGE OF PETROLEUM

Prohibition of Petroleum Storage and Handling of petroleum without a license; Power of Minister to make rules in special circumstances: Any class of petroleum is likely to affect the safety or health; Labelling of petroleum and container label information; Delivery of notice of accident by the population within 24 hours to the Minister; (loss of life or personal injury caused by an explosion or fire) Accident investigation conducted by any person directed by the Minister;

Offense to insult the person conducting the inquiry: The maximum prison: three months or a maximum fine of RM2 000 or both;

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Cont

. Exempted categories of petroleum.

(a) 95 litres or less of Class IA petroleum; (b) 450 litres or less of Class IB, IC, II or III petroleum; (c) 225 litres or less of Class IB, IC, Class II or III petroleum in one portable tank; (d) a supply of one day or less necessary for industrial use; and (e) 50 kilograms or less of liquefied petroleum gas in cylinders awaiting use in domestic premises:

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PART VII - USE OF EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, MATERIALS, PLANT, EQUIPMENT, BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES AND INSTALLATIONS

Power of Minister to declare equipment, plant, materials, and other than those approved; Type-approved: The equipment has been tested and found safe and suitable for use; Verification and tests carried out by the authorities; The Minister may vary the list and other equipment that has been approved; Application of the Act for the purpose of: Commercial / industrial; Domestic: those who sell / offer for sale; Use in any licensed premises with the approval of the Minister; Correction of which can not be used within three years;
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PART IX - GENERAL POWERS OF CORRECTION

Power of Minister to make corrections in Part VII and Part VIII

PART X LIABILITIES Users responsibility in respect of any plans, buildings, installations, equipment or apparatus to be verified in accordance with the Act and regulations;

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PART XI GENERAL

Delegation of powers to any other person or authority; Appointment by the Minister and the Inspector for enforcement; Free admission Inspector or Police Officer (rank of Sergeant) in any premises; Exclusion Act and Regulations: Armed Forces and Royal Malaysian Police Federation, any other force; Federal Government General Powers of Minister to make regulations; prescribe codes of practice; Collection of fees for the license or permit under Part VI or any rule is the result of the authority;
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Regulations
The rules, procedure, administrative codes etc. set by authorities or governmental agencies to achieve its objective.

Under this Act, two Regulations have been made and enforced namely:
PETROLEUM (SAFETY MEASURES) (TRANSPORTATION OF PETROLEUM BY PIPELINES) REGULATIONS 1985 PETROLEUM (SAFETY MEASURES) (TRANSPORTATION OF PETROLEUM BY WATER) REGULATIONS 1985

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PETROLEUM (SAFETY MEASURES) (TRANSPORTATION OF PETROLEUM BY PIPELINES) REGULATIONS 1985 Publication : 28th February 1985 Date of coming into operation : 1st March 1985

PART I PRELIMINARY
Regulation 1. Citation and commencement. Regulation 2. Interpretation.

PART II - TRANSPORTATION OF PETROLEUM BY PIPELINES

Regulation 3. Application and non-application. Regulation 4. Design, etc., shall meet requirements. Regulation 5. Permission for installation. Regulation 6. Permission for operating.
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Cont

Regulation 7. Maximum allowable pressure. Regulation 8. Records. Regulation 9. Inspection. Regulation 10. Notice. Regulation 11. Appeal. Regulation 12. Facilities to be afforded. Regulation 13. Dangerous occurrence. Regulation 14. No modification without permission. Regulation 15. Existing pipelines and exemptions. Regulation 16. Penalty. Regulation 17. Repeal. (Abolish)
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Regulation 3. Application and non-application.

(1) These Regulations shall apply to (a) pipelines transporting liquid petroleum between production facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, service stations, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving points;

(b) pipelines transporting natural gas from the outlet of separators or traps at gas wells until the outlet of the customer's meter set assembly including the gas processing plants, matering and regulating stations; and

Con..

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Cont

(c) distribution piping in a liquefied petroleum gas system from the first stage regulator of the storage tank to the outlet of the customer's meter set assembly. (2) The Regulation shall not apply to (a) pipelines within petroleum refineries and gas processing plants; (b) pipelines within industrial plants, bulk plants and service stations; and (c) piping systems from the point of delivery to the connections with each gas utilisation device.

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Regulation 4. Design, etc., shall meet requirements.

(1) Subject to subregulation (2), all the design, fabrication, installation, testing and the safety aspect of operation and maintenance of petroleum and gas pipeline shall meet the requirements of the American National Standard Institute Code for(a) Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping System ANSI/ASME B 31.4; or (b) Pressure Piping Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping System ANSI/ASMEB 31.8.

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Regulation 5. Permission for installation.

(1) No person shall install or caused to be installed any pipeline unless he or his authorised representative has obtained a written permission from the Approving Authority.

Regulation 6. Permission for operating.

(1) No person shall operate any pipeline unless he or his authorised representative has obtained a written permission from the Approving Authority. Cont
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Cont

(2) For the purpose of a permission under subregulation (1), the owner or his authorised representative shall submit

(a) a latter confirming that the material, design, construction, installation and testing of the pipeline comply with the requirements of regulation 4 and that the pipelines are safe to be operated; (b) a written emergency plan for implementation in the event of the system failure, accident or other emergency. The plan shall include procedures for prompt and remedial action providing for the safety of the public and operating company's personnel, minimising property damage, protecting the environment and limitating accident discharge from pipeline; and (c) a latter confirming that the operating and maintenance procedures are based on the provisions of the Code stipulated in regulation 4 or the other alternative procedures allowed under regulation 4(3).

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Regulation 7. Maximum allowable pressure.

No person shall operate a pipeline at a pressure greater than the maximum allowable pressure approved by the Approving Authority.

Regulation 8. Records. (1) The following records shall be maintained by the operator and shall be produced for inspection when so directed by the Approving Authority:
(a) written training procedure for the safe operations of the pipeline; (b) written maintenance schedule for the pipeline; (c) corrosion mitigation record; (d) inspection record on the condition of the pipeline, safety equipment and its related facilities; (e) failure investigation and remedial steps taken; (f) any modification work on the pipeline; and (g) written procedure for abandoning the pipeline.
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Regulation 9. Inspection.

(1) Pipelines during installation and in operation shall be subjected to inspection by the Approving Authority. (2) The Approving Authority shall after considering any representation made by the owner or operator, determine the type of inspection and the interval between inspections.

Cont

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Cont. (3) If during any inspection an Inspector is of the opinion that any part of the pipeline that is being installed or has been installed is likely to cause danger to life or damage to property, he shall serve a notice in writing to the owner, operator or contractor as the case may be, requiring such defects to be made good or removed within such period as he may specify (hereinafter) referred to as "grace period") and such part of the pipeline shall not be continued to be installed or operated after such grace period unless such defect has been made good or removed to the satisfaction of the Inspector: Provided that if the Inspector is of the opinion that the defects is likely to cause immediate danger to life and property, he shall, without waiting for a notice to be served on the owner, operator or contractor, immediately prohibit the installation or operation of such part of pipeline until such defect is made good or removed to the satisfaction of the Inspector. (4) Any person who failed to comply with any notice or order given under subregulation (3) shall be guilty of an offence under this regulation.
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Regulation 13. Dangerous occurrence.

(1) The owner, operator or contractor of a pipeline or his authorised representative shall immediately notify the Approving Authority of (a) any dangerous occurrence which may affect the safety of any pipeline while it is being installed or operated; and (b) any gas leak which (i) causes death or personal injury requiring hospitalisation of any person; (ii) requires the taking of any segment of a pipeline our of service; (iii) results in gas ignition; or (iv) represents an existing or probable hazard to persons or property. cont.. 46

Cont

(2) An owner or operator of a pipeline shall, as soon as he becomes aware of any defect in the pipeline or any circumstance which would affect the safety of the pipeline(a) rectify the defect or circumstance so as to ensure the safety of the pipeline (b) cease to operate the pipeline if the defect or circumstance cannot be made good or removed and inform the Approving Authority.

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Regulation 14. No modification without permission.

(1) Subject to subregulation (2), no person shall commence any modification work on a pipeline which affect the basic design and specification such as the maximum design operating pressure, maximum design operating temperature, type of fluid to be carried and change route unless a written permission from the Approving Authority is obtained. (2) In any emergency where it is necessary to put an end or prevent imminent danger to life and property or to prevent serious interruption of the conveyance of petroleum by pipeline, such modification as specified in subsection (1) may be carried out and the Approving Authority shall be informed immediately of such modifications.

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Regulation 16. Penalty.

Any person who contravenes any provision of these Regulations shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding twenty thousand ringgit and in the case of a continuing offence, he shall be liable to a further fine not exceeding five thousand ringgit for each or part of the day during which the offence continues.

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OSHA Early September 1985, a national Advisory Council for Occupational Safety and Health was set up (representative from private & government agencies) The Council discussed thoroughly the drafted copy of the Occupation Safety and Health Act (OSHA) and studied the comments put forward by the members and the Public. In 1993 the OSHA was tabled in Parliament and the Act was enforced in 1994. This Act supplements the existing Factories and Machinery Act 1967. Beginning of 1994, the Factories and Machinery Department has been renamed as the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) to enforce OSHA.
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PHILOSOPHY OF THE OSH ACT

Responsibilities to ensure safety and health at the workplace lies with those who create the risk and those who work with the risk. Self-regulation; Consultation; and Workers cooperation and participation.

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OBJECTIVES OF THE OSH ACT

Secure the safety and health of person at work Protect persons at work other than employees

Promote an appropriate and suitable environment for persons at work (physiological & psychological needs)
enable previous legislation to be replaced by regulations and approved industry codes of practice operating in combination with OSHA 1994 in order to enhance safety and health
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STRUCTURE OF LEGISLATION

ACT (Policies) (Law passed by Parliament) OSHA 1994 Factory and Machinery Act 1967 REGULATIONS (Details) (Law approved by relevant Ministries) OSHA(Safety and Health Officer) OSHA (Safety & Health Committee) GUIDELINES (Implementation) (Guides for use issued by relevant Departments) First Aid Formulation of Safety Data sheet
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ENFORCEMENT DEPARTMENT

Department Of Occupational Safety & Health (DOSH/JKKP)

under Ministry Of Human Resources

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SCOPE OF APPLICATION
EXCEPT : On board ships; and
Armed Forces.

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First Schedule
Manufacturing

SCOPE

1. 2.

Wholesale and Retail Trade

Public services and statutory authorities

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Definitions

act of law legal event' (such as transfer of title) triggered by, but not resulting from, the acts of individuals (such as purchase or sale of a property). Regulations The rules, procedure, administrative codes etc. set by authorities or governmental agencies to achieve its objective. The regulations are therefore applicable only within the jurisdiction or purpose for which such regulation are made e.g : Sports The standard playing period for a timed game, prior to overtime or a shootout.

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PROMINENT FEATURE OF THE OSH ACT (13 Parts)

Part 1: Preliminary Part II: Appointment of Officers Part III: National Council for Occupational Safety and Health Part IV: General Duties of Employers and Self Employed Persons Part V: General Duties of Designers, Manufacturers and Suppliers Part VI: General Duties of Employees Part VII: Safety & Health Organizations Part VIII: Notification of Accidents, Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, and Inquiry Part IX: Prohibition against use of Plant or Substance Part X: Industry Code of Practice Part XI: Liability for Offences Part XII: Appeals Part XIII: Regulations
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PART IV DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS & SELF EMPLOYED PERSONS TO EMPLOYEES

Safe plant and systems of work Safe use, storage and handling of plant and substances. Information, instruction, training and supervision. Safe place of work. Safe access and egress (outlet). Written general OSH policy. Not to charge employees for things done or provided. Employer to report accidents, dangerous occurrences, occupational poisonings or diseases to DOSH.

PENALTY RM 50,000 or 2 years jail or both.

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PART V: DUTIES OF DESIGNERS, MANUFACTURERS, IMPORTERS AND SUPPLIERS OF PLANT

Ensure plant is designed and constructed to be safe when properly used. Test and examine plant before it is used. Provide information for safe use. Designers and manufacturers of plant must ensure research and minimize risks. Persons who erect or install plant to ensure it can be used safely. PENALTY RM 20,000 or 2 years jail or both.
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PART VI: DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES

Reasonable care of self and others.

Responsible Care It is an initiative of the chemical industry and adopted by chemical companies to improve continuous HSE performance of their operations and products in manner responsible to the concern of the public

Cooperate to help others discharge their duties. Use protective equipment or clothing provided. Comply with instructions or measures made in accordance with OSH legislation. Not to interfere or misuse things done in accordance with OSH legislation. PENALTY RM 1,000 or 3 months jail or both.
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PART VII: MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

Medical surveillance and examination, not including medical treatment of preventive in character, for employees to be conducted by the employer.

PART VII: SAFETY & HEALTH OFFICERS

Occupiers in specified industries to employ competent SHO at place of work.

PART VII: SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEES

Compulsory for employees of 40 or more

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PART VIII: NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS, DANGEROUS OCCURRENCES, OCCUPATIONAL POISONING, DISEASES AND INJURY Employer shall notify the nearest DOSH office of any accident, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational disease which has occurred or likely to occur at the place of work.

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OSHA 1994 - Regulations

Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard Regulations 1996 Safety and Health Committee Regulations 1996 Safety and Health Officer Regulations 1997 Classification, Packaging and Labeling of Hazardous Chemicals Regulations 1997 USECHH Regulations 2000 Safety and Health Officer Orders 1997 Prohibition of Use of Substance Order 1999 Notification Of Accidents, Dangerous Occurrences, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Diseases 2004 (NADOPOD)
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Laws on Occupational Safety & Health

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA) Factories and Machinery Department 1967 (FMA) Fire Services Act 1988 Uniform Building By-Law 1984 Petroleum Safety Measures Act 1984 Gas Supply Act 1993 Diesel and Gas Storage Requirement Electricity Supply Act 1990 Poison Act 1952 Pesticide Act 1974 Road Transport Act 1987 Atomic Energy Licensing Act Environmental Quality Act 1974

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Assignment 1

Write a short assay for the following

Each Group select an Oil & Gas plant incident and Discuss the following: When did it happened Casualties Why did it happen , what went wrong? Your Recommendation to avoid such an incident Date due Tuesday 25 sep 2012

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Assignment 2 (Group )

Write a short review on the following regulations; OSH Act 1994.......................................G5. Gas Supply Act 1993..G7. Gas Supply Regulations 1997..G1. Energy CommissionG4. Malaysian Standards MS 830G3. Malaysian Standards MS 930 G6. Foreign Standards and Codes of Practice (ANSI/ASME / NFPA/API)..G2. The required elements, among others and not limited to; When they are created Why they are created , objectives, Elements that they stress on To whom the regulations applied to & scope of application How the regulations affected the industries Any other applicable information.(Due date: Tuesday , 2, October 2012)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

THANK YOU

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