1.

Ad Hominem - the argument is shifted away from the real issues and directed toward the personality or character of some person involved 2. Ad Populum - (Latin: "appeal to the people") argument that concludes a proposition to be true because many or all people believe it
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3. Ad Verecundiam - An argument using respect for great individuals, customs, institutions,

and authority in an attempt to strengthen one's argument and provide an illusion of proof.

4. False Authority - defective induction, where it is argued that a statement is correct because the statement is made by a person or source that is commonly regarded as authoritative 5. Ad Misericordiam - argument meant to sway by compassion or pity 6. Non sequitur - a line of reasoning that does not follow the original argument 7. False Analogy - is where an invalid conclusion is drawn from a comparison between two apparently similar situations 8. Post Hoc - argument in which one event is emphasized to be the cause of a later event simply by virtue of having happened earlier 9. Hasty Generalization - faulty generalization based on insufficient evidence essentially making a quick conclusion without considering all of the variables 10. Stereotyping - There are national, regional, religious, racial and many other kinds of stereotypes. Can be dangerous because they encourage thinking of people in terms of groups rather than as individuals. 11. Straw man - argument based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position. To "attack a straw man" is to create the illusion of substituting a superficial but similar yet concept (straw man") and proving it wrong

12. Petitio Principii (assuming the initial point) a logical fallacy in which a premise is assumed to be true without warrant or the answer is in response to begging the question 13. Complex Question An argument which involves implying something without stating it explicitly, by phrasing it as a question. For example, the question "Does Mr. Jones have a brother in jail?" 14. Slippery Slope - Arguments falsely assume that one thing must lead to another. Ex. Buy a punk album you will eventually buy more and shave your head and wear a mohawk. 15. Equivocation - occurs particularly in arguments involving words that have a multiplicity of meanings, such as capitalism, government, regulation, inflation, depression, expansion, and progress. . . .There are times, however, when use of such a fallacy is valid because it makes a good rhetorical point, such as this comment from Benjamin Franklin: If we don't hang together, we will hang separately. 16. Oversimplification is a fallacy of questionable cause that occurs when it is assumed that there is a single, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly sufficient causes. 17. Double Standard - is the application of different sets of principles for similar situations, or to different people in the same situation 18. Either/Or - an unavoidable choice or exclusive division between only two alternatives 19. Smoke Screen -An attempt to cloud or confuse the real issue with irrelevant facts 20. Red Herring when an irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue. Leads attention away from the argument and to another topic.