1.

REAL NUMBERS

Sistem bilangan

N: 1,2,3,. Z: ,-2,-1,0,1,2,..
N : natural number Z : integer Q : rational number R : real number
Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Q:

a q = , a, b Z , b 0 b R = Q Irrational
Irrational number :

2 , 3,

Garis bilangan
The real number corresponding to a point on the line (real line)

-3

0 1

Interval A line segment on a real line is said interval

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Intervals
Set notation Interval notation ( , a ) { x < a} x Geometric picture
a a a a b b b b

{ x a} x { a < x < b} x { a x b} x { x > b} x { x b} x { x } x

( , a]

(a, b) [a, b]
(b, )

[b, ) (, )

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Properties of Real Number

Order properties :
Trichotomy Let x and y are real numbers, then either x < y or x > y or x=y Transitive If x < y and y < z then x < z Multiplication Let z is a positive number and x < y then xz < yz. Let z is a negative number and x < y then xz > yz

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Inequality
Inequality :
A( x ) D( x ) < B(x ) E (x )

where A(x), B(x), D(x), E(x) are polynomial and B(x) 0, E(x) 0

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

A solution of an inequality in an unknown x is a value for x that makes the inequality a true statement.

Steps to find solution of inequality :

1. Write inequality as :
P( x) <0 Q( x)

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Pertidaksamaan
2. Factoring P(x) and Q(x) into a product linear factors (ax+b) and/or irreducible quadratic factors ( ax + bx + c with b 4ac < 0 )
2 2

3. Find zeros of linear factor and put these point on real line 4. Use test points to find sign plus(+) or minus(-)

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Example Solve
1

13 2 x 3 5
13 + 3 2 x 5 + 3
16 2 x 8

8 x4 4 x8
Solution = [4,8] 4 8

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

2 < 6 4x 8
8 < 4 x 2

8 > 4 x 2 2 4x < 8

1 solution = ,2 2

1 x<2 2

12

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

2x2 5x 3 < 0

(2 x + 1)(x 3) < 0
1 Zeros : x = 2
++ --

and
++ 3

x=3

1 Solution = ,3 2
Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

4 2 x 4 6 7 x 3x + 6 and 6 7 x 3x + 6 2x 4 6 7 x

2x + 7 x 6 + 4
9 x 10 10 x 9 10 x 9
and and and

and 7 x 3x 6 + 6

10 x 0
10 x 0

x0

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

10 Solution= , [0, ) 9

10

Thus

10 solution = 0, 9
Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

1 2 < 5. x + 1 3x 1 1 2 <0 x + 1 3x 1

--1

++
1 3

-3

++

(3x 1) (2 x + 2) < 0 (x + 1)(3x 1)

x3 <0 (x + 1)(3x 1) 1 ,3 Zero : -1, 3

1 Solution= ( ,1) ,3 3

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

The Inequality with Absolute Value

Definition : The absolute value of real number x is defined by

x ,x 0 x = x , x < 0
Geometrically : |x| is distance from x to original point (0)

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Properties of absolute value : 1 2 4 5

x =

x2

x a, a 0 a x a x a 3 x a, a 0 x a or
x y x2 y2

x x = y y
x+ y x + y

6. The triangle inequality

x y x y

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Example
Solve : 1. 2 x 5 < 3 Use second properties

3 < 2 x 5 < 3 5 3 < 2x < 3 + 5 2 < 2x < 8 1< x < 4 Solution = (1,4 )

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

2. 2 x + 3 4 x + 5 Use the fourth properties

(2 x + 3) (4 x + 5)
2

3x + 7 x + 4 0
2

4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 16 x 2 + 40 x + 25 12 x 2 28x 16 0

4 , -1 zero: 3
Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Plot zero on real line :

++
4 3

--1

++

4 Solution = [ , 1] 3

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

3. 3 x 2 x + 1 2 Use definition of absolute value :

x 2 x 2 x2 = 2 x x < 2

x + 1 x 1 x +1 = x 1 x < 1

Real line is divided into 3 interval :

I ( ,1) -1

[ 1,2)
2

II

[2, )

III

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

I. For x < 1

3 x 2 x + 1 2
3(2 x ) ( x 1) 2

6 3x + x + 1 2
7 2 x 2 2 x 9

2x 9
9 x 2
or

9 , 2

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

9 Solution1 = , ( ,1) 2

-1 Thus Solution1 =

( ,1)

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

II. For 1 x < 2

3 x 2 x + 1 2

3(2 x ) ( x + 1) 2 6 3x x 1 2 5 4 x 2 4 x 7

4x 7
7 x 4
or

7 , 4

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

7 Solution2 = , [ 1,2 ) 4

-1

thus

7 Solution2 = 1, 4
Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Contoh : Menentukan Himpunan Penyelesaian

III. For

x2

3 x 2 x + 1 2
3( x 2) ( x + 1) 2

3x 6 x 1 2

2 x 7 2 2x 5
5 x 2

or

5 2 ,

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Contoh : Menentukan Himpunan Penyelesaian

Solution3 = 5 , [2, )

thus

5 Solution3 = , 2
Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Solution =

soluton1 solution2 solution3

7 5 = ( , 1) 1, , 4 2
7 5 = , , 4 2

Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology

Problem
Solve 1 x + 2 1 x
4 2x

x 2 x +1 2 2 x x+3

3 2 x + 3 2x 3 4 x +12 + 2 x + 2 2 5 2x + 3 4x + 5 6 x + 3x 2
Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology