PROBLEM 8.

128
KNOWN: Air flow rate through trachea of diameter D and length L. FIND: (a) Average mass transfer convection coefficient, h m , and (b) Rate of water loss per day (liter/day). SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Trachea can be approximated as a smooth tube with uniform surface temperature, (2) Laminar, fully developed flow, (3) Trachea inner surface is saturated with water at body temperature, Ts = 37C, (4) Negligible water vapor in air at 310 K during inhalation, and (5) Heat-mass analogy is applicable. PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (310 K, 1 atm): B = 1.128 kg/m , = 1.893 10 Ns/m ; Table 3 3 A-6, Water (Ts = 37C = 310 K): A,f = 993 kg/m , A,g = 0.04361 kg/m ; Table A-8, Water-vapor air -4 3/2 -5 2 (310 K, 1 atm): DAB = 0.26 10 (310/298) = 2.76 10 m /s. ANALYSIS: (a) Begin by characterizing the air (B) flow in the trachea modeled as a smooth tube, & & 4m 4 B ReD = = D D
3 -5 2

Re D =

4 10 liter / min 103 m3 / liter 1min/ 60s 1.128 kg / m3

0.020 m 1.893 105 N s / m 2

= 632

Hence, the flow is laminar, and for fully developed conditions and invoking the heat-mass analogy Nu D = Sh D = 3.66 Sh = h m D / D AB
h m = 3.66 D AB / D = 3.66 2.76 105 m 2 / s / 0.020 m = 0.0050 m / s (b) The species (A) transfer rate equation, Eq. 8.83, has the form n A = h m As A,lm

<

A, lm =

( A,s A,m,o ) ( A,s A,m,i ) lm ( A,s A,m,o ) / ( A,s A,m,i )

where the mean outlet species density, A,m,o, can be determined from Eq. 8.86 A,s A,m,o h PL = exp m & A,s A,m,i m

& where m / = u m A c = B . Substituting numerical values with P = D, find

A,m,o = 0.009233
A

n A = 1.54 106 kg / s

The volumetric rate of water loss on a daily basis, assuming a 12 hour inhalation period, is & V = 1.54 106 kg / s / 993 kg / m3 103 liter / m3 ( 3600 s / h 24 h / day )

& VA = 0.134 liter / day