CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 WHAT IS AC TO DC CONVERTOR?

A AC TO DC CONVERTOR IS A DEVICE WHICH CONVERT THE ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) FROM THE MAINS TO A DIRECT CURRENT (DC) . 1.2 WHY THE CONVERTOR IS NEEDED . IN MANY ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES WE NEED OFTENLY DC SUPPLY,HENCE THE DEVICE CONVERTOR IS USED THAT CONVERTS REGULATED AC SUPPLY IN TO DC. THIS DC OUTPUT ARE USED IN A GREAT VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS, FOR EXAMPLE, SUCH AS CONTROLLING DC MOTORS FOR HOUSEHOLD OR INDUSTRIAL USE (E.G., IN WASHING MACHINES, REFRIGERATORS, DISHWASHERS, INDUSTRIAL MACHINES). SUCH CONVERTERS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS "SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS) . AC TO DC CONVERTERS GENERALLY COMPRISE A RECTIFIER BRIDGE TO RECTIFY THE AC CURRENT OF THE INPUT LINE AND A REGULATING DEVICE SUPPLYING ON OUTPUT OF ONE OR MORE REGULATED DC VOLTAGES.
2

IN CONVERTERS WITHOUT ISOLATION BETWEEN THE CONVERTERS INPUT AND OUTPUT, A NEUTRAL CONDUCTOR OF THE INPUT LINE CAN BE PLACED DIRECTLY ON THE OUTPUT, AND WILL ACT AS VOLTAGE A REFERENCE FOR THE WHOLE CONVERTER.

AC-TO-DC CONVERTERS WHICH RECEIVE POWER FROM

AC POWER MAINS OFTEN RECTIFY THE SINEWAVE (AC) MAINS VOLTAGE AND STORE ENERGY IN A CAPACITOR. THE CAPACITOR GENERALLY CHARGES TO THE PEAK MAINS VOLTAGE SUCH THAT CURRENT ONLY FLOWS INTO THE POWER SUPPLY AROUND THE PEAKS OF THE INPUT VOLTAGE.

MANY AC-DC POWER CONVERTERS EMPLOY POWER FACTOR CORRECTION. THIS IS OFTEN ACCOMPLISHED WITH TWO STAGES IN SERIES, A BOOST CONVERTER INPUT STAGE AND A BUCK CONVERTER SECOND STAGE.

 THE POWER FACTOR CORRECTION (PFC)

TECHNIQUES CAN BE USED TO REDUCE THE HARMONIC CONTENT OF THE INPUT CURRENT BY REFORMING THE INPUT CURRENT INTO WHAT APPROXIMATES A SINEWAVE. SUCH POWER FACTOR CIRCUITS ARE, HOWEVER, GENERALLY COMPLEX.
AC TO DC CONVERTERS NEED POWER FACTOR

CORRECTION IN ORDER TO FULFILL INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS OF LOW INPUT HARMONIC CURRENT CONTENT. A FRONT-END BOOST PFC CONVERTER IS ONE WAY TO OBTAIN GOOD INPUT HARMONIC CURRENT TO MEET THESE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS. ANOTHER DC TO DC CONVERTER IS GENERALLY CASCADED FROM THE FRONT-END BOOST PFC CONVERTER TO PROVIDE A STEADY OUTPUT VOLTAGE.

1.3 HOW THE CONVERTOR WORKS? THE CONVERTOR MAY ALSO BE OF FOLLOWING FORMS: AC TO DC(ALSO CALLED RECTIFIER) DC TO AC(ALSO CALLED INVERTOR) AC TO AC(VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES) DC TO DC(ALSO CALLED CHOPPER)

THE BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A AC TO DC CONVERTOR IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF A DIODE RECTIFIER.

BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

230 V AC SUPPLY

REGULATOR CIRCUIT

REGULATED AC SUPPLY

DIODE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

DC OUTPUT

REGULATED DC 230 VOLT

LOAD

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.WORKING

THE WORKING OF AC TO DC CONVERTOR IS BASICALLY DEVIDED INTO FOLLOWING STAGES. 1. SUPPLY 2. AC REGULATOR(AC TO AC CONVERSION) 3. DIODE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT (AC TO DC CONVERSION) 4. REGULATED DC OUTPUT

2.1 SUPPLY THE INPUT IS 440 VOLT AC SUPPLY GIVEN TO THE 3 PHASE CONVERTOR. HENCE THE PHASE VOLTAGE IN EACH PHASE BECOMES: (440 / 1.732) =254.02 THERE BY THE AVERAGE VALUE OF THE VOLTAGE BECOMES: AVG VALUE=RMS VALUE/FORM FACTOR HENCE = 254.02/1.1=230 V

2.2.REGULATOR CIRCUIT
THE REGULATOR CIRCUIT IS ACTUALLY A VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. THIS AC TO AC CONVERSION DRIVE BASED ON THE CONSTANT V/F RATIO. WHERE, V=VOLTAGE F=FREQUENCY AS THE VOLTAGE INCREASE THE FREQUENCY ALSO INCRESAE AND VICE VERSA. SO IN THE REGULATOR CIRCUIT WE REDUCE THE VOLTAGE THE HELP OF TRANSISTOR FT-12.

2.3 PROPERTY OF THE FT-12

THE TRANSISTOR FT-12 IS WORKING AS HIGH PERFORMANCE PNPN TRIAC.

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 THEY ARE GENERALLY USED FOR THE AC SWITICHING APPLICATION WITH HIGHLY INDUCTIVE LOADS. HENCE WITH THE HELP OF FT-12 WE PERFORM SWITCHING OPERATION IN THE INPUT WAVEFORM,BY WHICH WE GET REGULATED AC SUPPLY. 2.4.DIODE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AFTER GETTING THE REGULATED AC THROUGH THE REGULATOR CIRCUIT IT BECOMES EASY TO GET THE DC O/P FROM THE AC. THE DC O/P IS OBTAINED WITH THE HELP OF BRIDGE RECTIFIER. THE TWO DIODES ARE CONDUCTING DURING THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE AND THEN NEXT DIODES ARE CONDUCTING DURING NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE. HENCE WE GET THE DC O/P IN RESPECTIVE CYCLES.

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2.5 .REGULATED DC OUTPUT THE OUTPUT OF THE DIODE RACTIFIER CIRCUIT IS NOT PURE DC.IT HAS SOME IRREGULAR SHAPE AS WELL AS LOW POWER FACTOR. TO IMPROVE OUTPUT DC WAVESHAPE AS WELL AS THE POWER FACTOR THE CONDENSER IS CONNECTED IN THE OUTPUT,WHICH ALSO ACTS AS THE FILTER CIRCUIT. SO IN ABOVE FOUR STAGES THE WORKING OF THE AC-AC-DC CONVERTOR CAN BE UNDERSTAND.

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3.COMPONENT USED IN THE CIRCUIT

13

3.1FOLLOWING COMPONENTS ARE USED IN THE AC-AC-DC

CONVERTOR:
1. RESISTORS 2. CAPACITORS 3. INDUCTOR COIL 4. TRANSISTOR FT-12 5. DIODES 6. MILI AMMETER 7. DC VOLTMETER 8. ZERO BOARD

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3.2 COMPONENT SPECIFICATION 1. RESISTOR THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF TRANSISTORS ARE USED IN THE CIRCUIT VIZ. VARIABLE RESISTOR AND THE FIXED RESISTORS. VARIABLE RESISTORS ARE USED TO REGULATE THE AC SUPPLY.THE SPECIFICATION ARE GIVEN BELOW: FIXED RESISTOR R1-10 Kilo Ohm FIXED RESISTOR R2-0.1 Kilo Ohm VARIABLE RESISTOR R3-560 Kilo Ohm 2. CAPACITORS THE CAPACITORS ARE USED FOR THE POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT AS WELL AS TO GET THE REGULATED DC OUTPUT. THE SPECIFICATION ARE AS FOLLOWS: PAPER CAPACITOR C1- 0.01 Kilo Farad PAPER CAPACITOR C2- 0.1 Kilo Farad PAPER CAPACITOR C2- 0.5 Kilo Farad
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3.INDUCTOR COIL 4.TRANSISTOR FT-12 RATED INPUT - 23010% V AC 5.AC VOLTMETER FOR EACH PHASE RATING-(0-300 V) 6.AC AMMETER RATING-(0-30 A) 7.DC AMMETER RATING-(0-10 A) 8.DIODE RATING- 6 A 9.ZERO BOARD 10.CONNECTING WIRES

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4.INTRODUCTION TO CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

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INTRODUCTION:THREE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS HAVE A WIDE

RANGE OF APPLICATIONS , FROM SMALL RECTIFIERS TO LARGE HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT SYSTEMS. THEY ARE CURRENT USED OF FOR (HVDC) TRANSMISSION CHEMICAL

ELECTRO

PROCESSES , MANY

KINDS

MOTOR DRIVES, TRACTION

EQUIPMENT, CONTROLLED POWER SUPPLIES, AND MANY OTHER APPLICATIONS. FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE

COMMUTATION PROCESS, THEY CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO IMPORTANT RECTIFIERS CATEGORIES: (THYRISTOR LINECOMMUTATED RECTIFIERS); AND CONTROLLED FORCE

COMMUTATED PWM RECTIFIERS.

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4.1LINE-COMMUTATED CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

(FIG 1.) FIG.1 IS THE THREE - PHASE HALF - WAVE TOPOLOGY . TO CONTROL THE LOAD VOLTAGE, THE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

USES THREE COMMON-CATHODE

THYRISTOR ARRANGEMENT

THEPOWER SUPPLY AND THE TRANSFORMER ARE ASSUMED IDEAL. THE THYRISTOR WILL CONDUCT ( ON STATE ) , WHEN THE ANODE- TO -CATHODE VOLTAGE NAK IS POSITIVE, AND A FIRING CURRENT PULSE IG IS APPLIED TO THE GATE

TERMINAL. DELAYING THE FIRING PULSE BY AN ANGLE A CONTROLS THE LOAD VOLTAGE. SHOW FIG ( 2) THE FIRING ANGLE A IS MEASURED FROM THE CROSSING POINT BETWEEN
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THE PHASE SUPPLY VOLTAGES. AT THAT POINT , THE ANODE TO CATHODE THYRISTOR COLOURFUL RECEPTION IN EVERY FIELD.THYRISTORS VOLTAGE NAK BEGINS TO BE POSITIVE. THE POSSIBLE RANGE FOR GATING DELAY IS BETWEEN A . 0_ AND A . 180_, BUT BECAUSE OF COMMUTATION

FIG (.2 )

PROBLEMS IN ACTUAL SITUATIONS, THE MAXIMUM FIRING ANGLE IS LIMITED TO _160_. WHEN THE LOAD IS RESISTIVE,

CURRENT ID HAS THE SAME WAVEFORM AS THE LOAD VOLTAGE. AS THE LOAD BECOMES MORE AND MORE INDUCTIVE, THE CURRENT FLATTENS AND FINALLY BECOMES CONSTANT. THE THYRISTOR GOES TO THE NONCONDUCTING CONDITION (OFF
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STATE) WHEN THE FOLLOWING THYRISTOR IS SWITCHED ON, OR THE CURRENT TRIES TO REACH A NEGATIVE VALUE. THE LOAD AVERAGE VOLTAGE CAN BE EVALUATED AND IS GIVEN BY

EQ NO ..(1)

WHERE VMAX IS THE SECONDARY PHASE TO -NEUTRAL PEAK VOLTAGE, VRMS ITS ROOT MEAN SQUARE (RMS)

VALUE, AND O IS THE ANGULAR FREQUENCY OF THE MAIN POWER SUPPLY. IT CAN BE SEEN FROM EQ ( 1 ) THAT THE LOAD AVERAGE VOLTAGE VD IS MODIFIED BY CHANGING FIRING ANGLE A. WHEN A IS <90_, VD IS POSITIVE AND WHEN A IS >90_,

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THE AVERAGE DC VOLTAGE BECOMES NEGATIVE.

IN SUCH A CASE, THE RECTIFIER BEGINS TO WORK AS AN INVERTER, AND THE LOAD NEEDS TO BE ABLE TO GENERATE POWER REVERSAL BY REVERSING ITS DC VOLTAGE

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THE AC CURRENTS OF THE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER ARE . THIS DRAWING ASSUMES THAT THE DC CURRENT IS
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CONSTANT (VERY LARGE LD). DISREGARDING COMMUTATION OVERLAP, EACH VALVE CONDUCTS DURING 120 _ PER PERIOD . THE SECONDARY CURRENTS ( AND THYRISTOR CURRENTS ) PRESENT A DC COMPONENT THAT IS UNDESIRABLE , AND MAKES THIS RECTIFIER NOT USEFUL FOR HIGH POWER APPLICATIONS . THE PRIMARY CURRENTS SHOW THE SAME WAVEFORM, BUT WITH THE DC COMPONENT REMOVED.

THIS VERY DISTORTED WAVEFORM REQUIRES AN INPUT FILTER TO REDUCE HARMONICS CONTAMINATION. THE CURRENT WAVEFORMS ARE USEFUL FOR DESIGNING THE POWER TRANSFORMER. STARTING FROM

EQ NO.(2)

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WHERE VAPRIM AND VASEC ARE THE RATINGS OF THE TRANSFORMER FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SIDE, RESPECTIVELY. HERE PD IS THE POWER TRANSFERRED TO THE DC SIDE. THE MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER IS WITH A . 0_ (OR A . 180_). THEN, TO ESTABLISH A RELATION BETWEEN AC AND DC VOLTAGES, EQ (1) FOR A . 0_ IS REQUIRED:

EQ NO.(3)

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AND EQ NO .(4) WHERE A IS THE SECONDARY TO PRIMARY TURN RELATION OF THE TRANSFORMER. ON THE OTHER HAND, A RELATION BETWEEN THE CURRENTS IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN.

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EQ NO .(5) & (6)

COMBINATION OF EQ. (5) & (6)

EQ NO(7) EQUATION (7) SHOWS THAT THE POWER TRANSFORMER HAS TO BE OVERSIZED 21% AT THE PRIMARY SIDE, AND 48% AT THE SECONDARY SIDE. THEN A SPECIAL TRANSFORMER HAS TO BE BUILT FOR THIS RECTIFIER. IN TERMS OF AVERAGE VA, THE TRANSFORMER NEEDS TO BE 35% LARGER THAT THE RATING OF THE DC LOAD. THE LARGER RATING OF THE SECONDARY RESPECT TO PRIMARY IS BECAUSE THE SECONDARY CARRIES A DC COMPONENT INSIDE THE WINDINGS. FURTHERMORE, THE TRANSFORMER IS OVERSIZED BECAUSE THE CIRCULATION OF CURRENT HARMONICS DOES NOT GENERATE ACTIVE POWER.

CORE SATURATION, DUE TO THE DC COMPONENTS INSIDE THE

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SECONDARY

WINDINGS,

ALSO

NEEDS

TO BE TAKEN INTO

ACCOUNT FOR IRON OVERSIZING.

4.2 SIX-PULSE OR DOUBLE STAR RECTIFIER

THE THYRISTOR SIDE WINDINGS OF THE TRANSFORMER FORM A SIX-PHASE (MIDPOINT OVERLAP, EACH VALVE CONDUCTS ONLY DURING 60_ PER PERIOD. THE DIRECT VOLTAGE IS HIGHER THAN THAT FROM THE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER, AND ITS AVERAGE VALUE IS GIVEN BY SYSTEM, RESULTING IN A 6-PULSE STARPOINT

CONNECTION).

DISREGARDING

COMMUTATION

EQ (8)

NO

THE DC VOLTAGE RIPPLE IS ALSO SMALLER THAN THE ONE GENERATED BY THE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER, DUE TO THE
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ABSENCE OF THE THIRD HARMONIC WITH ITS INHERENTLY HIGH AMPLITUDE. THE SMOOTHING REACTOR LD IS ALSO

CONSIDERABLY SMALLER THAN THE ONE NEEDED FOR A 3-PULSE (HALF-WAVE) RECTIFIER. THE AC CURRENTS OF THE 6-PULSE RECTIFIER ARE SHOWN IN FIG. 7. THE CURRENTS IN THE SECONDARY WINDINGS PRESENT A DC COMPONENT, BUT THE MAGNETIC FLUX IS COMPENSATED BY THE DOUBLE STAR. AS CAN BE OBSERVED, ONLY ONE VALVE IS FIRED AT A TIME, AND THEN THIS CONNECTION IN NO WAY CORRESPONDS TO A PARALLEL CONNECTION. THE CURRENTS INSIDE THE DELTA SHOW A SYMMETRICAL WAVEFORM, WITH 60_ CONDUCTION. FINALLY, DUE TO THE PARTICULAR TRANSFORMER CONNECTION SHOWN IN FIG. 12.6, THE SOURCE CURRENTS WITH ALSO 120_ SHOW A

SYMMETRICAL

WAVEFORM,

BUT

CONDUCTION.

EVALUATION OF THE RATING OF THE TRANSFORMER IS DONE INSIMILAR FASHION TO THE WAY THE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER IS EVALUATED

EQ NO (9)

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THUS, THE TRANSFORMER MUST BE OVERSIZED 28% AT THE PRIMARY SIDE, AND 81% AT THE SECONDARY SIDE. IN TERMS OF SIZE IT HAS AN AVERAGE APPARENT POWER OF 1.55 TIMES THE POWER PD (55% OVERSIZED). BECAUSE OF THE SHORT

CONDUCTING PERIOD OF THE VALVES, THE TRANSFORMER IS NOT PARTICULARLY WELL UTILIZED

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31

4.3 FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS

FIG. 2

THE WAVEFORMS FOR THE CIRCUIT OF FIG.1ARE SHOWN IN FIG.2. THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE LOAD RESISTOR IS A FULL-WAVE
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RECTIFIED

VOLTAGE.

THE

CURRENT

HAS

SUBTLE

DISCONTINUITIES BUT CAN BE IMPROVED BY EMPLOYING SMALLER SIZE FILTER COMPONENTS. A TYPICAL FILTER FOR THE CIRCUIT OF FIG.1MAY INCLUDE ONLY A CAPACITOR. THE WAVEFORMS OBTAINED ARE SHOWN IN FIG.3. YET ANOTHER WAY OF REDUCING THE SIZE OF THE FILTER COMPONENTS IS TO INCREASE THE FREQUENCY OF THE SUPPLY. IN MANY POWER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS SIMILAR TO THE ONE USED IN

COMPUTERS, A HIGH FREQUENCY AC SUPPLY IS ACHIEVED BY MEANS OF SWITCHING. THE HIGH FREQUENCY AC IS THEN LEVEL TRANSLATED VIA A FERRITE CORE TRANSFORMER WITH MULTIPLE SECONDARY WINDINGS.

FIG.2
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THE SECONDARY VOLTAGES ARE THEN RECTIFIED EMPLOYING A SIMPLE CIRCUIT AS SHOWN IN FIG. 4.4 OR FIG. 4.6 WITH MUCH SMALLER FILTERS. THE RESULTING VOLTAGE ACROSS THE LOAD RESISTOR IS THEN MAINTAINED TO HAVE A PEAK-PEAK VOLTAGE RIPPLE OF LESS THAN 1%. FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION CAN BE ACHIEVED WITHOUT THE USE OF CENTER-TAP

TRANSFORMERS. SUCH CIRCUITS MAKE USE OF FOUR DIODES IN SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUITS AND SIX DIODES IN THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS.

THE CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION

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FIG.3

IS TYPICALLY REFERRED TO AS THE H-BRIDGE CIRCUIT. A SINGLE-PHASE FULL-WAVE H-BRIDGE TOPOLOGY IS SHOWN IN FIG.4. THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CIRCUIT TOPOLOGY SHOWN IN FIGS.1AND4 IS THAT THE HBRIDGE CIRCUIT EMPLOYS FOUR DIODES WHILE THE TOPOLOGY OF FIG.1 UTILIZES ONLY TWO DIODES. HOWEVER, A CENTER-TAP TRANSFORMER OF A HIGHER POWER RATING IS NEEDED FOR THE CIRCUIT OF FIG. 1. THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT STRESSES IN THE DIODES IN FIG.1ARE ALSO GREATER THAN THAT OCCURRING IN THE DIODES OF FIG.4. IN ORDER TO COMPREHEND THE BASIC DIFFERENCE IN
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THE TWO TOPOLOGIES, IT IS INTERESTING TO COMPARE THE COMPONENT RATINGS FOR THE SAME POWER OUTPUT. TO MAKE THE COMPARISON EASY, LET BOTH TOPOLOGIES EMPLOY VERY LARGE FILTER INDUCTORS SUCH THAT THE CURRENT THROUGH R IS CONSTANT AND RIPPLE-FREE. LET THIS CURRENT THROUGH R BE DENOTED BY IDC. LET THE POWER BEING SUPPLIED TO THE LOAD BE DENOTED BY PDC . THE OUTPUTPOWER AND THE LOAD CURRENT ARE THEN RELATED BY THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSION:

PDC = IDC2

FIG. 4

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THE RMS CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH THE FIRST SECONDARY WINDING IN THE TOPOLOGY IN FIG.1WILL BE THIS IS BECAUSE THE CURRENT THROUGH A SECONDARY WINDING FLOWS ONLY WHEN THE CORRESPONDING DIODE IS FORWARD-BIASED. THIS MEANS THAT THE CURRENT THROUGH THE SECONDARY WINDING WILL FLOW ONLY FOR ONE HALF CYCLE. IF THE VOLTAGE AT THE SECONDARY IS ASSUMED TO BE V, THE VA RATING OF THE SECONDARY WINDING OF THE TRANSFORMER IN FIG.1WILL BE GIVEN BY: VA1 = V IDC/2 VA2 = V IDC/2 VA = VA1 + VA2 = 2 V IDC

THIS

IS

THE

SECONDARY-SIDE

VA

RATING

FOR

THE

TRANSFORMER SHOWN IN FIG. 1. FOR THE ISOLATION TRANSFORMER SHOWN IN FIG.4, LET THE SECONDARY VOLTAGE BE V AND THE LOAD CURRENT BE OF A CONSTANT VALUE IDC. SINCE, IN THE TOPOLOGY OF FIG.4, THE SECONDARY WINDING CARRIES THE CURRENT IDC WHEN DIODES
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D1 AND D2 CONDUCT AND AS WELL AS WHEN DIODES D3 AND D4 CONDUCT, THE RMS VALUE OF THE SECONDARY WINDING CURRENT IS IDC . HENCE, THE VA RATING OF THE SECONDARY WINDING OF THE TRANSFORMER SHOWN IN FIG.4 IS WHICH IS LESS THAN THAT NEEDED IN THE TOPOLOGY OF FIG. 1. NOTE THAT THE PRIMARY VA RATING FOR BOTH CASES REMAINS THE SAME SINCE IN BOTH CASES THE POWER BEING TRANSFERRED FROM THE SOURCE TO THE LOAD REMAINS THE SAME. WHEN DIODE D2 IN THE CIRCUIT OF FIG.1CONDUCTS, THE SECONDARY VOLTAGE OF THE SECOND WINDING V V)

APPEARS AT THE CATHODE OF DIODE D1. THE VOLTAGE BEING BLOCKED BY DIODE D1 CAN THUS REACH TWO TIMES THE PEAK FIG.2). IN THE TOPOLOGY OF FIG.4, WHEN DIODES D1 AND D2 CONDUCT, THE VOLTAGE V V),

WHICH IS SAME AS VSEC2 APPEARS ACROSS D3 AS WELL AS ACROSS D4. THIS MEANS THAT THE DIODES HAVE TO WITHSTAND ONLY ONE TIMES THE PEAK OF THE SECONDARY VOLTAGE, VPK.

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FIG.5 THE RMS VALUE OF THE CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH THE DIODES IN BOTH TOPOLOGIES IS THE SAME. HENCE, FROM THE DIODE VOLTAGE RATING AS WELL AS FROM THE SECONDARY VA RATING POINTS OF VIEW, THE TOPOLOGY OF FIG.4 IS BETTER THAN THAT OF FIG. 1. FURTHER, THE TOPOLOGY IN FIG.4 CAN BE DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO A SINGLE-PHASE AC SOURCE AND DOES NOT NEED A CENTER-TOPPED TRANSFORMER. THE

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM ACROSS THE LOAD RESISTOR IS SIMILAR TO THAT SHOWN IN FIGS.2 AND3. IN MANY INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, THE TOPOLOGY SHOWN IN FIG.4 IS USED ALONG WITH A DC FILTER CAPACITOR TO SMOOTH THE RIPPLES ACROSS THE LOAD RESISTOR. THE LOAD RESISTOR IS SIMPLY A
39

REPRESENTATIVE OF A LOAD. IT COULD BE AN INVERTER SYSTEM OR A HIGH-FREQUENCY RESONANT LINK. IN ANY CASE, THE DIODE RECTIFIER-BRIDGE WOULD SEE A REPRESENTATIVE LOAD RESISTOR. THE DC FILTER CAPACITOR WILL BE LARGE IN SIZE COMPARED TO AN HBRIDGE CONFIGURATION BASED ON THREE-PHASE SUPPLY SYSTEM. WHEN THE RECTIFIED POWER IS LARGE, IT IS ADVISABLE TO ADD A DC-LINK INDUCTOR. THIS CAN REDUCE THE SIZE OF THE CAPACITOR TO SOME EXTENT AND REDUCE THE CURRENT RIPPLE THROUGH THE LOAD. WHEN THE RECTIFIER IS TURNED ON INITIALLY WITH THE CAPACITOR AT ZERO VOLTAGE, A LARGE AMPLITUDE OF CHARGING CURRENT WILL FLOW INTO THE FILTER CAPACITOR THROUGH A PAIR OF CONDUCTING DIODES. THE DIODES D1 D4 SHOULD BE RATED TO HANDLE THIS LARGE SURGE CURRENT. IN ORDER TO LIMIT THE HIGH INRUSH CURRENT, IT IS A NORMAL PRACTICE TO ADD A CHARGING RESISTOR IN SERIES WITH THE FILTER CAPACITOR. THE CHARGING RESISTOR LIMITS THE INRUSH CURRENT BUT
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CREATES A SIGNIFICANT POWER LOSS IF IT IS LEFT IN THE CIRCUIT UNDER NORMAL OPERATION. TYPICALLY, A CONTACTOR IS USED TO SHORTCIRCUIT THE CHARGING RESISTOR AFTER THE CAPACITOR IS CHARGED TO A DESIRED LEVEL. THE RESISTOR IS THUS ELECTRICALLY NONFUNCTIONAL DURING NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS. A TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT SHOWING A SINGLE-PHASE FULLWAVE H-BRIDGE RECTIFIER SYSTEM FOR AN INVERTER

APPLICATION IS SHOWN IN FIG.5. THE CHARGING CURRENT AT TIME OF TURN-ON IS SHOWN IN A SIMULATED WAVEFORM IN FIG.6. NOTE THAT THE CONTACTS ACROSS THE SOFT-CHARGE RESISTOR ARE CLOSED UNDER NORMAL OPERATION. THE CONTACTS ACROSS THE SOFTCHARGE RESISTOR ARE INITIATED BY VARIOUS MEANS. THE COIL FOR THE CONTACTS COULD BE POWERED FROM THE INPUT AC SUPPLY AND A TIMER OR IT COULD BE POWERED ON BY A LOGIC CONTROLLER THAT SENSES THE LEVEL OF VOLTAGE ACROSS THE DC BUS CAPACITOR OR SENSES THE RATE OF CHANGE IN VOLTAGE ACROSS THE DC BUS CAPACITOR. A SIMULATED WAVEFORM DEPICTING THE INRUSH
41

WITH AND WITHOUT A SOFT-CHARGE RESISTOR IS SHOWN IN FIG.6 A AND B, RESPECTIVELY.

FIG.6 (A) & (B)

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CHAPTER 5 APPLICATION
THE BEST WAY TO MAKE USE OF OUR TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE TO WED OUR THEROTICAL CONCEPTS WITH PRACTICAL

APPLICATIONS. OUR PROJECT HAS NUMEROUS APPLICATIONS THAT ARE :1. 230V DC AS PER REQUIREMENT. 2. 36V DC BATTERY CHARGER. 3. 3V DC MOBILE CHARGER. OTHER AC TO DC CONVERTER APPLICATIONS ARE. 1. WASHING MACHINES. 2. REFRIGERATORS. 3. DISHWASHERS.

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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION
THE CONVERTER CONVERTS A.C. INTO D.C. IT IS USED WHEN A DC MOTOR IS TO BE USED WITH A.C. SUPPLY. ALTHOUGH THE THYRISTOR CONVERTER IS COSTLY, IT IS MORE EFFICIENT FOR ENTIRE SPEED RANGE, LOAD RANGE COST IS AND LESS. THE THE TOTAL TYPE OF

INSTALLATION

CONVERTER DEPENDS ON THE RATED POWER. THE CHOICE IS AS FOLLOWS : -- LOW POWER,(BELOW 20KW) :SINGLE CONVERTER. ---HIGH POWER,(ABOVE 20KW): PHASE

THREE PHASE OR MULTI-PHASE CONVERTER. WITH THE THYRISTOR CONVERTER THE OUTPUT DC VOLTAGE CAN BE ADJUSTED. THE METHOD OF PHASE CONTROL IS USED FOR THYRISTOR BRIDGE CONTROL.
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 THIS TYPE OF CONTROL IS USUALLY REQUIRED FOR ELECTRICAL TRACTION OF TRAINS USING SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR.

45

REFERENCES BIBILOGRAPHY
1. R. KRISHNAN, ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVES, MODELING, ANALYSIS AND CONTROL, 1ST ED. PEARSON EDUCATION, SINGAPORE, 2001. 2. POWER ELECTRONICS M.D. SINGH, KHANCHANDANI. 3. POWER ELECTRONICS RASHID.

4. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS ARPAD BARNA , DAN I. PORAT 5. DIGITAL ELECTRONICS M. M. MANO 6. INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS MILLMAN , HALKIAS 7. POWER ELECTRONICS DR. BAHISHAM YUNUS

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