Formulas from Trigonometry: sin2 A + cos2 A = 1 cos(A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A tan 2A =

2 tan A 1tan2 A

sin(A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B tan(A B) = 1tan Atan B tan A tan B cos 2A = cos2 A sin2 A sin A = 2
1cos A 2 sin A tan A = 1+cos A 2 1 cos2 A = 2 + 1 cos 2A 2 1 1 sin A sin B = 2 cos 2 (A + B) sin 2 (A B) 1 1 cos A cos B = 2 sin 2 (A + B) sin 2 (B A) cos A cos B = 1 {cos(A B) + cos(A + B)} 2

cos A = 1+cos A 2 2 1 sin2 A = 2 1 cos 2A 2 1 sin A + sin B = 2 sin 2 (A + B) cos 1 (A B) 2 1 cos A + cos B = 2 cos 2 (A + B) cos 1 (A B) 2 sin A sin B = 1 {cos(A B) cos(A + B)} 2 1 sin A cos B = 2 {sin(A B) + sin(A + B)} Dierentiation Formulas: dv d (uv) = u dx + du v dx dx dy dy Chain rule: dx = du du dx d cos u = sin u du dx dx 1 d sin1 u = 1u2 du , < sin1 u < dx dx 2 2 d 1 tan1 u = 1+u2 du , < tan1 u < dx dx 2 2 d 1 ln u = u du dx dx Integration Formulas:
Integration by parts: u dv = uv v du

d u = v(du/dx)u(dv/dx) dx v v2 d sin u = cos u du dx dx d tan u = sec2 u du dx dx d 1 cos1 u = 1u2 du , (0 < cos1 dx dx d u e = eu du dx dx d loga u = loga e du , a = 0, 1 dx u dx

u < )

du = ln |u| u au , a > 0, a = 1 au du = ln a cos u du = sin u sin2 u du = cos2 u du = u2

u 2 u 2

eu du = eu sin u du = cos u tan u du = ln cos u

sin 2u 4 sin 2u 4

= 1 (u sin u cos u) 2 = 1 (u + sin u cos u) 2

tan2 u du = tan u u du 1 = a tan1 u a + a2 du = sin1 u a a2 u2 du = ln(u + u2 a2 ) u2 a2 ax eax cos bx dx = e (a cos2bx+b sin bx) a +b2 u2 x2 sin ax dx = x cos ax dx =
2x a2

du 1 ua = 2a ln u+a a2 du = ln(u + u2 + a2 ) u2 + a2 ax eax sin bx dx = e (a sin2bxb cos bx) a +b2 x sin ax dx = sin2 ax dx =
sin ax a2 x 2

x cos ax a

sin ax + +

2 a3

x2 a

cos ax

2x a2

sin 2ax 4a

cos ax a2 x 2

x sin ax a

x2 cos ax dx = tan2 ax dx =

cos ax + x

x2 a

2 a3

sin ax

cos2 ax dx = xeax dx = x ln x dx =

sin 2ax 4a 1 a 1 2

tan ax a

eax a x2 2

ln x dx = x ln x x

ln x

Summation Formulas:
N2 k=N1

N1 N2 +1 = , 1
k k

=1
k=0 n

ak =
k

1 , 1a

|a| < 1 a=1

a ka = , (1 a)2 k=0
n

|a| < 1

1 an+1 , a = 1a k=0

kak =
k=0

a{1 (n + 1)an + nan+1 } (1 a)2 [n] = u[n] u[n 1]

Signals:

(t) =

d u(t) dt

x1 (t), x2 (t) =

x1 (t)x (t) dt 2

x1 [n], x2 [n] =
n=

x1 [n]x [n] 2

1 Ev{x(t)} = 2 {x(t) + x(t)}

Od{x(t)} = 1 {x(t) x(t)} 2 ej0 n

Complex Exponential Signals: ej0 t

Distinct signals for distinct w0 Periodic for any choice of w0 Fundamental frequency w0 Fundamental period: w0 = 0: undened w0 = 0: 2/w0 Identical signals for values of w0 separated by multiples of 2 Periodic only if w0 /(2) = m/N Q Fundamental frequency w0 /m Fundamental period: w0 = 0: one w0 = 0: 2m/w0

Systems: System H is linear if H{ax1 (t) + bx2 (t)} = aH{x1 (t)} + bH{x2 (t)}. System H is time invariant if H{x(t t0 )} = y(t t0 ). System H is memoryless if the current output does not depend on future or past inputs. System H is invertible if distinct inputs produce distinct outputs. System H is invertible if an inverse system G exists which undoes the action of H. System H is causal if the current output does not depend on future inputs. LTI system H is causal i h(t) = 0 t < 0. Bounded: x(t) is bounded if B R, B > 0, such that |x(t)| B t R. System H is BIBO stable if every bounded input produces a bounded output.

LTI system H is BIBO stable i

|h(t)| dt < .

y(t) = x(t) h(t) =

x( )h(t ) d =

x(t )h( ) d x[n k]h[k]

y[n] = x[n] h[n] =

k=

x[k]h[n k] =
k= t

s(t) =
n

h( ) d h[k]
k=

h(t) =

d s(t) dt

s[n] =

h[n] = s[n] s[n 1]