Several methods Steps of a straight forward approach is: 1.Complement the multiplier if negative 2.

Complement the multiplicand if negative 3.Multiply the two positive binary numbers 4.Complement the product if it should be negative Straight forward approach require more hardware and computation time Another method is: Complement multiplicand only, complementing multiplier and product is not necessary and this approach is suitable for both integer and fractions

Design of Signed Multiplier

 Four cases:

Examples: Case 1:

 Case 2:

Case 3:

 Case 4

All the above cases are same as unsigned binary multiplier, but we must be careful to preserve the sign of the partial product at each step If the multiplier is negative, we must complement the multiplicand before adding it in at the last step

 Block diagram:

 Cm signal causes the multiplicand to be complemented before it enters to adder circuit and is also given to Cin carry input of adder, which gives the 2s complement of multiplicand State graph:

 To improve speed, add-shift can be done at same clock Block diagram for faster multiplier:

 State graph:

 Behavioral model: