CBR Soil Testing Method

Pavements Engineering Branch
TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
DETERMINATION OF THE CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO OF A SOIL: STANDARD LABORATORY METHOD FOR A REMOULDED SPECIMEN
SCOPE This Standard sets out the procedure for the determination of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of a soil when compacted and tested in the laboratory. The method is applicable to finegrained and medium-grained soils, as defined in Test Method WA 105.1.
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS Australian Standards AS 1152 AS 2103 AS 2193 Specification for test sieves Dial gauges and dial test indicators Methods for calibration and grading of force-measuring systems of testing machines
WA Test Methods WA 105.1 Preparation of Disturbed Soil and Granular Pavement Material Samples for Testing. Soil and Granular Pavement Material Moisture Content: Convection Oven Method. Soil and Granular Pavement Material Moisture Content: Microwave Oven Method. Dry Density/Moisture Content Relationship: Standard Compaction Fine and Medium Grained Soils Dry Density/Moisture Content Relationship: Modified Compaction Fine and Medium Grained Soils
WA 110.1
WA 110.2
WA 132.1
WA 133.1
DEFINITIONS Laboratory moisture ratio the ratio of the moisture content of the specimen to the optimum moisture content of the material as determined on material prepared in accordance with Procedure 1.4, expressed as a percentage. Laboratory density ratio the ratio of the dry density of the specimen to the maximum dry density of the material as determined on material prepared in accordance with Procedure 1.4, expressed as a percentage.
MAIN ROADS Western Australia 04/12588
Document Number 71-04-141-1 Determination of the California Bearing Ratio of a Soil: Standard Laboratory Method for a Remoulded Specimen Issue 28 August 2006
Page 1 of 19
TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
APPARATUS 1. Steel penetration piston with a 49.6 0.1 mm diameter over the length of penetration. The length of the piston will depend upon the number of surcharges and the depth of penetration required. Loading machine equipped with (a) A moveable head or base capable of travelling at a uniform (not pulsating) rate of 1 0.2 mm/min for use in forcing the penetration piston into the specimen; and A force-measuring device meeting the accuracy and repeatability requirements of AS 2193 Grade C testing machines for the range of forces used in the test. The force-measuring device shall be also capable of indicating seating loads of approximately 50 N and 250 N.
2.
(b)
NOTE: The indicator points of the force-measuring device at the seating loads of approximately, but not greater than, 50 N (for expected CBR values equal to or less than 30) and 250 N (for expected CBR values greater than 30) need not necessarily meet the Grade C requirements of AS 2193 but should be displayed as definite numbers or marks.
3.
Cylindrical metal mould (Figure 1) of known volume with an internal diameter 152 1 mm, height 178 1 mm and wall thickness of at least 5 mm, provided with a metal extension collar and a perforated metal baseplate. Steel spacer disc (Figure 2) of 150 0.5 mm diameter and 61 0.25 mm high, fitted with a removable handle for lifting the disc from the mould. Compaction apparatus complying with the requirements of WA 132.1 or WA 133.1, as applicable. Metal stem and perforated plate with a mass of 1.00 0.025 kg (Figure 3). Metal surcharges, with each surcharge having a mass of 2.25 0.025 kg, a diameter of 150 0.5 mm and with a centre hole of 55 1.0 mm diameter (Figure 4).
NOTE: During penetration the surcharge in contact with the soil should meet the tolerances as specified. Other surcharges may be slotted and may be outside the tolerances provided the total surcharge mass is within the required tolerances and there is no contact with the side of the mould and the penetration piston.
4.
5.
6. 7.
8.
Two displacement measuring devices, e.g. dial gauges capable of measuring the expected range of travel, graduated to 0.01 mm and meeting the accuracy and repeatability requirements of AS 2103. Sieve, 19 mm and, if required, a 4.75 mm sieve, complying with AS 1152. Balance of at least 15 kg capacity readable to 1 g, or less, with a limit of performance (F) of not more than 4.0 g, at the 95% Confidence Level. Jack, lever, frame or other suitable device, which may be used for extruding specimens from the cylinder (optional).
9. 10.
11.
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TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
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TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
12.
Metal tripod, if swell is to be measured to support the dial gauge or displacement measuring device for measuring the amount of swell during soaking (see Figure 5). Setting piece, if swell is to be measured and the tripod or displacement measuring device is removed from the mould during the test, to set the reading on the dial gauge or measuring device attached to the metal tripod prior to each reading in the swell test. Water tank or container capable of maintaining water at a level above the moulds, during soaking. Other apparatus such as a mixing bowl, straightedge, filter paper and dishes.
13.
14.
15.
Page 4 of 19
TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
PROCEDURE 1 1.1 PREPARATION OF THE TEST INCREMENT Using the 19 mm sieve, sieve a representative sample of the soil prepared in accordance with the procedure prescribed in Test Method WA 105.1. Determine the percentage of material retained on the sieve. Only the material passing the 19 mm sieve is to be used for the test.
NOTES: 1 The removal of small amounts of stone retained on the 19 mm sieve will affect the CBR obtained only by amounts comparable with experimental error involved in measuring CBR. The exclusion of a large portion of stone coarser than 19 mm (such as is present, for example, in a gravel of 75 mm maximum size) may have a major effect on CBR compared with that obtainable with the soil as a whole, and on the optimum moisture content. There is at present no generally accepted method of testing, or of calculation, for dealing with this difficulty in comparing laboratory CBR test results with CBR values obtained in the field. If it is specified that the same percentage of coarse material (passing the 53 mm and retained on the 4.75 mm sieves) in the test sample as in the original field sample is to be maintained, the material retained on the 19 mm sieve may be replaced by an equal portion by mass of the materials passing the 19 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75 mm sieve. It is important that the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content used to determine the laboratory density ratio and laboratory moisture ratio be determined on the material passing the 19 mm sieve which is the same as that used to determine the CBR value. If material retained on the 19 mm sieve is replaced by an equal portion by mass of materials passing the 19 mm sieve, the values determined on material without the replacement are not applicable. The percentage by mass of material retained on the 19 mm sieve and whether it was excluded or replaced should be included in the report. 2 Material, which has been compacted previously in the laboratory, should not be re-used, as breakdown of the material during compaction can lead to misleading results.
1.2
Obtain by riffling or quartering the sieved material, representative test increments for determining maximum dry density, optimum moisture content and CBR. Determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content in accordance with Test Method WA 132.1or WA 133.1, as applicable Determine the hygroscopic moisture content ( wH ) on an additional two test increments in accordance with either Test Method WA 110.1 or WA 110.2. Select the dry density ( d ) / moisture content ( wC ) condition at which the test increments are to be moulded. Thoroughly mix two test increments with a suitable amount of potable water to bring the test increment to the required moisture content. Calculate the required mass of water (m WR ) using the following equations:
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Page 5 of 19
TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
Calculate the dry mass of the test increment using the equation:
DM TI = WM TI 100 100 + w H
where DMTI WMTI WH
= dry mass of test increment in grams = wet mass of test increment in grams = hygroscopic moisture content as a percentage
Calculate the total mass of water required to bring the test increment to the desired moisture content using the equation:
mW = where mW wc DMTI
w c DM TI 100 = total mass of water to bring test increment to the required moisture content in grams = moisture content at compaction as a percentage = dry mass of test increment in grams
Calculate the mass of hygroscopic water in the test increment using the following equation:
mH = wH DM TI 100
where
mH wH DMTI
= mass of hygroscopic water in grams = hygroscopic moisture content as a percentage = dry mass of test increment in grams
Calculate the mass of water to be added to bring the test increment to the desired moisture content using the equation:
m WR = m W m H
where mWR mW mH = mass of water to be added to the test increment in grams = total mass of water in test increment in grams = mass of hygroscopic water in test increment in grams
1.7
Cure the test increment for an adequate period depending upon the soil type. Record the duration of curing.
NOTE: It is important that the water is thoroughly mixed into and uniformly distributed through the soil since inadequate mixing gives rise to variable results. It is desirable to keep the soil in a sealed container to allow the water to become more uniformly distributed through the soil before compaction. For materials of low plasticity and high permeability prepared in a moist condition close to optimum moisture content, little or no curing is required, but if the soil is dry and contains heavy clay, up to 7 days curing prior to compaction may be required. The more cohesive a soil, the more time required for moisture to infiltrate and equilibrate. All soils should be cured for a minimum of 2 hours.
Page 6 of 19
TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
PREPARATION OF THE TEST SPECIMEN
2.1
Calculate the desired wet density of the test specimen using of the following equation:
=
where wC 2.2
d (100 + w C )
100
= desired wet density of test specimen in t/m = dry density of test specimen in t/m = moulding moisture content of the test specimen as a percentage
Calculate the wet mass of each layer that is to be compacted in the mould using the equation:
mL = m TS No. of layers
where
mL mTS
= wet mass of soil per layer in grams = wet mass of test specimen in grams
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TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
2.3
Determine the mass of the mould (m1).

NOTE: For convenience weighing of the mould may include the baseplate. If so all subsequent procedures and calculations should be modified.
2.4
Insert the spacer disc, clamp the mould (with the extension collar attached) to the baseplate and place a filter paper on top of the spacer disc. Immediately prior to compaction thoroughly mix the cured soil and determine the moisture content (w1) of a representative fraction of the test portion in accordance with Test Method WA 110.1. Compact the specimen uniformly in the mould to the specified laboratory density ratio as follows: (a) Standard compactive effort in three layers so that the compacted height of the soil is 39 mm to 44 mm in the first layer, 78 mm to 83 mm in the second layer and 117 mm to 122 mm in the third layer. Modified compactive effort in five layers so that the compacted height of the soil in the mould is 21 mm to 26 mm in the first layer, 45 mm to 50 mm in the second layer, 67 mm to 72 mm in the third layer, 92 mm to 97 mm in the fourth layer and 117 mm to 122 mm in the fifth layer. Discard specimens that do not meet these requirements.
2.5
2.6
(b)
NOTE: Unless otherwise specified, specimens should be compacted with a laboratory density ratio of 100 percent and a laboratory moisture ratio of 100 percent. This will require 53 blows of the rammer per layer. Where specimens are compacted at other than a laboratory density ratio of 100% and a laboratory moisture ratio of 100% the minimum number of blows per layer, using either the standard or modified compaction hammers, shall be nine (9) blows. The blows shall be distributed as follows: eight (8) blows around the perimeter of the specimen (with minimal overlap) and one (1) blow in the centre of the layer. In all cases, the laboratory moisture ratio should be within 5.0 percent of the specified moisture ratio and laboratory density ratio should be within 1.0 percent of the specified density ratio, respectively.
2.7 2.8
Free the material from around the inside of the collar and carefully remove the collar. While the baseplate is still attached, trim the surface of the compacted specimen level with the top of the mould by means of a straightedge. Use smaller sized material to patch any holes developed in the surface from removal of coarse material during trimming (see also Test Methods WA 132.1 or WA 133.1). Remove the perforated baseplate, spacer disc and filter paper, and determine the mass of the mould plus compacted soil (m2).
2.9
2.10 Place a filter paper on the perforated baseplate, invert the mould plus the compacted soil and place it on the baseplate. Clamp the baseplate to the mould with the compacted soil in contact with the filter paper. 2.11 If soaking is not required, perform the penetration test (Procedure 4).
Page 8 of 19
TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
SOAKING THE TEST SPECIMEN
3.1 3.2
Determine the mass of the baseplate plus mould plus specimen (m3). Place the stem and perforated plate on the compacted soil specimen in the mould and apply surcharges of 4.5 kg. Apply any additional surcharges, if specified.
NOTE: Surcharges may be applied to simulate the confining effects of the overlying material layers (see Figure 7).
3.3
If measurement of swell is required proceed as follows: (a) If the tripod or measuring gauge is to be removed from the mould during soaking, set the reading on the measuring device against the setting piece. Record the initial reading before soaking (h1) using the metal tripod and displacement measuring device. Mark the points of contact of the tripod with the mould.
(b)
3.4
Immerse the surcharged specimen in water, allow free access of water to the top and the bottom of the specimen. Allow the specimen to soak for 4 days, or for the specified soaking period. Maintain the water level above the mould during this period.
NOTE: A shorter soaking period is permissible for soils that take up moisture readily, provided tests have shown that the shorter period does not affect the results. Some specifiers require longer soaking periods. If shorter or longer soaking periods are used they are to be adhered to and reported.
3.5
After soaking is completed and if the measurement of swell is required proceed as follows prior to removal of the specimen from the water: (i) If the tripod or measuring device has been removed from the mould during soaking, set the reading on the measuring device against the setting piece so that it is the same as that used in Step 3.3 (a). Place the tripod on the points of contact marked in Step 3.3 (b) and record the reading after soaking (h2).
(ii)
3.6
Remove the specimen from the water and tilt the specimen to remove the surface water. Return the mould to the vertical position and allow the specimen to drain downward for 15 minutes. Do not disturb the surface of the specimen during the removal of water. Remove the surcharges, stem and perforated plate and determine the mass of the baseplate plus mould plus specimen (m4). Perform the penetration test (Procedure 4) as soon as practicable ensuring the specimen does not dry out.
3.7
3.8
Page 9 of 19
TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
PENETRATION TEST
4.1
Place the 2.25 kg annular surcharge on the soil surface and then place the mould plus specimen plus baseplate in the loading machine. Seat the penetration piston with the smallest possible load, not exceeding 50 N for expected CBR values equal to or less than 30 and 250 N for expected CBR values greater than 30. Apply surcharges as required. Unless otherwise specified the surcharge mass shall be 4.5 kg. If the specimen was soaked, apply surcharges equivalent in mass to those applied during soaking.
NOTES: 1 This initial load is required to ensure satisfactory seating of the piston and is considered as the zero load when plotting the load-penetration curve. Surcharges may be applied to simulate the confining effects of the overlying material layers (see Figure 7).
4.2
Read, or set to zero, the force-measuring device and the displacement measuring device used to measure penetration. The penetration measured shall be that of the piston relative to the mould (Note).
NOTE: The dial gauge should be mounted such that no other displacements in the equipment influence the actual measured penetration.
4.3
Apply the load with a constant rate of penetration of 1 0.2 mm/min. Record load readings at penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mm.
NOTES: 1 With manually operated loading devices, it may be necessary to take load readings at closer intervals to control the rate of penetration. The test may be terminated after 7.5 mm penetration if the penetration is proceeding without any increase or decrease, in the load.
4.4
Remove the soil from the mould and determine the moisture content of the top 30 mm layer (w30) and that of the entire depth (including the top 30 mm) of the specimen (wr) in accordance with Test Method WA 110.1.
CALCULATIONS
Calculate the following: 1. Plot the load-penetration curve (see Figure 6). When the load-penetration curve is concave upward initially (because of surface irregularities or other causes) adjust the zero point as shown in Figure 6, curve 3. If the correction is greater than 2 mm the loadpenetration curve shall be presented in the test report. Read from the load-penetration curve, corrected if required, the force value in kN at penetrations of 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm and calculate the bearing ratio for each by dividing by 13.2 kN and 19.8 kN, respectively, and multiplying by 100. Record the greater value of the calculated values as the CBR of the material. 3. Calculate the dry density of the specimen before soaking (pd) from the following equation:
2.
Page 10 of 19
TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
d =
m m1 1 x 2 w V1 1 + 1 100
Where
d = dry density of the specimen, in grams per cubic centimetre

m2 = mass of the mould plus compacted soil, in grams m1 = mass of the mould, in grams V1 = volume of the specimen before soaking, in cubic centimetres (volume of the mould less the volume occupied by the disc) w1 = moisture content of the material immediately prior to compaction
4.
If the specimen is compacted to a density ratio other than 100 per cent, calculate the laboratory density ratio (LDR) of the specimen from the following equation:
LDR =
d
MDD
x100
Where
LDR
= laboratory density ratio, in percent = dry density of the specimen, in grams per cubic centimetre
MDD = maximum dry density of the soil, in grams per cubic centimetre
5.
If the specimen is compacted with a moisture ratio other than 100 percent, calculate the laboratory moisture ratio (LMR) of the specimen from the following equation:
LMR =
w1 x100 OMC
Where
LMR w1
= laboratory moisture ratio, in percent = moisture content of the soil immediately prior to compaction, in percent
OMC = optimum moisture content of the soil, in percent
6.
If the swell is to be measured, calculate the swell (S) from the following equation:
S=
h2 h1 x100 117
Where
S h2 h1
= the swell of the specimen, in percent = the reading after soaking, in millimetres = the reading before soaking, in millimetres
7.
If the specimen has been soaked and if required, calculate the mass of dry soil in the specimen (m5) from the following equation:
Page 11 of 19
TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
m5 =
m2 m1 w 1 + 1 100
Where
m5 = mass of dry soil in the specimen, in grams m2 = mass of mould plus compacted soil, in grams m1 = mass of mould, in grams w1 = moisture content of the soil immediately prior to compaction, in percent
8.
If the specimen has been soaked and if required, calculate the moisture content of the specimen after soaking (ww) from the following equation:
ww = w1 +
Where
m4 m3 x100 m5
ww = moisture content of the specimen after soaking, in percent w1 = moisture content of the soil immediately prior to compaction, in percent m4 = mass of mould baseplate plus mould plus specimen after soaking in grams m3 = mass of mould baseplate plus mould plus specimen before soaking, in grams m5 = mass of dry soil in the specimen, in grams
9.
If the specimen has been soaked and, if required, calculate the volume of the specimen after soaking (V2) from the following equation:
100 + S V2 = V1 100
Where
V2 = the volume of the specimen after soaking, in cubic centimetres V1 = the volume of the specimen before soaking, in cubic centimetres (volume of the mould less the volume occupied by the disc) S
= the swell of the specimen, in percent
10.
If the specimen has been soaked, and if required, calculate the specimen dry density after soaking (pda) from the following equation:
da =
Where
m5 V2
da
m5 V2
= dry density of the specimen after soaking, in grams per cubic centimetre = mass of dry soil in the specimen, in grams = the volume of the specimen after soaking, in cubic centimetres Document Number 71-04-141-1 Page 12 of 19
Determination of the California Bearing Ratio of a Soil: Standard Laboratory Method for a Remoulded Specimen Issue 28 August 2006
TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
11.
Calculate the following moisture contents as a percentage of optimum moisture content (determined in accordance with Test Method WA 132.1 or WA 133.1). Moisture content (w1) of the specimen prior to compaction Moisture content (w30) of the top 30 mm layer after testing Moisture content (w r) of the entire specimen after testing
12.
If appropriate, calculate the following dry densities as a percentage of maximum dry density (determined in accordance with Test Method WA 132.1 or WA 133.1). Dry density of specimen before soaking Dry density of the specimen after soaking
REPORTING
Report the following: 1. CBR of the specimen to the nearest value, in percent as follows: CBR percent <5 5 to 20 20 to 50 > 50 2. 3. Report value to the nearest 0.5 1 5 10
The penetration at which the CBR was determined, in millimetres. The laboratory moisture content and the moisture ratio at which the specimen was compacted, to the nearest 0.01 and 0.1 percent respectively. The laboratory dry density and dry density ratio, at which the specimen was compacted, to the nearest 0.001 t/m and 0.1 percent respectively. The moisture content and moisture ratio of the top 30 mm of the specimen after penetration, to the nearest 0.01 and 0.1 percent respectively. (a) (b) (c) The swell of the specimen after soaking to the nearest 0.5 percent. The dry density ratio of the specimen after soaking, in percent. The moisture content and moisture ratio of the entire depth of the specimen, after penetration, to the nearest 0.01 and 0.1 percent respectively.
4.
5.
6.
The percentage by mass of the material retained on the 19 mm sieve and whether it was excluded from the test or crushed to material that passes the 19 mm sieve and is retained on the 4.75 mm sieve. The mass of surcharges applied.
7.
Page 13 of 19
TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
8.
The compactive effort used to compact the specimen in terms of the number of layers, the number of blows per layer and the mass of the rammer. The period of soaking. Identification and description of sample. The load-penetration curve, if the correction to the test curve is greater than 2 mm. The number of this Test Method; WA 141.1. The maximum dry density to the nearest 0.001 t/m and the optimum moisture content of the specimen to the nearest 0.1%.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
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TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
Page 15 of 19
TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
REVISION STATUS RECORD OF THIS ISSUE Page No. Section Revision Description / Reference
3.5
prior to removal of the specimen from the water inserted at the end of the first sentence. Insertion made to clarify when measurement for swell is made. Remove the specimen from the water and added to the beginning of the first sentence. Added the word mass to read
3.6
11
Calculations 3
m2 = mass of the mould plus compacted soil, in grams
Previously the line read

m2 = of the mould plus compacted soil, in grams
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TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
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TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
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TEST METHOD
WA 141.1
Page 19 of 19

CBR Soil Testing Method

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CBR Soil Testing Method

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Pavements Engineering Branch

MAIN ROADS Western Australia 04/12588

Pavements Engineering Branch

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Pavements Engineering Branch

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Pavements Engineering Branch

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Pavements Engineering Branch

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Pavements Engineering Branch

where DMTI WMTI WH

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Pavements Engineering Branch

PREPARATION OF THE TEST SPECIMEN

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Pavements Engineering Branch

Determine the mass of the mould (m1).

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Pavements Engineering Branch

SOAKING THE TEST SPECIMEN

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Pavements Engineering Branch

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Pavements Engineering Branch

d = dry density of the specimen, in grams per cubic centimetre

OMC = optimum moisture content of the soil, in percent

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Pavements Engineering Branch

= the swell of the specimen, in percent

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Pavements Engineering Branch

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Pavements Engineering Branch

9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

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Pavements Engineering Branch

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Pavements Engineering Branch

m2 = mass of the mould plus compacted soil, in grams

Previously the line read

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Pavements Engineering Branch

MAIN ROADS Western Australia 04/12588

Pavements Engineering Branch

MAIN ROADS Western Australia 04/12588

Pavements Engineering Branch

MAIN ROADS Western Australia 04/12588

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