Seminar: Activities for Lead-cooled Fast Reactors (LFR) in S i A ti iti f L d l dF tR t i Generation IV International Forum (GIF) Tamachi Campus, Tokyo

Institute of Technology, Tokyo. Tokyo November 9, 2012 9

National Status on LFR Development : Japan D l t J

Minoru Takahashi
Center for Research into Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems (CRINES) Tokyo Institute of Technology y gy
1

Feasibility Study on LFR by JNC/JAPC

(1999-2006) Phase I : Extraction of typical FR system concepts
Coolant Size Type Cooling Pb, Pb-Bi Large, Medium, Small Tank, Loop Natural Circulation, Forced Circulation

Phase II: Investigation of the concepts to bring out attractive properties

Coolant Size Type Cooling
JNC: JAPC:

Pb-Bi Medium Tank Forced Circulation

Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute The Japan Atomic Power Company 2

LFR Concept Selected by JNC/JAPC

CRDM Rotating Plug Roof Deck O2 Control Device UIS Steam Generator Vessel Cooling Cylinder Circulation Pump Reactor Vessel Core Barrel Thermal Insulation Block Liner Cooling Coil

Fuel cladding temperature: Reduced from 650C to 570C

3

Inspectionhole(3) DRACS(3) Exvesselfuel transfermachine f hi Steamgenerators(6) ( )

Pumps(3) Fuelhandling F l h dli machine Controlroddrivemechanism Uppercorestructure

Pumps(3) Steamgenerators(6) Reactorvessel support Reactorvessel Core Innercoreassembly288 Outercoreassembly246 Centralsteelassembly1 Controlrod(coarse)12 Controlrod(fine)6 Controlrod(backup)6 C l d (b k ) 6 LBEshield186
4

PlantSpecificationofLFR
Reactor Type Electric Power Thermal Power Primary C l t T Pi Coolant Temperature t Primary Coolant Flow Rate Steam Temperature/Pressure Feed Water Temperature/Flow Rate Cycle Efficiency Burn Up (Average) Breeding Ratio B di R ti Decay Heat Removal System Forced Convection 750MWe 1,980MWt 445C/285C 3.06 x 105Ton/h 400C/6MPa 210C/3,126 Ton/h 38% 150000 MWd/t 1.19 (Nitride Fuel) 1 19 (Nit id F l) DRACS x 3 (Natural circulation)
5

CoreDesign
Type yp RefuelingInterval NumberofBatches CoreHeight AxialBlanket(Upper/Lower) EquivalentCoreDiameter NumberofFuelAssemblies(Inner/Outer) RadialBlanket NumberofControlRods(Main/Backup) NumberofRadialShieldingmaterials Tworegionhomogeneouscore g g 18months 6 70cm 0/18cm 443cm 252/192 24/7 PbBi84,ZrH90

Proliferation Resistance

SFR/MOX/WetProcess/ SimplePelet SFR/MOX/OxideElectrolysis/ VibratedPelet SFR/Metal/Metalelectrolysis/ Shashuts LFR/NitrideFuel/WetProcess/ SimplePelet GFR/NitrideFuel/Wetprocess/ CoatedParticle d i l Effectiveness

Systematic Approaching Treatment Pu extraction Attractiveness

R.Nakai,etal.,MultidimensionalEvaluationonFRCycleSystems, JNCTechnicalReview,No.24,(2004.11)pp.205219.

FBRwithLowBR Monju LWRwithfullMOX

FBRwithLowBR LWRwithMOX h LWR

Ele ectricPowerCapacity y

Year
R.Nakai,etal.,MultidimensionalEvaluationonFRCycleSystems, JNCTechnicalReview,No.24,(2004.11)pp.205219.
8

Political Decision for Development of FBR Cycle System in Japan 1999 2006,JNC/JAPC:FeasibilityStudyonCommercialFRCycle System PhaseI (19992000):ExtractionoftypicalFRsystemconcepts PhaseII(20012006):Investigationoftheconceptstobringout attractiveproperties 2006,MEXT:ResearchanddevelopmentpolicyofFRCycleSystem 2006,AEC: BasicpolicyonR&DFBRcycletechnologiesoverthenextdecade SelectionofSFRandGFR
AEC:JapanAtomicEnergyCommission AEC J At i E C i i MEXT:MinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports,Sci.andTech.Japan JNC:JapanNuclearCycleDevelopment JNC: Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute JAPC:TheJapanAtomicPowerCompany JAEA:JapanAtomicEnergyAgency

Main Reasons of Exclusion of LFR from Future Commercial Fast Reactor in Japan AccordingtoTechnicalSummaryofFRsystems(2006)
Feasibility Study on Commercialized Fast Reactor Cycle Systems by JNC/JAPC

1. LFRhasthepotentialtoachievecoreperformanceequivalentto SFRbyapplyingnitridefuel,andmeetallthedesignrequirements. SFR b l i i id f l d ll h d i i 2. Essentialissuesare Corrosionofsteel(fuelcladding) Nitridefuel Problems: Noalternativetechnologiesfortheseissues Internationalcooperationisunlikelyforabreakthroughinthe fundamentalissues NocountryhastakenleadershipattheGIFproject
10

Studies for LFR in Japan

1997 2000

Selection of FR by MEXT (2006)

Fukushima Daiichi Accident (2011) 2011

2006

JAEA(JNC)/JAPC LFR JAEA(JNC)/JAPC-LFR

1995

Phase I

Phase II
2004

FaCT (SFR)
2012 Universities 2007 2012

Feasibility Study (FS) Research & Develop Develop.

1990 Universities, MES, MHI, CRIEPI, Universities MES MHI CRIEPI JAEA 1999 2003

Tokyo Tech.. Tech

LSPR
SCNES

PBWFR
MEXT project
2001

CANDLE
COE-INES
2006

Basic studies
CRINES
2008

Advisory Committee of AESJ

Heavy Liquid Metal

LBE
Hand book

Tokyo Tech.: Tokyo Inst. of Tech. AESJ: Atomic Ener Soc of Japan Ener. Soc. JNC: Japan Nucl. Cycle Dev. Inst. JAEA: Japan Atomic Ener. Agency JAPC: The Japan Atomic Pow. Company MEXT: Min. of Edu Cul Sports Sci Tech. Min Edu.,Cul.,Sports, Sci. Tech MES: Mitsui Eng. & Shipbuild. MHI: Mitsubishi Heavy Indus. CRIEPI: Central Res.Inst. of Elec.Pow. Indus.

SCNES: Self-Consistent Nucl. Ener. Sys. COE-INES: 21st Cen. Center of Excel. Program Inno. Nucl. Ener. Sys. for Sustainable Dev. of the World CRINES: Center for Res. into Inno. Nucl. Sys. FS: Feasibility Study on Commer. FR Cycle Sys. FaCT: FR Cycle Sys. Tech. Dev. Project 11

InherentandPassiveSafetyFeaturesofLFR Inherent and Passive Safety Features of LFR

Larger scattering cross section Hi h neutron confinement performance, Better neutron High fi f B economy, Large fuel P/D High performance of Pb 208 due to low capture cross Pb-208 d e lo capt re section (See GLABAL 2011 Paper No.398761, Pb-208 is the final stable nucleus in Th decay chain) Pb-206 is low activation coolant (See ICONE-8385) Heavy nuclide mass Low moderating power Hard spectrum Negative coolant void coefficient, Better MA burning capability Low burn-up reactivity swing Long life core Higher boiling temperatures No coolant boiling in transient conditions
12

InherentandPassiveSafetyFeaturesofLFR y
Chemical inertness with water and air No chemical reaction, No hydrogen generation and fire Lowest stored potential energy compared with water and sodium No release of chemical / mechanical energy, No vaporization and pressurization Heavy coolant Lift-up and dispersion of fuel pellets Avoid of re-critical accident

13

AdditionalAdvantagesofLFR Additional Advantages of LFR

Large scattering cross section of lead Good neutron confinement Smaller core size Large shielding effects for neutrons and -rays rays Reduction of thickness of reflectors and shields Large fuel P/D High level of natural circulation capability bilit No production of -ray emitters Much lower dose-rate p y p around primary loops -ray emitter (Na-24 : half-life of 15 h) in SFR Heavy coolant Lift force of gas/steam bubbles Capability of coolant circulation without pumps

14

DrawbacksofLFR
Production of alpha-ray emitter Po-210 from neutron emitter, irradiation of Bi & Pb Need of Po-210 measure High solubility of Ni, Fe, etc. Need of material g y , , corrosion measure Very heavy coolant Restriction of reactor size / Need of seismic measure/ Erosion measure (<2m/s) i i /E i (<2 / ) Melting temperature of Pb (327C) High operation temperature Bi resource is not abundant Selection of lead (Pb) rather than LBE (Pb-Bi)

15

Concept of LSPR studied in 1990s (LBEcooledlonglifeSafeSimpleSmallPortable ProliferationresistantReactor) f ) Long life core Small reactors are constructed in factories of the nuclear energy park, Transported to the site, and deployed. site deployed Sealed reactor vessel without being opened at the site. Steamgenerator Excellent proliferation resistance in refueling -At the end of the reactor life, it is replaced by Core a new one. The old one is shipped to the nuclear energy park. park Environment -No radioactive waste left at the site. (Site is No d o c ve w s e e e s e. (S e s free from waste problems.)
LSPR

Controlrod Control rod

Pump

16

17

18

Long Life Core (Reactivity Swing)

19

Comparison of coolant void coefficient between SFR and LFR

SFR

LFR (LBE)
20

Comparisonofcoolantvoidcoefficient betweenmetallicfuelandnitridefuel

Metallic fuel: lower th Nit id f l M t lli f l l than Nitride fuel LBE coolant: lower than Lead coolant

21

Distribution of Newtron Flux

22

Simplified and Economical LFR PBWFR(PbBicooleddirectcontactboiling WaterFastReactor)TokyoTech.

To avoid corrosion and erosion, the components that contact lead alloy should be eliminated as much as possible. possible Concern of corrosion --- Steam generator tubes (hot LBE) Concern of erosion --- Impellers of primary pumps (10m/s)

Steam(296) Direct contact Boiling Gas Lift Pump Pb-Bi Control Rod Feed Water (220)

Core C

23

PBWFR (contd)

Elimination of SGs and primary pumps by direct injection of a feed water into hot j LBE above core Injected feed water boils in a chimney Steam bubbles drive coolant circulation

CRDM penetration CRDM Separator Dryer Steam Supply water Chimney Water pipes Ring header Pads Core Fuel assembly Reactor vessel Guard vessel Steam Supply water DHX

24

PBWFR: Core design

Inner Core Fuel Assembly 36 Outer Core Fuel Assembly 42 Pb-Bi Shielding Assembly 30 Coarse C t l R d C Control Rod 4 Fine Control Rod 3 Backup Control Rod 6 Total 121
Fuel rods B Entrance nozzle Ralch spring

Handling head A A

B Fuel 700 Wrapper tube Fuel rod 1930 Fuel Assembly 3355 15.2 5.9 9

331-12.0

Fuel assembly

5.0 Hex.285 A-A Hex. 284.0 B-B

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PBWFR: Plant systems and fuel handling

Reactor Containment Vessel N2 CRDM HPI Pump Separator/Dryer HPI Tank

High pressure water (200C, 8.4MPa, 3.14 m3 ) for flow coast-down (50% at 6.5s, 10% at 20s and 0% at 60s) at pump trip
Turbine

PRACS
AC

Generator
DF

Chimney PRACS Feed Water Header RVACS CRD R V G V Feed Water Pump HP Heater Hydrogen lnjection System

Dual pipes pp

Hydrogen supply
26

Main parameters of LSPR and PBWFR (Tokyo Tech.)

LSPR-50 Power, Thermal/Electric, MW Thermal efficiency, % y Core diameter/height, m Fuel Fuel pin diameter, mm P/D, Inner core/Outer core Linear power density, W/cm Pump type/unit number Temperature, inlet /outlet, C p , , Coolant flow rate, t/h Steam generator, Type/Unit number Temperature, Feed water/Steam, C T F d /S Steam pressure, MPa Reactor vessel, diameter/height, m g Refueling interval, y 150/53 35 1.652/1.08 U-Pu-10%Zr mettalic or U Pu U-Pu nitride 10 1.12/1.18 51.9 (Average) Mechanical / 2 360/510 12,300 Serpentine tube/2 210/280 6.47 5.2/15.2 12 PBWFR-150 450/150 33 2.78/0.75 U-Pu Nitride 12 1.3/1.3 363 (max.) Gas lift /1 310/460 73,970 Direct contact/1 220/296 7.0 4.69/19.8 10
27

JAEA 14.5m. 18.5mH

PBWFR 3.95m,14.5mH

LSPR 5.2m, 15.2mH

710MWe

150MWe

50MWe

28

Steamgenerator

Pump

JAEA(JNC)/JAPC-LFR (750MWe) ( )
CRDM penetration CRDM Separator Dryer Steam Steam Supply water DHX

Core
Supply water Chimney Water pipes Ring header

Steamgenerator

Controlrod

Pump Core

Pads Core

Fuel assembly Reactor vessel Guard vessel

Tokyo Tech.-LSPR (50MWe)

Tokyo Tech.-PBWFR (150MWe)

29

Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance Based on Existing Steels g by JNC/FZK

LBEpenetration

Basemetal

12Crsteel 600 C

316FR550 C,2000h, CO108wt%

ODSsteel 650 C

Upsidedown StagnantcorrosiontestatOconcentrationof106wt% St t i t t tO t ti f 10 6 t%

No improvement of material for corrosion resistance

12Crsteel650C,2000h, CO5x107wt% 30

Choice of Cladding Temperature (570C) Based on Correlation of Oxidation Rate Obtained for Existing Steels by JNC/FZK

Correlation of oxidation rate Ox xide thick kness (m mycro me eter)

Q 1/ 2 = A0 exp t RT : Oxide thickness (m) t : Time (h) Q : Superficial activation energy R : Gas constant T : Temperature A 0 : 8.91 10 4

ODSsteel500C, , CO106wt% (Limitedconditions)

31

TechniquesforCorrosionResistance
Oxygencontrolinlead/LBE Selfhealing of oxide protection layer Self healingofoxideprotectionlayer onmaterialsurface ImprovementofMaterials I t fM t i l ExistingsteelscontaininghighCr AdditionofSiorAltosteels Additi f Si Al t t l SurfacecoatingbyAlalloy
Already reported in Russia, and studied in Japan, EU and U.S.A in 2006 In spite of the statement International cooperation is unlikely for a breakthrough in the fundamental issues in JNC/ JAPC Report in 2006
32

CorrosionResistanceofExistingSteelsinFlowingCondition
TokyoInstituteofTechnology,19992006 Tokyo Institute of Technology 19992006 Material Contents Temp. ( C) (C) 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 Oxygen Time content (h) (wt%) 3.7x108 1000 3.7x108 1000 3.7x108 1000 3.7x10 3 7x108 1000 3.7x108 8 3.7x108 3.7x108 3.7x108 1000 1000 1000 1000 Result

SUS316 SCM420 F82H NF616 ODS HCM12A STBA26 HCM12

18Cr14Ni2Mo 1Cr0.2Mo 8Cr2Mo2W 9Cr0.5Mo2W 9Cr0 5Mo2W 12Cr2W 12Cr2W 9Cr1Mo 12Cr1Mo

Penetratio n Worst Worse Worse Worse Worse Better Best

33

CorrosionResistanceof ExistingSteelsContainingSiorAl inFlowingCondition Existing Steels Containing Si or Al in Flowing Condition

TokyoInstituteofTechnology,19992006 Material Contents Temp. (C) Oxygen content (wt%) 3.7x108 3.7x10 8 3 7 108 1.73.7x108 1x106 1.7x108 1x10 6 1 106 1.7x108 1x10 6 1 106 Time (h) 1000 1000 5002000 5002000 5002000 Result

SUS405 SUS430 SUH3

12Cr1Si 550 16Cr0.6Si 16C 0 6Si 550

Good Good G d Good Good Good

34

10Cr0.7M 550 o2Si Recloy10 18Cr1Al 550 NTK04L 18Cr3Al 550

550C
SUH3
Resin Layer

Si enrichment

Si 10m
Base metal

SUH3

A enrichment

Al

NTK04L

Recloy10
10m
Resin Layer Base metal

Recloy10

A enrichment

Al

After 2000-h exposure

5m
Resin Layer Base metal

NTK04L

35

CorrosionResistanceof ODSSteelwithAdditionofAlinStagnantCondition ODS Steel with Addition of Al in Stagnant Condition

JAEA,FZK,etc.2009
Material Addition Flow/Sta gnant Temp. (C) 550, 650 Oxygen content (wt%) ( ) 108,106 Time (h) 5000 Result

13.7 3.5wt%Al, Stagnant 17.3Cr 17.3Cr wt% wt% ODSsteel

Good

AdditionofAl:Effectiveforcorrosionresistance AdditionofminoramountofZr:Favorableinfluence Addition of minor amount of Zr: Favorable influence TopreventODSparticlesfromcombiningwithAlandcoarsening SolelyIncreasingCrconcentration:Noteffective
36

CorrosionResistanceof ExistingSteelsContainingSiorAlinStagnantCondition Existing Steels Containing Si or Al in Stagnant Condition

TokyoInstituteofTechnology,2010 Material Contents Temp. Temp (C) 700 700 700 700 Oxygen Oxygen Time content (h) ( (wt%) ) 5x106 1000 6.8x10 7 6 8x107 5x106 5x106 1000 1000 1000 Result

SUS430

16Cr0.6Si

Penetration Penetration Penetration Penetration

STBA26 9Cr1Mo Recloy10 18Cr1Al NTK04L 18Cr3Al

37

Pb-Bi Resin penetration SUS430

700 C 700C

Pb-Bi Penetration resin NTK04L

30.0 m

40.0 m

SUS430 (18Cr0.75Si)
Pb-Bi Resin penetration Recloy10

Pb-Bi Penetration STBA26 resin

NTK04L (17.8Cr0.4Si3.34Al)

6.12 m

100.0 m

100.0 m

Recloy10 (17.7Cr1Si0.9Al)

STBA26 (9Cr0.2Si)

38

700 C 700C
Resin

Penetration of Pb

STBA26

Resin

Penetration of Pb

SUS430

O Si Cr Fe Pb
Dissolution of constituent metals

O Si Cr Fe Pb
30 m
Dissolution of constituent metals

20 m

STBA26 (9Cr0.2Si) (9Cr0 2Si)

SUS430 (18Cr0.75Si) (18Cr 0 75Si)

39

FeAlAlloyCoatingusingUnbalanced e oy Coat g us g U ba a ced MagnetronSputteringTechnique

Material

Ar ions
e kineticenergy e

Sputtered p layer

Target(Al)

Target(SUS304)

40

CorrosionResistanceof ExistingSteelswithFe AlAlloyCoatinginStagnantCondition Existing Steels with FeAl Alloy Coating in Stagnant Condition
TokyoInstituteofTechnology,2010
Material M t i l Contents C t t Temp. T (C) Oxygen O content (wt%) Time Ti (h) Result R lt

STBA26

9Cr1Mo

700

6.8x107

1000

Good

gold oxide sputtere coatin layer dlayer resin g

STBA26

20m

3.7 m

40 m

41

25 A Arbitrary units 20 15 10 5 0

O Al Cr Fe
5 m

700C

O Al Cr C Fe Pb

35 30 Arbitrary un nits 25 20 15 10 5 0

Adhered Sputtered layer Resin Pb

STBA26
Arb bitrary units

200 150 100 50 0 400 Arbitrary units s 300 200 100 0 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 20 40

10 m

Arb bitrary units

42

CorrosionResistanceof ODSSteelswithAdditionofAlandAlalloyingsurface ODS Steels with Addition of Al and Al alloying surface Treatment inStagnantCondition
JAEA,FZK,etc.2009 JAEA FZK etc 2009
Material Addition Flow/Sta gnant Temp. (C) 650, 650 700 Oxygen content (wt%) 108,106 10 Time (h) 10000 Result

9CrODS 9CrODS steel

3.33.8wt% 3 33 8wt% Stagnant Al

Good

AdditionofAl:Effectiveforcorrosionresistance AdditionofminoramountofZr orHf f f f AlalloyingsurfacetreatmentbytheGESAfacility

43

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