DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................... i
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... ii
DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... iii
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................. v
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................ vi
BAB I

PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang ........................................................................... 1
1.2 Tujuan ........................................................................................ 1
1.3 Manfaat ...................................................................................... 2

BAB II

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Gambar Teknik............................................................................ 3
2.1.1 Fungsi Gambar ............................................................... 3
2.1.2 Garis ............................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Proyeksi Gambar ............................................................ 5
2.1.4 Toleransi ........................................................................ 10
2.2 Proses Produksi .......................................................................... 20
2.3 Mekanisme Terbentuknya Geram .............................................. 36
2.3.1 Teori Lama .................................................................... 36
2.3.2 Teori Baru ..................................................................... 37
2.4 Elemen Dasar Proses Pemesinan ............................................... 39
2.5 Pahat ........................................................................................... 59
2.5.1 Bagian-bagian Pahat ...................................................... 59
2.5.2 Bidang Pahat ................................................................. 60
2.5.3 Mata Potong Pahat ........................................................ 61
2.5.4 Material Pahat ............................................................... 62
2.5.5 Umur Pahat .................................................................... 69
2.6 Coolant ....................................................................................... 72
2.6.1 Fungsi Coolant .............................................................. 72
2.6.2 Jenis-Jenis Coolant ........................................................ 73

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2.6.3 Cara Pemakaian Coolant ............................................... 74

2.7 Snei dan Tapping ....................................................................... 77
2.7.1 Snei ................................................................................ 77
2.7.2 Tapping.......................................................................... 77
BAB III

METODOLOGI
3.1 Diagram Alir Praktikum ............................................................. 80
3.2 Peralatan Praktikum ................................................................... 81
3.2.1 Mesin yang Digunakan .................................................... 81
3.2.2 Alat Ukur ......................................................................... 83
3.2.3 Alat Bantu ........................................................................ 84
3.3 Proses Pembuatan ...................................................................... 85
Prosedur Perancangan Poros Bawah Hydrotiller ............................. 86

BAB IV

ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN

4.1 Perhitungan................................................................................. 90
4.1.1 Proses Sawing .................................................................. 90
4.1.2 Proses Bubut .................................................................... 90
4.1.3 Proses Drilling ................................................................ 103
4.1.4 Proses Pembuatan Ulir Luar ........................................... 104
4.1.5 Proses Sekrap .................................................................. 106
4.2 Analisa..........................................................................................
4.2.1 Analisa Proses
4.2.1.1 Proses Sawing .............................................................. 110
4.2.1.2 Proses Bubut ................................................................ 110
4.2.1.3 Proses Drilling ............................................................. 111
4.2.1.4 Proses Pembuatan Ulir ................................................. 111
4.2.1.5 Proses Sekrap ............................................................... 112

BAB V

PENUTUP
5.1 Kesimpulan................................................................................ 114
5.2 Saran .......................................................................................... 114

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN

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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Macam-Macam Garis dan Penggunaannya ....................................... 5
Tabel 2.2 Toleransi Geometri ........................................................................... 11
Tabel 2.3 Nilai Toleransi Standar Kwalitas 01, 0 dan 1................................... 11
Tabel 2.4 Tingkat Diameter Nominal............................................................... 12
Tabel 2.5 Nilai Toleransi .................................................................................. 13
Tabel 2.6 Nilai Penyimpangan Lubang Untuk Tujuan Umum ........................ 15
Tabel 2.7 Nilai Penyimpangan Poros Untuk Tujuan Umum............................ 17
Tabel 2.8 Klasifikasi Proses Pemesinan Menurut Jenis Mesin, Gerak Potong
dan Gerak Makan yang Digunakan .................................................. 28
Tabel 2.9 Klasifikasi Proses Pemesinan Berdasarkan Mesin Perkakas
yang Digunakan................................................................................ 29
Tabel 2.10 Klasifikasi Proses Pemesinan Berdasarkan Jumlah Mata Pahat ...... 31
Tabel 2.11 Perbedaan Antara Pahat HSS dan Karbida ...................................... 68
Tabel 2.12 Jenis Pahat dan Mulai Digunakan .................................................... 69
Tabel 4.1 Perhitungan Waktu Proses Facing I ................................................. 92
Tabel 4.2 Perhitungan Waktu Proses Turning I ............................................... 95
Tabel 4.3 Perhitungan Waktu Proses Turning II .............................................. 98
Tabel 4.4 Perhitungan Waktu Proses Facing II .............................................. 100
Tabel 4.5 Perhitungan Waktu Proses Turning III............................................ 103
Tabel 4.6 Perhitungan Waktu Proses Pembuatan Ulir Luar ............................ 105
Tabel 4.7 Perbandingan Waktu (Tc) Teoritis Dengan Waktu (Tc)
Praktikum Pada Sisi Pertama .......................................................... 107
Tabel 4.8 Perbandingan Waktu (Tc) Teoritis Dengan Waktu (Tc)
Praktikum Pada Sisi Kedua ............................................................. 108
Tabel 4.9 Perbandingan Waktu (Tc) Teoritis Dengan Waktu (Tc)
Praktikum Pada Sisi Ketiga ............................................................. 108
Tabel 4.10 Perbandingan Waktu (Tc) Teoritis Dengan Waktu (Tc)
Praktikum Pada Sisi Keempat ......................................................... 109

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1

Garis Nyata................................................................................. 4

Gambar 2.2

Garis Gores................................................................................. 4

Gambar 2.3

Garis Bergores ............................................................................ 4

Gambar 2.4

Garis Bergores Ganda ................................................................ 4

Gambar 2.5

Proyeksi Isometri ....................................................................... 6

Gambar 2.6

Proyeksi Dimetri ........................................................................ 6

Gambar 2.7

Proyeksi Trimetri ....................................................................... 6

Gambar 2.8

Proyeksi Ortogonal .................................................................... 7

Gambar 2.9

Proyeksi Miring.......................................................................... 7

Gambar 2.10 Proyeksi Perspektif .................................................................... 8

Gambar 2.11 Proyeksi Eropa 3D ..................................................................... 8
Gambar 2.12 Proyeksi Eropa 2D ..................................................................... 9
Gambar 2.13 Simbol Proyeksi Eropa ............................................................... 9
Gambar 2.14 Proyeksi Amerika 3D ................................................................. 9
Gambar 2.15 Proyeksi Amerika 2D ................................................................ 10
Gambar 2.16 Simbol Proyeksi Amerika ......................................................... 10
Gambar 2.17 Kedudukan Dari Macam-Macam Daerah Toleransi Untuk
Suatu Diameter Poros atau Lubang Tertentu ............................ 14
Gambar 2.18 Risun Steel ................................................................................. 22
Gambar 2.19 Roda Gigi Hasil Surface Treatment .......................................... 22
Gambar 2.20 Contoh Produk Sambung Band Pipa ......................................... 23
Gambar 2.21 Pengelasan ................................................................................. 23
Gambar 2.22 Penyambungan Dengan Baut .................................................... 24
Gambar 2.23 Penyambungan Dengan Paku Keling ........................................ 24
Gambar 2.24 Produk Forming ........................................................................ 24
Gambar 2.25 Proses Perakitan Mobil ............................................................. 25
Gambar 2.26 Roda Gigi Jam Tangan .............................................................. 25
Gambar 2.27 Produk Polimerisasi Ban Mobil ................................................ 26
Gambar 2.28 Gerak Potong............................................................................. 27
Gambar 2.29 Gerak Makan ............................................................................. 27

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Gambar 2.30 Pahat Bermata Potong Tunggal ................................................. 30

Gambar 2.31 Pahat Bermata Potong Jamak .................................................... 30
Gambar 2.32 Pahat Bermata Potong Tak Hingga ........................................... 31
Gambar 2.33 Proses Gerinda Silindrik ........................................................... 32
Gambar 2.34 Proses Gerinda Datar................................................................. 32
Gambar 2.35 Lapping Machine ...................................................................... 33
Gambar 2.36 Electrical Discharge Machining ............................................... 33
Gambar 2.37 Electro Chemical Machining .................................................... 34
Gambar 2.38 Laser Beam Machining ............................................................. 34
Gambar 2.39 Chemical Machining ................................................................. 35
Gambar 2.40 Ultrasonic Machining ............................................................... 35
Gambar 2.41 Water Jet Machining ................................................................. 36
Gambar 2.42 Teori Baru dan Teori Lama ....................................................... 36
Gambar 2.43 Proses Terbentuknya Geram Menurut Teori Analogi Kartu ..... 37
Gambar 2.44 Gaya Pembentukan Geram........................................................ 39
Gambar 2.45 Mesin Bubut .............................................................................. 41
Gambar 2.46 Kondisi Pemotongan Bubut ...................................................... 42
Gambar 2.47 Proses Pada Mesin Bubut .......................................................... 43
Gambar 2.48 Mesin Freis ................................................................................ 44
Gambar 2.49 Pemotongan Freis Biasa ............................................................ 45
Gambar 2.50 Pemotongan Freis Samping ...................................................... 45
Gambar 2.51 Proses Pemotongan ................................................................... 45
Gambar 2.52 Pemotongan Freis Bentuk ......................................................... 46
Gambar 2.53 Pemotongan Freis Ujung ........................................................... 46
Gambar 2.54 Mesin Freis Tegak ..................................................................... 47
Gambar 2.55 Mesin Freis Datar ...................................................................... 47
Gambar 2.56 Jenis Pahat ................................................................................. 48
Gambar 2.57 Proses Pada Freis Datar dan Freis Tegak .................................. 48
Gambar 2.58 Mesin Gurdi .............................................................................. 50
Gambar 2.59 Mesin Gurdi Portable ............................................................... 51
Gambar 2.60 Mesin Gurdi Peka...................................................................... 51
Gambar 2.61 Mesin Gurdi Radial ................................................................... 51

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Gambar 2.62 Mesin Gurdi Tegak ................................................................... 52

Gambar 2.63 Mesin Gurdi Spindel Jamak ...................................................... 52
Gambar 2.64 Mesin Gurdi Turet ..................................................................... 53
Gambar 2.65 Mesin Perpindahan Dengan 35 Stasiun Untuk Kontak Transisi53
Gambar 2.66 Mesin Gurdi Untuk Pembuat Lubang Dalam............................ 53
Gambar 2.67 Penggurdi Puntir ....................................................................... 54
Gambar 2.68 Pemotongan Untuk Lubang Pada Logam Tipis ........................ 54
Gambar 2.69 Mesin Sekrap (Shapping) .......................................................... 56
Gambar 2.70 Jenis Mesin Sekrap.................................................................... 57
Gambar 2.71 Proses Sekrap ............................................................................ 58
Gambar 2.72 Geometri Pahat .......................................................................... 60
Gambar 2.73 Bentuk Pahat Bubut .................................................................. 61
Gambar 2.74 Pahat Baja Karbon..................................................................... 63
Gambar 2.75 Pahat HSS ................................................................................. 63
Gambar 2.76 Pahat Cast Non Ferrous Alloys ................................................. 65
Gambar 2.77 Pahat Karbida ............................................................................ 66
Gambar 2.78 Pahat Keramik ........................................................................... 67
Gambar 2.79 Pahat CBN ................................................................................. 67
Gambar 2.80 Pahat Intan ................................................................................. 68
Gambar 2.81 Keausan Ujung dan Kawah Pada Pahat .................................... 70
Gambar 2.82 Keausan Tepid an Kawah Pada Pahat ....................................... 71
Gambar 2.83 Ilustrasi Beberapa Jenis Cairan Pendingin ................................ 74
Gambar 2.84 Pemakaian Coolant Dengan Menggunakan Nozel ................... 75
Gambar 2.85 Pahat Gurdi ............................................................................... 75
Gambar 2.86 Alat Pengabut Fluida Dingin ..................................................... 76
Gambar 2.87 Snei ............................................................................................ 77
Gambar 2.88 Proses Tapping .......................................................................... 78
Gambar 3.1

Flowchart Metodologi Penelitian Pembuatan Poros Bawah

Hydrotiller .................................................................................. 80

Gambar 3.2

Mesin Gergaji ............................................................................. 81

Gambar 3.3

Mesin Bubut ............................................................................... 82

Gambar 3.4

Mesin Sekrap ............................................................................. 83

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Gambar 3.5

Jangka Sorong ............................................................................ 83

Gambar 3.6

Stopwatch .................................................................................. 84

Gambar 3.7

Ragum ........................................................................................ 84

Gambar 3.8

Kuas ........................................................................................... 85

Gambar 3.9

Benda Kerja Setelah di Sawing ................................................. 86

Gambar 3.10 Benda Kerja Setelah di Facing .................................................. 86

Gambar 3.11 Benda Kerja Setelah 2 Kali Turning .......................................... 87
Gambar 3.12

Benda Kerja Setelah Facing Sisi Kiri....................................... 87

Gambar 3.13

Benda Kerja Setelah Turning Sisi Kiri ..................................... 87

Gambar 3.14

Benda Kerja Setelah Drilling Bagian Kanan ............................ 88

Gambar 3.15 Benda Kerja Setelah Drilling Bagian Kiri ................................. 88

Gambar 3.16 Benda Kerja Setelah Membuat Ulir Luar .................................. 88
Gambar 3.17 Benda Kerja Setelah Tapping dan Sekrap ................................. 89

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