L
2010by:ggun. Lr:g:nally gubshcd by !dt:Ons a
abr:guc n 2009.
hs translatOn 2010by bcm:CtcXt(c]
1 rgbts rcscrvcd. PO gart Ol tb:s bOOK may bc rcgrOduccd,
stOrcd :n a tctrcval systcm, Or ttansmttcd by any mcans, clcc-
trOnc, mccbacal, ghOtOcOgy:ng, rccOrd:ng, Or OthcrWsc,
WthOut gr:Ot gcrmssOn O thc gublshcr.
1ubshcd by bcmOtcXt(c]
2007lshI1c vd., butc 427,LAgc L90057
.scm:Otcxtc.cOm
banK tO ]Obn Lbctt.
1csgn. 1cd 1YhOlt:
bP: 978-1-58435-086-6
1:strbutcd by bc rcss, Lambrdgc, ass.
and OndOn, Lngand
1r:ntcd I thc 1ntcd btatcs Ol Tmcr:ca
QQUD
DIIOOUCIlOD IO LlVll YBI
lBDSBO D HlXBDOI H. BllOWB &UBSOD L. DlD
W.
SHlOX[j
lDlVDIlOD
SIlS DA
LODIODIS
P OIO OO \!O |OS!B\IOD
lD\IOOUCIIOO \O LIVIl VB|
|OW lS l\ \O O LOOO:
O\OS
7
1
ZZ7
MO\C OD ! rHSI\lOO
Introductionu /a guerrecioi/e(Introduction to Cioi/
vr) and Comment/ire? (HouIs IttoBeDone?)
ItsI aQQcatcd n issuc numbct tVo o Ihc |outnal
TqqunQublshcd n 1tancc n ocQIcmbct, 2UUi.
Introduction u /a guerre cioi/e Vas tcQtnLcd as a
book by NI n 2UU6. n 2UUV 1a 1abtQuc
tcQtnIcd boLh tcxIs as QatL o Ihc voumc
Contribotionsuluerreencours.
hc Votks do noI bcat a notmal auIhot aIttbu-
Ion. 1tLclcs Qubshcd n Tqqun2atc anonymous,
and Ihc ssuc Iscl docs noI conIan a :stn_ o ts
cdIotal commItcc. ``QQun can hctc tcct D an
anonymous co!lcctvc, Lhc outnal n Vhch Lhcsc
tcxts aQQcatcd, a subjccIvc Qtoccss, ot Io thc hstot-
vaQtoccss D Vhch thcsc samc Lcxts bcar VIncss.
1ll notcs atc outs. Nc havc Itcd D usc Lhcm
sQatn_ly, as not to dsItacI tom Ihc tcxI.
Nc Vsh
22
`y Otm-O-c tcatcs nOt tO uhat
but tO hou what am.
G1OSS` hts statcmcnt QcrOrms a sigI sh. 1 sght
sh n Ihc drcctOn O a tng caVc O mcIaQhyscs.
caVng mcIaQhyscs s nOI a QhtOsOQhca mQcratVc,
buI a QhysOOgtca ncccssty avng nOw rcachcd thc
cndQOnt O Is dcQOymcnt, mcIaQhyscs gathcrs Isc
ntO a Qanctary njunctOn tO abscncc. hat mQrc
dcmands s nOt that cach cOn!Orms IO a cOmDOn \aw,
but that cach cOnOrms IO ts Own Qartcuar dcntty.
1mQcra QOwcr dcQcnds On Ihc adhcrcncc O bOdcs tO
Ihcr suQQOscd Qualtcs Or QrcdcaIcs n Ordcr tO cvcragc
cOnIrO OVcr Ihcm.
`y !Orm-O-c dOcs nOt rcatc IO what1 am, Out
tO how, tO thc sQccc wa, 1 U whaI 1 Ue 1n Othcr
wOrds, Octwccn a bcng and ts Quatcs, Ihcrc s thc
abyss O ts Own Qrcscncc and Ihc snguar c)Qcrcncc 1
haVc O! t, at a ccrtan Qacc and tmc. 1n!OrIunaIcy
Or mQrc, thc Orm-O-c anmaIng a bOdy s nOI tO
bc Ound n any O Is Qrcdcatcs-Og, whtc, cray,
rch, QOOr, carQcntcr, arrOganI, wOman, Or rcnch-but
n thc snguar wa O! ts Qrcscncc, n thc rrcducbc
cVcnt O! ts bcng-n-stuatOn. ^nd I s Qrccscy whcrc
QrcdcatOn s mOsI VOcnty aQQtcd-n thc ranK
dOmatn O mOraty-thaI ts aurc s us wth |Oy:
whcn, Or @Qc, wc cOmc acrOss a cOmQctcy abjcct
bcng whOsc wa O bcng abjcct ncVcrthccss IOuchcs
us n such a way Ihat any rcQusOn wthn us s snucd
Out, and n ths way QrOVcs tO us that abection ine
aqua/i.
O cmbracc a Orm-O-tc mcans bcng mOrc athu
tO Our Qcnchants than tO Our Qrcdcatcs.
2u
_1skng wby tbs bOdy s aUcctcd by tbs tOrm-
Ot-c tatbct tban anOtbct s as mcanngcss as
askng wby tbctc s sOmctbng tatbcr tban nOtbng.
oucb a QucstOn bcttays Ony a tc]cctOn, and sOmc-
tmcs a tcat, Ot undctgOng cOntngcncy. 1nd, a
/rtiori, a rctusa ccn tO acknOwcgc t.
Z
LL bb . 1 bcttcIQucstonwoudbctoaskhowabody
t1kcson substancc, howabodybccomcs thicI,howt
inco
oratescXQcIcncc.hydowc somctmcsundcI-
@hcavyQo1Itatonswth hr-Icachn_chccts,andat
othcItmcswcak, suQcIhca oncs: owLwcctract
ourscvcs Iom ths dsQcrsvc mass o oomcsQuc
bodcs, rom ths _oba! rownan moton whcIc thc
most vta bodcs QIocccd !Iom onc Qctty abandon-
mcntto thcnCt, IomoncattcnuatcdoIm-o-!c to
anothcr, consstcnty oown_ a QIncQc o!Qru-
dcnccncvcI_ct caIIcd away bcyond accItan cvc
ontcnsty: n othcIwoIds, how coud thcsc bodcs
havc bccomcso tran
arent'
GLOSS p:hcmostoomcsQucnotono!Iccdom s
thc Iccdom o! choice, undcIstood as a mcthodca!
abstIacton Iom cvcIy stuaton. hs conccQt o
!Iccdom orms thc mostc!cctvc antdotc a_anst
cvcIyIcaIccdom.hconysubstanta!!Iccdomsto
oowI@ to thccnd, to thc QontwhcIc t vanshcs,
thc ncaon_whch QowcI _rows oIaccItanOtm-
o-c.msrascs ourcaQactyto thcn bcaHcctcdby
othcIoIms-o!-c.
ZO
_.bOdys QcIsstcncc n cttng a sinkIm-Ot-
tc aUcct t, dcsQtc tbc dVcrsty Ot stuatOns
t Qasscs tbtOugb, dcQcnds On ts ctack. bc mOtc
a bOdy ctacks uQ-tbat s, tbc wdct and dccQct ts
crack bccOmcs-tbc tcwct tbc QOatzatOns cOm-
Qatbc wtb ts sutVVa tbctc arc, and tbc mOtc t
w tcnd tcctcatc stuatOns n wh1cb t nds
tsct nVOVcd n ts ]mat QOatzatOns. bc Og-
gct a bOdys crack gtOws, tbc mOtc ts abscncc tO
tbc wOtd nctcascs and ts Qcncbants dwndc.
ZO
GSS: |otm-ot-tc mcans thctctotc that my tcaton to
mysci :1 Ony onc arto my tcaIon to thc wotd.
Z1
_hc cxQctcncc onc orm-o-lc has o anothct
s not communcablc Lo thc aLtct, cvcn t
can bc ttanslatcd; and Vc a knoV Vhat haQQcns
Vth ttanslatons. Lnly acts can bc madc clcat:
bchavors, atttudcs, asscttons-_0::t]. 1otms-o-
lc do not alloV mt ncuttal QosIons, thg oHct no
sac havcn ot a unvctsal obscrvct.
ZO
LJLbb. o bc utc, thcrc no 1ack o candtdaIc vyng
Io tcducc otm-ot-tc Io Ihc 1pcranIo ot objcctUcd
cuIutc, `Iyc, `way ot c and othct tcatvt
mytctc. haI Ihcc wtctchc atc uQ to , howcvct,
no mytcty: thcy want to makc u QIay Ihc gtand,
onc-dmcnona gaInc ot dcnIIc and dthctcncc.
h thc cxptcon IhaI Ihc moI
abd hoIIy
Iowatd torm-ot-tc Iakc.
Z
_1n 1nd o| tbcmsc|vcs, |orms-o|-|||c c1n Dc
nc|tbcr s1|d nor dcs.rDcd. bcj c1n oD|j Dc
sbown---1cb ||mc, n 1n 1|w1js sin_u|1r con|ct|.
Ln tbc otbcr b1nd, cons|dcrcd |oc1|j, |bc g|1j
Dctwccn tbcm oDcs r|_oro0s s|_n|q|n_ mccb1-
n|sms. Utbcj 1rc tbou_b|, tbcsc dctcrm|n|sms 1tc
tr1ns|ormcd |nto mLs wb|cb C tbcn Dc 1mcndcd.
L1cb scQucncc o| g|1j |s Dordcrcd, on c|tbct cd_c,
Dj 1n eoent.bc cvcnt d|sordcrs tbc g|1j Dctwccn
|orms-o|-|||c, |ntroduccs 1 |o|d w|tb|n |c, s0sgcnds
g1st dctcrm|n|sms 1nd |n10_0r1tcs ncw oncs
tbro0_b wb|.b |t m0st Dc rc|ntcrgrctcd. n 1|| tb|n_s,
wc st1rt wtb 1nd |rom tbc m|dd|c.
u0
GL55 hc dtstancc rcgutrcd lOr thc dcscrQttOn M
mchOl alOrm-Ol-lcts,QrcctscythcdtstanccOl cnmtJ.
LJLbb : Lvcry attcmQtu _rasQa`QcOQcasa lOrm-Ol-
!tlc-as racc, cass, cthntcty, Or nattOn-has bccn
undcrmncd by thc lact thatthc cthtcal dtUcrcnccs
withincachQcOQc havc awaysbccn _rcatcr than thc
cthtca!dt|crcnccs bctwccn QcOQcsthcmscvcs.
W
81
I
0
]V Js thc ttcc Qay Ot Orms-Ot-tc, t
s thc QtncQc Ot thcr cOcxstcncc.
Z
I I
at, bccausc n cacb snguar Qay bctwccn
tOrms-Ot-Ic, tbc QOssbty OI a Dcrcc cOn-
ItOntatOn-mc QOssbty Ot vOcncc-can neoer
bc dscOuntcd.
]v, bccausc tbc cOnttOntatOn bctwccn
tOrms-Ot-tc s nOt kc tbat bctwccn otatcs-a
cOmcdcncc bctwccn a QOQuatOn and a tctttO-
ty-but kc tbc cOnttOntatOn bctwccn arties, n
tbc scnsc tbs wOtd bad bctOtc tbc advcnt Ot tbc
mOdcO otatc. 1nd bccausc wc must bc Qrccsc
IrOm nOw On, wc sbOud say mat tOtms-Ot-tc cOn-
ItOnt Onc anOtbcr as artisanuarmachines.
]v wat, tbcn, bccausc tOtms-Ot-tc knOw nO
scQaratOn bctwccn mcn and wOmcn, QOtca
cxstcncc and batc tc, cvans and mtaty;
bccausc wbOcvcr s ncutra isstillaarptO tbc
ttcc Qay Ot tOtms-OI-tc;
bccausc tbs Qay bctwccn tOtms-Ot-tc bas nO
bcgnnng Ot cnd tbat can bc declared, ts Ony
QOssbc cnd bcng a Qbysca cnd Ot tbc wOtd tbat
Qtccscy@ Onc wOud bc abc tO dccatc;
and abOvc m bccausc knOw Ot nO bOdy tbat
dOcs nOt gct bOQccssy carrcd away n tbc cxccs-
svc, and QcrOus, cOutsc Ot tbc wOtd.
G1O55 - "Nolcncc" s somcthng ncw n hstory. c
dccadcnts arc thc hrst to know ths curous thng:
vio/ence. Jradtonal socctcs kncw ol thc, blasphc-
my, parrcdc, abducton, sacrhcc, nsults and rcvcngc.
Nodcrn 5tatcs, bond thc dlcmma ol adjudcatng
lacts, rccogn|zcd only nIractons ol thc Iaw and thc
pcnaltcs admnstcrcd to rcctq thcm. But thcy ccr-
tanly kncw plcnty about lorcgn wars and, wthn
thcr bordcrs, thc authortaran discplnng ol bodcs.
In lact, only thc tmd atom ol mpcral soccty-
Bloomthnks ol "volcncc" as a radcal and unquc
cvl lurkng bchnd countlcss masks, an cvl whch t s
so vtally mportant to dcntq, n ordcr to cradcatc t
thc morc thoroughly. For Wy ultmatcly, volcncc s
whathabeentak[omM3_ and today wc nccd to takc
t back.
hcn Bopowcr starts spcakng about tramc acc-
dcnts as "volcncc on thc hghways," wc bcgn u rcalzc
that lor mpcral soccty thc tcrm volcncc only rcIcrs to
ts own vocaton lor dcath. Jhs soccty has lorgcd th|s
ncgatvc conccpt ol volcncc n ordcr to rc|cct any thng
wthn t that mght stll carry a ccrtan ntcnsty or
chargc. M an ncrcasngly cplct way, mpcral soccty,
n all ts dctals, cxpcrcnccs tscll M vioknce.hcn ths
soccty hunu down volcncc cvcry whcrc, t docs nothng
othcr than cprcss ts own dcsrc to assawa.
84
G1O55 : ONEnds spcakng ol cvl war rcpugnant. But
whcn ON1 docs t anyway, thcy assgn t a crcum-
scrbcd placc and tmc. Icncc you havc thc "cvl war
In Francc" (1871), n 5pain (1565), thc cvl war n
/lgcra and maybc soon n turopc. At ths pont onc
should mcntion that thc Frcnch, cxhbtng thc C
culaton that comcs so naturally to :hcm, translatc thc
/mcrcan "Cvl Nar" as "Jhc Nar oI 5cccsson. Jhcy
do so to dcmonstratc thcr dctcrmnaton to sdc
uncondtonally wth thc vctor whcncvcr thc vctor s
also thc 5tatc. Jhc only way to losc ths habt oI gvng
cvl war a bcgnnng, cnd and tcrrtoral lmtths
habt ol makng t an cxccpton to thc normal ordcr o
:hings rathcr than consdcrng ts nntc mctamor-
phoscs in tmc and spaccs to shnc a lght on thc
slcght oI hand t covcrs up.
Kcmcmbcr how thosc who wantcd to supprcss thc
gucrlla war n Columba n thc carly '60s prccmptvcly
gavc thc namc "la Nolcnca (thc Nolcncc) to thc his-
torcal pcrod thcy wantcd to closc out:
O
I2
hc QOtnt O vcw O cv! wat thc QOtnt
O vcw O thc QOtca.
u6
__bcn, at a ccttan tmc and Qacc, twO
bOdcs aUcctcd by tbc samc tOrm-Ot-!tc
mcct, tbcy cxQcrcncc an Ob]cctVc Qact, wbcb
Qtcccdcs any dccsOn. bcy cxQcrcncc communip .
`M
u
LLLbb. hc dcQrvaI!on o! such an cxQcrcncc n thc
cst has causcd t to oc hauntcd oy thc od mctaQhys-
ca QhanIasm o! thc `human communty-also Known
undct thc namc Gemeinwesen by currcnts workn_ n
thc wac ol Tmadco |ord_a. hc cstcrn ntcccIua
s so !at rcmovcd !rom any acccss to a rca communIy
Ihat hc has to conlcct ths amusn_ ltIlc !cIsh: thc
human commuIuty. hcthcr hc wcars thc az-
humanst un!orm ol `human naturc ot thc hQQy ra_s
ol anthtoQolo_y, whcthct hc wthdtaws nto a commu-
n:Iy whosc Qowcr has occn carc!uly dscmbodcd,
Qutcy Qotcnta commun:ty, or dvcs hcad-!rst nIo thc
css subtlc conccQt o! Iotal man-Ihrou_h whch al
human Qrcdcatcs woud oc toIa!zcd-I s always thc
samc tcrtor Ihat s cxQrcsscd: thc tctror o! havn_ to
thnK oncs sn_ulat, dctcrmncd, nite stuaIon; ths
tcrtot sccKs tch_c n Ihc rcassutn_ !antasy o! totalty or
catIhy unIy. hc rcsut:n_ aosIracton m_ht bc callcd
thc mutIudc, _oba cv soccIy ot thc human sQcc!cs.
hats :mQortant s not Ihc namc, buI Ihc oQcraIon
Qcrlormcd. Tll thc rcccnt nantcs aoouI THE cybcr-
communIst communIy or JHE cyocr-tota man woud
noI havc _oIIcn o Ihc _tound wthout a ccrIan sttatc_c
oQQortunIy thaI oQcncd uQ at Ihc vcry momcnt a
wordwdc movcmcnt was lormn_ to rc!utc t. 1ct`s
tcmcmoct IhaI socoo_y was botn at thc vcry momcnt
thc mosI rtcconclaoc con!ct cvcr w:tncsscd-thc
class sttu__lc-cmct_cd at thc hcatt ol thc socal, and
Ihs dscQnc was oorn n Ihc vcry country whctc thc
stru_gc was most volcnt, n rancc n thc sccond hall
O
O thc nnctccnth ccntury. 1t Was bOrn as a rcsgOnsc tO
ths stru__c.
Oday, Whcn `sOccty s nOthn_ mOrc than a
hygOthcss, and hard1y thc mOst gausbc Onc at that,
any cam tO dccnd ths sOccty a_anst thc suggOscd
!ascsm urkn_ n cvcry Orm O cOmmunty s nOthn_
mOrc than a rhctOrca cxcrcsc stccgcd n bad !ath.
hO, aIcr , st sgcaks O! `sOccty Othcr than thc
ctzcns O mgrc, WhO havc cOmc Or rathcr hudd/ed
tO_cthcr a_anst thc sc-Odcncc O 1mgrcs !na mgO-
sOn, a_anst thc OntOO_ca ObvOusncss O cv War:
__bctc s nO cOmmunty cxccgt n snguat
tcatons. The cOmmunty dOcsnt cxst.
bctc s Ony Omq cmq tbat ctcuatcs.
40
G1O55 - Lommunity ncvcr rclcrs Lo a coIIccLion ol
bodics conccivcd indcpcndcntIy ol thcir world. !t rclcrs
u
thc naturc ol thc rcIations bctwccn thcsc bodics and
bctwccn thcsc bodics and thcir worId. +hc momcnt
communiLy Lrics to incarnatc itscIl in an isoIatabIc
subjcct, in a distincL, scparatc rcality, Lhc momcnt it
trics to matciaIizc thc scparation bctwccn what is
insidc it and what is outsidc, it conlronts its own
impossibi|ity. +bis point ol impossibility is communion.
In communion, thc compIcLc scll-prcscncc ol thc com-
munity coincidcs wiLh thc dissipaLion ol community
wiLhin singular rcIations, and thcrclorc coincidcs with
its tangibIc abscncc.
GLO55 : A bodics arc n movcmcnt. Ivcn whcn it is
immobiIc, a body stiII comcs into prcscncc, puts into
pIay thc word it bcars, and loIIows its latc. LcrLain
bodics go together.+hcy tcnd toward onc anothcr, Ican
on onc anoLhcr: Lhcrc is communiy among thcm.
Lthcrs Icc onc anoLhcr, don`L go togcthcr, and Uash.
ithin thc community ol cach lorm-ol-lilc thcrc arc
aIso comm
@
itics ol things and gcsturcs, communitics
ol habits and ahccts, a community ol thoughts. It gocs
wiLhout saying Lhat bodics dcprivcd ol community also
havc no te. thcy do not scc that ccrtain Lhings go
togcthcr, whiIc othcrs do not.
4!
_gbctc L bc no commun
[
o{those uho
arethere.
42
L!Lhh. Ivcry community is both an actua/i anda
otentia/i.hcn it cIaims to bc compcLcy rcaIizcd,
m+otal NobiIization, or rcmain purc potcntiaIit, m
thc hcavcnIy soIitudc ol BIoom-thss u nocommunity
4
I
(
\
bcn cncOuntcr a body aUcctcd by tbc
samc tOrm-Ol-tc as am, Us s cOmmu-
nty, and t Quts mc n contactwtb my Own QOwcr.
44
_Senses thc ccmcnt O tbc \OmmOn, that
s, cvcry cvcnt, as an rruQtOn Ol scnsc,
nsttutcs a cOmmOn.
bc bOdy tbat says `, n truth says `wc.
._csturc Or statcmcnt cndOwcd wth scnsc
carvcs a determinedcOmmunty Out Ol a mass O
bOdcs, a cOmmunty that must tscl bc tmcn On
n
Ordcr tO tmc On ths _csturc Or statcmcnt.
4
I6
hcn twO bOdcs anmatcd by lOtms-Ol-
\lc that atc absOutcy lOtc_n tO Onc
anOtbct mcct at a ccttatn mOmcnt and n a ccttan
Qacc, thcy cxQctcncc hosn/i. hs tyQc Ol
cncOuntcr _vcs tsc tO nO tcattOn; On thc cOnttaty,
t bcars wttncss tO thc Ot_tna abscncc Ol tcatOn.
bc hOsIts can bc dcntmcd and ts stuattOn
can bc knOwn, but t itseqcannOt D knOwn lOt
what t s, tbat ts, in its sing/arip. tOsIty s
thctclOtc thc mQOssbty lOt bOdcs that dOnt _O
tO_cthct tO knOw Onc anOthct 3 sn_uat.
bcncvct a thn_ s knOwn n tts sn_uatty tt
takcs cavc Ol thc sQhctc Ol hOstty and thctcby
bccOmcs a lrcnd-Ot an cncmy.
O
__!Or mc, thc hOsts s a nOthn_ that
dcmands Ubc annhatcd, cthcr thrOu@ a
ccssatOn O hOstty, Or by ccasn_ tO cst atO_cthcr.
41
2
0
j|P
!orms o! tbc statc bavc dcmocacy [ortbcr
truth, and !or tha rcason arc asc to thc cxtcnt that
hcy rc not dcmocracy.
`n truc dcmocracy theo/itica/statedisaea.
GLOSS \: 1mQrc can ony bc undcrstood th1ou_h hc
bioo/itica/un o Qowcr. 1kc DoQowcr, 1mQrc docs
not corrcsQond o ny Qostvc urd1c !rmcwork, and
s not a ncw nstutona ordcr. 1 nstcad dcs_natcs a
reabsortion or rctacton o thc od substanta sovcr-
c_nty. owcr has aways crcuatcd n mcroQbysca,
!mar, cvcryday, matcra and n_ustc aQQratuscs. t
has ways cu across thc :!c and bod1cs o subccts.
Nbat s novc about DoQowcr s that itirnothinmore
than thi.WoQowcr s a !orm o Qowcr tbat no on_cr
rscs uQ ovcr a_a1ns `c1v soc:cty as a sovcrc_n
hyQostass, as a lrcat 1tcor bubcc. 1t cn no on_cr
bc iso/ated!rom soccty. DoQowcr mcans ony tha
Qowcr adbcrcs to !c and !c o Qowcr. hus, Hom tbc
QcrsQcctvc o! s cassca om, Qowcr s chn_n_
radcy bc!orc our cycs, !rom a sod o a _ascous,
1Z
moccuat staIc. o co:n a otmua: Bioower is the
a8LHIoNo[ower. |mQ:tc canLot bc conccvcd
outs:dc o th:s undctstandn_ o out a_c. |mQtc s not
and cannot bc a QoWc scQataIcd tom soc1cIy. ooc1cIy
WonI sIand !ot that, |ust as :t ctushcs thc Dna tcm-
nants o cass:ca Qo:tcs W:th ts nd!ctcncc. 1mQ::c
:s mmancnt to soc1cty. 1t s `soc:cty inso[arQ socie
isaower.
J9
g_LmQtc cxsts `Qostvcl only n ctss,
ony as nc_aton and :cacton. 1 wc too
bcon_ D1mQtc,tu only bccausct s Qossblc
to _ct outsdc t.
W
1ZO
LJLhh . hC DgCIal tC_DC OgaD-DClusOD aVays
OOVs hC saDC QlO: sODC!hD_, OtVhaCVCI tCasOD,
DaDCss IsOtC_DDCss !O)DgtC,OtshOVsIsCl(D_
O CsCaQCtODI, IyID_IO haVC dODCV1!D I. h1s s!atC
OaHts CODs|uCs a Ctss, aDd )DQIC tCsQODds VID
astateo]emergen.1 s a! tDsgassD_DODCDt, dutD_
ODC O DCsC tCaCtVC OgCIatODs, IhaI L CaD say:
)DQtC Cxss.
LJLhh Q: 1! s DOI IDa DQCI:a sOCCIy tCgICsCDIs aD
aCh1C7CDCD!, a glCDIudC V|hOuI ICDaDdCI. DC sQaCC
lCH ICC by !DC dCgOsD_ OgCtsODa sOVCIC_DIy tCDaIDs
]us! !Da!, CDgyV:s--Vs sOCCy.h1s sgaCC, IhC QaCC O
DC 1tDCC, s CuttCD|y OCcugCd Oy DC O!DD_ O aD
DgCIaPrincikIhaI Da!CtaZCs aDdCODCs D|O OCus
ODlyVDCD I sIIikCs kCi_htDD_a aDythD_gtCtCDdD_
U tCDaD OuDdC Ot. his s Vhy)DgtC Is DO ODy
V1IhOuta_OVCtDDCD, OutasOVthOuIaDCDgCtOI: IhCtC
atC ODly actso[govement, a Cgually negative. 1D OuI
DsIOI:Ca1CxQCtCDcC, IhCQDCDODCDOD !DaCODCscOsCsI
!O Hs saC Om aIs s sl IhCCttOt. NDCIC uDVCtsa1
UCCdOD . . . L QtOduCC DC:DCI a QOsIVC VOtk DOI a
dCCd;IhCICslCHOtODlynativeaCtOD,IsDCICyIDC
OdCstuc|OtI [C_Cl,Phenomeno/oo[Sit,55).
LLhh ]: DQtCD1Dc!ODsbCsVhCDCtsssubquOus.
Ltss s )DgtCs IC_ulat DOdC OCxsICDCC, D thC saDC
Vay haI aD DsuIaDCC CODgaDy CODCs DIO bCD_ ODy
VhCD IhCtCs aD aCCdCD!. DC tCDQOtal!y O)DgtC s
IDC tCDgOIaIyOCDCI_CDCy aDdCaastOghC.
1ZO
g_mQrc s not Ihc ctoVnn_ achcvcmcnt o
a cv:!:zaIon, thc cnd-Qo:nI o :ts asccndcnt
arc. HaIhct I s thc tal-cnd o an :nVatd tu1nn_
Qroccss o O:sa__tc_aton, as Ihat Vhlch must chcck
and : Qossblc attcst thc Qtoccss. 1mQtc :s thctc-
otc thc kaI-cchon. ```mQrc :n th;s scnsc mcant
thc hstotcal QoVct Io rcsttan Ihc aQQcatancc o
thc 1ntchtst and thc cnd o thc Qtcscnt con
[Iar! ochmtt, TheNomos o{the Earth, 59-0).
mQtc sccs tscl as Ihc nal bulVatk a_ansI Ihc
ctuQI:on o chaos, and acts V:th Ih:s mnmal
QctsQcctVc :n mnd.
M
1Z1
g_Tt rst _!ancc, mQrc sccms to bc a
Qarodc rcco!!ccton ot thc cntrc, trozcn
hstory ot a `cVzaton. Tnd ths mQrcsson has
a ccrtan ntutVc corrcctncss. mQrc s n tact
cVzatons !ast stoQ bctorc t rcachcs thc cnd ot
U 1nc, thc |q a_ony n whch t sccs ts !tc Qass
bctorc ts cycs.
1Z
g_Ntb tbc lbcral btatc bcn_ tutncd nsdc
out nto LmQtc, ON has Qasscd !rom a
wotldQatttoncd by thc 1aw to asQacc Qolatzcd
by notms.bcma_naty
Q
as tbc other,hid
sideotbs tuHn_nsdc out.
W
1Z
LLhh. hat do Wc mcan by |ma_naty 1atty! 7hatthe
Outside ha movedinside. ms tun:n_ :nsdc ou haQ-
Qcncd no:sccssly, Qcaccmy, :Kc a thc n Ihc n:_h. Tt
:tsI _ancc, :I sccms noth:n_ has chan_cd. L1 s sm-
Qly sttucK by thc suddcn mI:l:ty o so many am:at
th:n_s, and hc old dVsons haI can no lon_ct account
ot What :s haQQcnn_ atc noW suddcnly so butdcnsomc.
bomc na__:i1_ l:tIlc ncutos:s makcs L1 st:l WanI to
dsn_ush jus tom unjusI, hcalthy tom scK, Wotk
tom csutc, ctmna tom Ihc nnoccnt and thc otd:-
na)y tom hc monsttous. ut lcts adm:t thc obVous:
Ihcsc old dVs:ons no on_cr haVc any mcan:n_.
1t s not as thcy haVc bccn suQQtcsscd, thou_.
hcy atc st:l thctc, but Ihcy atc inconsequentia/. hc
notm hasnt abolshcd thc aW, :I has mctcy Vo:dcd
Ihc 1aW and commandcctcd :t ot Is oWn QutQoscs,
QutI:n_ :I :n thc sctV:cc o ts oWn mmancnI Qtact:ccs
o caculaton and admmsttat:on. ncn hc LaW cntcts
hc otcc-Hcd o thc notm, I loscs hc last Vcst:_cs o
tansccndcncc, rom noW on unct:on:n_ ony :n a k:nd
o ndcHn:tcy tcncWcd satc o cxccQton.
hc sIaIc o cXccQt:on :s dic noa/tc_:mc o thc LaW.
hctc :s no V:s:blc Luts:dc any motc-noIh:n_ kc
a Qutc atutc, the Nadncss o thc class:ca a_c, the
Itcat Ltmc o Ihc class:ca a_c, ot the ItcaI c/assica/
1toctat:at WIh :Is acIualy-cx:s:n_ omcand o
)usIcc and L:bctty. hcsc atc all _onc, mosly bccausc
h haVc lost hc:t :ma_naty occ o at|tact:on. hc
Luts:dc s noW _onc Qtccscly bccausc Ioday hctc :s
cXIct:ot:Q at cVcy Qo:nt o hc b:oQo:t:ca Issuc.
1
adncss, ctmc o thc hun_ty Qo!ctatat no on_ct
nhaOt a dOncd ot tcco_nZcd sQacc, thcy no on_ct
otm aVotd untothcmscvcs, thctoVn_hcttoVthot
V1thoutVas. NthIhc d1ssQaton oIhcsoca, hcsc
tctms bccomc tcvctsbc modacs, avocnt atcncj, a
possOtyeachandeoe:hodm_hIbccapaOc o!.hs
susQcon s Vhat |usthcs thc contnuous soca:zaton
osoccty, thc Qctcctn_ othc mcto-apQatatuscs o
contto. ot that 1opoVctcams to_ovctnmcn and
thn_s d1tccty-nstcad, t _ovctns ossihi/itis and
conditionsopossO1:ty.
!vctythn_ Ihat had ts soutcc n thc Lutsdc-
c_aty, :tst o a, but aso mscry and dcaths
administeredand thctc!tc takcn uQ n an interation
that ositioe( c1mnatcs thcsc cxtctotcs m otdct to
a!oV hcm to tcc:tcuatc. hs s Vhy Ihctc s no such
thn_as dcathV1hn 1oQoVct: hctcs on(murdrand
ts ctcuaton. Ahtou_h statscs, an cnttc nctwotk o
causa:cs cmbcds cach 1vn_ Ocn_ m tc coccton o
dcathshsoVn sutvvatcgutcs [thcdtopous,Ihcunot-
tunatc ndoncsans, Votkpacc accdcnts, 1thoQans o
a a_cs, cccOrtcskcd! ctashcs, ctc.).1utt saso
n a mecalscnsc that dcaIh has bccomc mutdct, Vth
thc promtm on o btan dmd cotQscs, thcsc `vn_
dcad Vho Voud havc Qsscd aVay a on_ tmc a_o u
thcyVctcntkcQtavcattDcayasor_an Oanksotsomc
absutdttansp!ant, thVctcnt Ocn_kcQtavcnotdct
tohea:sedawa. hc ttuIh s thatnoVIhctc s no out-
sdc hat L bc dcn!cd as such, sncc thc thtcshod
schas Occomc theintimateconditiono[athate.
181
hc 1aV scts uQ dVsons and nsttutcs dstinctons,
t ctcumscibcs Vha dchcs t and cco_n:zcs an odcty
Votd to Vhch t _Vcs both otm and dutaton. hc
1aV ccasccssy namcs and cnumctacs Vhat outaVs.
hc JaV sos ir outside. hc nau_uta _cstutc o thc
!aV s to cXcudc, and Htst o a ts oVn oundaton:
soVctc_1ty, Vocncc. ut thc noIm has no scnsc o
oundaon. t has no mcmo)y, stayn_ as cosc as Qossbc
to thc Qtcscnt, aVays camn_ o bc on thc sdc o
mmancncc. hic thc 1aV _Vcs a !cc and honots thc
soVctc_nty o Vhat s outsdc :, thc notm 1accQhalous-
hcadcss-and s dc1_htcd cVcty mc a Kn_s hcad _cts
cu oH. hc norm has no hieros, no Qacc o ts oVn,
actn_ nVsby oVcI thc cnttcty o thc _iddcd, cd_ccss
sQacc it d1stbutcs. o onc s cXcudcd hcc ot cQc!cd
11to somc dcnmabc outsdc. hat s cacd `ccudcd
s, ot hc noIm, |ust a moday o a _cnctaZcd ncu-
s:on. 1 s hccotc no on_ct anythn_ bu a sn_c,
sotaty hcd, homo_cnous but dmaccd nto an mty
o nuanccs, a tc_:mc o mtcss ntc_taon that scts ou
U mantain thc Qay bctwccn oIms-o!-c at thc oVcs
Qoss1bc cVc o ntcnsy. 1n sQacc, an un_IasQabc
a_cncy o totaZaton tc_ns, dssoVn_, d_cstn_,
absotbn_ and dcactVatn_ a! atctty a QIor. T Qtoccss
o omnVotous mma1cntzaton-tcducn_ cVc_
o notnn_-dcQoys tsc on a Qanctaty scac. hc
_oa: moke the wor/d into continuous hioo/itico/tissue.
1nd hs t:mc, thc norm stands Vatch.
\ndct thc tc_mc o hc nom, notn:1_ s notma,
bu cVc)ythn_ must bc normo/ized. hat uctons
1Z
nctc s a ositiveQatad_m o Qowct. hc notm Qtoduccs
atnat s, nsoat as thc notm s scl, as L says, thc
ens:vo/issimum.natcvct docs not bc!on_ to ts modc
o unvc:n_ s not, and whatcvct s not cannot bcon_
to ts modc o unvc:ln_. \ndct thc tc_:1c o tnc notm,
nc_atvty s ncvct tcco_nZcd as sucn, but 1cduccd to a
smQc d[ou/tn tcaton to tnc notm, a hokto mcnd
no tnc _oba boQoca tssuc. c_atvty ths Qowct
tnat s not suosedto ms, s thus o_cay abandoncd
to a ttacccss dsaQQcatancc. ot whout tcason, sncc
thc ma_naty ia1Iy s tnc lusdc o mc wot!d wtbout
lutsdc, tnc csscnta dsconnuty od_cd at thc ncatt
o a wotd tcndctcd cont:nuous.
nc ma_naty ia1y s thc seot, and nc siege, o
Qotcn taty.
LLLhh p: hctc s no bcct :lusttaton o now thc notm
has subsumcd tnc aw nan to consdct how thc od
tctttota! otatcs o iu1oQc `abo!sncd hc:1 botdcts ahct
tnc ochcn_cn 1_tccmcnt. ns aboon o botdcs,
whcn s to say thc abandonmcnt o thc most sactcd
asQcct o hc modctn oac, docs not mcan o coutsc
that thc otatcs thcmscvcs w dsaQQca1, but tatnct t
s_nas tnc gmancnt Qossby o hct tcstotaon,
thc c:tcumstanccs dcmand t. Uhs scnsc, whcn botdcts
a1c abolshcd, customs cncckQonts n no way dsaQQca1
bu atc cxtcndcd1o vtuay a Qaccs and mcs. lndct
imQtc botdcts comc to tcscmbc what atc ca!cd
`mobc cusoms chcckQonts, whch can bc Qaccd,
:1QtomQu, at any Qont whn a tctttoty.
188
g_1mQtc bas ncvct bad any utdcal or
nsttutonal cxstcncc, because it need
none. \nlkc tbc modcH otatc, wbcb Qtctcndcd
to bcanotdct o 1aw ando 1nsttutons, 1mQtc
s tbc garantor o a tctculat Qtolctaton o
noms and aQQatatuscs. 1ndct notmal ctcum-
stanccs, LmQtcistbcsc aQQatatuscs.
19
GLOSS . vcty I:mc LmQtc ntctvcncs, t cavcs bcnd
notms and agQatatuscs that aoW thc ctss stc to bc
managedas a ttansgatcnt sQacc o ctcuaIon. s s
hoW mgct:a! soc:cty maKcs :tsc! knoWn: as an
mmcnsc atIcuaton o aggatatuscs that Qumg an ccc-
ttca c nto thc D:ndamcnta nctta o thc boQotca
tssuc. !ccausc thc tcIcuat _tdWotK o :mQcta soccIy
s aWays thtcatcncd Wth btcakdoWns, accdcnts and
bocKa_cs, LmQtc makcs sutc to c!mnatc tcsstanccs
to ctcuaton, gudaIn_ a obstaccs to gcncItaton,
makn_ cvctyn_ Itansga)cnt to soca HoWs. Lmg:tc
s a!so What sccutcs ttansactons and _uatantccs What
m_ht bc cacd a socia/suerconductivi.hs s Why
Lmgtc has no ccntct: t maccs t gossbc ot cach nodc
o ts ncIWotK u bc a ccntct. 1 Wc can cvct maKc out
aon_ thc _oba asscmb!a_c o oca agQatatuscs
atc thc
condcnsatons o otccs and thc dcQoymcnt o nea
tive oerations that cnsutc thc Qto_tcss o mQcta
ttansQatcncy. bgcctac!c and !ogoWct assutc not |ust thc
ntcnsvc conInuty o oWs, but thc ttanstvc notma-
zaton-thct bcn_ madc cguvacnt-o a! stuatons
as Wc.
GLOSS p: tc atc no doubt `ovctWhcmcd zoncs
Whctc mgcta! conIto s dcnsct Ihan cscWhctc, Whctc
cach sma! sc_mcnt o What cxsts gays ts duc to thc
_cncta ganogtcsm, and Whctc at a ccttan Qont thc
goQuaton can no on_ct bc dstn_ushcd tom thc
go:cc. nvctscy, thctc atc aso zoncs Whctc Lmgtc
sccms abscnt and cts cvctyonc KnoW t docsnt da)c sct
!O
oot tnctc. hs s bccausc t cauLtes, wc_hs, cVau-
atcs and tncn decidesto bc hctc ot thctc, to show uQ ot
wthdtaw, al ot tactca tcasons. 1mQtc s not cVcty-
whctc, and nownctc :s t abscnt. lnkc thc modctn
otatc, 1mQtc has no ntctcst n bcn_ tnc smimt, n
Dcn_ thc aways Vsbc and tcsQcndcnt soVctc_n.
1mQtc ony cams to bc thc Lstnsortn cach stua-
ton. ust as mctc s nothn_ natuta about a `natutc
Qatk ctcatcd by thc admnsttatots o attucazaton
who haVc decidedt s Qtc!ctabc UcaVc t `ntact, so
too 1mQtc s Qtcscnt cVcn wncn t s cHcctVcy abscnt,
Qtcscnt as wtndtawn. 1mQ:tc s such that t can bc
cVctywnctc. t tcsdcs n cach Qont o tnc tctttoty, n
thc _aQ bctwccn notma and cxccQtona stuatons.
1mQtc has thc owerto bc wcak.
GLOSS ]: hc o_c o thc modctn otatc s a o_c o
thc aw and tnc nsttuton. nsttutons and thc 1aw
atc dctctttotazcd and, n QtncQc, absttact. n ths
way, tncy dstn_ush thcmscVcs tom thc customs
thcy tcQacc, customs whch atc aways oca, cthcay
Qctmcatcd, and aways oQcn to cxstcnta contcsta-
ton. nsttutons and thc 1aw oom oVct mcn, thct
Qctmancncc dtawn tom thct ttansccndcncc, tom
thct own nhuman sc-assctton. nsttutons, kc
thc Law, cstabsh ncs o Qattton and _Vc namcs n
otdct to scQatatc and Qut thn_s n otdct, Quttn_ an
cnd to tnc chaos o tnc wotd, ot tathct cottan_
chaos nto tnc dcmtcd sQacc o tnc unauthozed
ltmc, adncss, cbcon. 1nd botn 1aw and
`u6
nst:tutonsatcuntcd nhc!actthatncthcthasany
nccd to |ust] tscto anyonc, no mattctVhat. `hc
1aVs |hc aV, says thc man.
1vcn !t docs notmnd usn_thcm as weaons,as
t docs Vth cvc__ Osc, 1mQtc knoVs nothn_
aboutthc absttact !o_c ohc 1aVandthc nsttuton.
lmQtc knoVs ony normsand aaratuses. 11kc apQa-
tatuscs, notms atc oca. hcy takc cHcct n hc hctc
and noV 1nso!at as thcy[nction, cmQt:cay. otms
hdc nchct thct ot_n nothct tcason !otcxst1n_
thcsc atc to bcound outs:dc thc notms thcmsc!vcs, :n
thc coDcts Vhch _vc tsc to thcm. hats csscna
todays not somc ptc!1m1natydccataon ounvcty
hat Voud thcn sttvc u cn!otcc tsc! ttcnton must
bcQadto oeratons,u hc Qagatc.hctc s :ndccd
a tota!1Zaton hctc as Vc, but t docs not cmct_c out
o!a dcstc o unvctsaZaton. t takcs pacc thtou_h
thc articuLtion oaQQatatuscs, thtou_h hc contnuty
othc c:tcuaon octwccn thcm.
G1OSS : 1ndct 1mQ1tc Vc Vtncss a pto1ctat:on o!
thc c_a, achtoncooom n |utdcaQoducton.hs
Qtoctaton, at tom contmn_ somc sott o! tt-
mnQh oth@V, nstcad vcucs ts tota dcvauaton,
|s dcntvc oosocsccncc. 1ndct thc tc_mc o thc
notm, thc aV occomcs but onc nsttumcnt amon_
many!ottcttoactvcyactn_ onsoccty, annsttumcnt
hatcanbcascasycustomZcdandsuo|cctto tcvctsa!
o!scnsc-as a thc othcts. M s a techniqueovern
ment,aVayo!puttn_ ancnd to actss, nothn_motc.
11
t thc modcrn 5tatc clcvatcd to thc solc sourcc oI
rght~thc Iaw-s now nothng morc than onc ol thc
cxprcssIons ol thc socal norm. tvcn judgcs no longcr
havc thc subordnarc task ol qualqng lacts and appIyng
thc ! but thc sovcrcgn !ncton ol cvaluatng thc
opportunty such and such a judgmcnt al!ords. Jhc
vagucncss ol laws, whch ncrcasngly havc rccoursc to
thc ncbulous cr
!
cra ol normalty, arc no longcr sccn as
hndcrng thc laws' chcctvcncss; to thc contrary, ths
vagucncss bccomcs a condton lor thc survval oI thcsc
laws and Ior thcr applcablty to any and cvcry casc
that mght comc bclorc thcm. hcn judgcs "lcgslatc
lrom thc bcnch and thc socal s ncrcasngly jurd-
czcd, thcy arc dong nothng oihcr than rulng n thc
namc oI thc norm. Undcr !mprc, an "ant-maa tra|
docs nothng but cclcbratc rhc trumph oI onc maa-
ihc judgcs~ovcr anothcr-thc judgcd. Icrc, thc
sphcrc ol Iaw has bccomc onc wcapon among othcrs
n thc unvcrsaI dcploymcnt ol hostlty. Il Ilooms
can only conncct and torturc onc anoihcr n ihc lcgal
tcrms, !mprc by contrast docsn't takc wcll to ths
samc languagc, ncvcrthcIcss makng usc ol t Irom
tmc to tmc whcn thc opportunty s rght; and cvcn
ihcn t contnucs to spcak thc only Ianguagc t knows,
thc Ianguagc oI ectiveness,ol thc chcctvc capacty to
re-estab/ish the norma/situation, to producc publc
ordcr, thc smooth gcncral Iunctonng ol thc Nachnc.
Jwo ncrcasngIy smlar gurcs ol ths sovcrcgnty ol
c!!cctvcncss makc thcr prcscncc lclt ihus n thc vcry
convcrgcncc ol thcr lunctons. thc co and thc doctor.
18B
LLbb `hc aW shoud bc uscd as just anothct
Wcagon n thc _ovctnmcnIs atscna, and n ths casc t
bccomcs ttc motc than a gtoga_anda covct ot mc
dsgosa o unWantcd mcmbcts o thc gubc. 1ot ths
to haggcn cHccnIy, thc actv1tcs o thc c_a sctv:ccs
havc to bc Icd nto thc cHott n as dsctcct a Way
as gossbc.
-1tam Ison, !ow1nteiOe:utions:Subveron
1nsu:en Peace-Keeing(171).
W
1
gg`\tZc s anyn_ tbat sbows somc
dc_tcc o! ctbca ncuttalzaton, somc
attcnuaton tbat s comQatOlc wtb mQrc.
D;rence s not donc away wtb comQlctcl as
on_ as n s cxQtcsscd a_anst tbc backdtoQ o a
_cnctal cQuvalcncc. 1ndccd, dUctcncc s tbc clc-
mcntaty untuscdntbcmQcra! mana_cmcnto!
dcnttcs. 1 tnc modctn otatc tc_ncd ovct tbc
`Qncnomcna tcQublco ntctcsts,LmQtc can
bc sad to tc_n ovct tnchenomena/reub/ic o[
d;rences. Ds tntou_b tbs dcQtcssn_ masuctadc
tbat a! cxQtcssons o otms-o-lc _ct con]utcd
away. 1mQctaQowct stays mQctsona! bccausc t
nas tbc Qowct tnat QctsonalZcs. 1mQcra! Qowct
totalzcs Occausc tstscl wnatndvduatcs.Nc
atc dca!n_ not so mucb wtb ndvdualtcs and
sub]cctvtcs, but wtn ndvduatons and sub
]cctvatons-ttanstoty, dsQosablc, modulat.
Emireisthe{eelo[simu/acra.
J4
L!Lhb u: 1mpircs unity s not Imposcd on rcmty as an
cxtra, suppIcmcntary Iorm. It comcs about at thc Iowcst
IcvcI, on a moccuar scc. +hc unIy oI 1mpIrc Is
nothIng othcr than thc gIobaI unIIormIty oI attcnuatcd
Iorms-oI-IIIc produccd through hc conjunct1on oI
5pcctacc and bIopowcr. Its unity 1morc a moIr pattcrn
than muIicoIorcd: madc up oI d1ncrcnccs, but onIy in
re/tiontothenorm. IormaIizcd dIncrcnccs. 5tatisIcaI
dcvIatIons. \ndcr 1mpIrc, nothing Iorbds you Irom
bcIng a ittIc bit punk, sIghtIy cynIcaI, or modcratcIy
5 . LmpIrc toIcracs aI transgrcssions, provIdcd thcy
rcmaIn so.Nc arc no Iongcr dca|Ing wIu a vountarisuc
a prIorI totaIzatIon, but with moccuIar caIbratIons oI
subccivItcs and bodics. jA|s powcr bccomcs morc
anonymous and morc Inctiona, thosc on whom it Is
cxcrciscd tcnd o bc morc strongy indivIduaIIzcd
(IoucauIt, Dici/ineandPunih) .`
LLbh p. ``And thc whoIc Inhabitcd word, as it wcrc
attcnding a natIonaI Icsu has Id asIdc its od drcss,
thc carryIng oI wcapons, and has turncd, wIth IuI
authoriy to do so, to adornmcnts and aII kinds oI
pIcasurcs. And athc othcr sourccs oI concntion havc
dIcd out inc cItIcs, but thIs sIngIc rIvary hoIds aII oI
thcm, how cach wII appcar as Iair and charming as
possIbIc. 1vcryhIng is Iu! oI gymnasiums, Iountains,
gatcways, tcmpIcs, handicrahs, and schooIs. And it can
bc said in mcdIcaI tcrms tha thc InhabIcd worId was,
as I wcrc, mat thc start and has now rccovcrcd. | . s s | thc
whoc carth has bccn adorncd Ikc a pIcasurc gardcn.
J9!
lonc bcyond and and sca s Ihc smoKc tsn_ tom Ihc
Dcds and Ihc s_na Dtcs o !tcnd and !oc, a btcczc
had anncd thcm aWay. hctc has bccn nttoduccd
nsIcad cvcty Knd o chatmn_ sgcctacc and a boundcss
numbct o _amcs. . s s | hctcotc thosc ousdc yout
cmgtc, uIhctc atc any, aonc shou!d bc QIcd sncc
thcy atc dcQtvcd o! such advIa_cs.
-1cus 1tstcdcs, `c_atdn_ omc, I44 C1
142
(
tom bctc on ouI, cIcn wl mcan:
ctIzcn o1m:c.
19
GLSS: In thc Koman cmpirc, ctzcnshp was not mtcd
to Komans. It was
1J
((
LmQtcdocsnot contontuslkcasubcct,
acn_ us, bu| lkc an enoironmenttbat s
bostlc to us.
171
1c o L:V Nm
^cw !otm o communty, assctIn_ Isc
n a watKc mannct. LIhctwsc thc sQtt
_tows soH. ^o `_atdcns and no shcct
`cvason n thc tc o! Ihc masscs. Na
|OuI wthouI _unQowdct) Octwccn dhct-
cnI thou_hIs and thct atmcs""
-^ctzschc, `1osIhumous 1ta_mcnIs
11
__1 thosewhocannotorwiIl not conjure
away the forms-of-Iife that move them
must come to gripswith the foIIowitg fact: they
ae,weare,theariahsofEmpire.Anchoredsome-
wherewithinus,thereisaIightlessspot,amarkof
Cain fiIIing citizens with terror u not outrigt
hatred.1hisistheManichaeismofEmpire: onone
sidethereis thegIorious newhumanit carefuIIy
reformatted, thown opento alItheraysofpower,
idealIy lacking in experience, and obIivious to
themselvesuniItheybecomecancerous.Theseae
citizens, the citizens ofEmpire. And then there's
H, Us-it is neither a subject, nor something
formed, nor a muItitude. Us---it is a heap of
worIds, ofsub-spectacuIar atd interstitiaI worIds,
whoseexistenceisunmentionable,woventogether
withthekindofsoIidarityanddissentthatpower
cannot penetrate; and there are the strays, the
poor, theprisoners, the thieves, the criminals, the
crazy,theperverts, thecorrupted, the overIya|ive,
the overhowing, the rebeIIious corporaIities. Jn
short, aII those who, foIIowing their own Iine f
hight,donotfitintoEmpire`ssta|e,air-conditioned
paradise. /-thisisthefragmentedpIaneofcon-
sistencyoftheImaginParty.
114
__Insofaraswestayincontactwithourown
potentiality, even H onIy in thinking
through our experience, we represent a danger
withinthemetropoIisesofEmpire.Weareuhateoer
enemagnstwhichatheimeria|apparatusesand
norms are positioned. ConverseI the resentnI
ones, the intelIectual, the immunode6cient, the
humanist,thetranspIantpatient, theneuroticare
Empire'smodeIcitizens. Fromthesecitizens,TMY
are certain there is nothing to fear. Civen their
circumstances,thesecitizens arelashed to asetof
artmcial conditions of eistence, such that onIy
Empirecanguarantee theirsurvivaI; anydramatic
shif in their conditions of existence and they
die. They are born coIIaborators. It is not onIy
powerthatpasses throughtheirbodies, butalso
thepolice. ThiskindofmutiIatedIife arisesnot
onIyas aconsequence ofEmpire'sprogress, but
as itsre@dition. The equation citizen " co
rnsdeepwithinthecrackthatexistsatthecore
ofsuchbodies.
17
_
_
Lvctyn_ allowcd by 1mQtc u ot us
smlatly lmtcd: sQaccs, wotds, lovcs,
bcads, and bcarts. oo many nooscs atound tbc
ncck. bctcvct wc _o Quatantnc ncs o! Qctt-
caton sQtn_ uQ almost sQontancouslyall atound
] wcccltmbow tbcylookandact.bcs_btcst
tbn_ s m t takcs to c dcntcdas a susQcct by
LmQtcsancmcctZcns,tobcdcntDcdasa risj
dioidua/. bctc s a ncvct cndn_ ba__ln_ ovct
wbctbct wc wl tcnouncc tbc ntmatc tclatonsbQ
tbat wc bavc wtb outsclvcs, somctbn_ ot wbcb
TMY bavc _vcnus somucb lak.1ndndccd, wc
wlnotboldoutotcvctlkctbs,ntbstotmcntcd
tolco tbc domcstcdcscttcr, o! tbc statclcss alcn,
o sucb a catch1yconccalcd bosts.
11
__othc ctzcns omQtc, wc bac nothn_
to say. bat wouldmcan wc sbatcdsomc
tbn_ncommon.atas tbcyatc conccHcd, tbc
cbocc s clcat: ctbct dcsct|, ]on us and |htow
youtscl nto bccomn_, ot stay wbctc you atc and
bc dcalt wtb n accotdancc wtb tbc wcl-known
QtncQlcs o bostl|y: tcducton andabascmcnt.
W
111
__ Forus,thehosmisUveryhostilitythat,
withinEmpire,ordersboththenon-reIation
to seIfand the generaIized non-reIation between
bodies. Anything that tries to arouse in us this
hostis must be anni!iIated. What J mean is tha
thesphereofhostiIityitseIfmustbereduced.
11
__TheonIywaytoreducethesphereofhos
tility is by spreading the ethico-poIiticaI
domain offriendship and enmi. This is why
Empirehasneverbeenabletoreducethissphereof
hostility despite a itsclamoring in thename of
peace.Thebecoming-reaIoftheJmaginaryPartyis
simpIytheformation-econmouformation
ofa pIane ofconsistencywhere friendships and
enmities canfreeIydepIoythemseIves and make
themseIveslegibIetoeachother .
W
11
__/ agent oftheimaginaPartyu some-
one who, wherever he is, from m own
osition, triggers or pursues the process ofethicaI
poIarization,thedm erentiaI assumptionofforms-
of-life.ThispocessisnothingotherU tiqqun.
1 O
__Tiqqunisthebecoming-reaI,thebecoming-
ractice of the worId. Tiqqun is the
process throughwhich everythingis reveaIed to
be practice, that is, to take pIace within its own
Iimits, within its own immanent signification.
Tiqqun means that each act, conduct, andstate-
ment endowed with sense-act, conduct and
statement as een-spontaneousIy manifests its
own metaphysics, its own community its own
arp. CiviIwarsimplymeanstheworIdispractice,
andIife is,mitssmaIIestdetaiIs, heroic.
W
1O1
_gThedefeatoftherevoIutionarymovement
wasnot, asStalinistsaIwayscompIain,due
toitsIackofunit.|wasdefeatedbecausetheciviI
war within its ranks was not worked out with
enoughforce.ThecrippIingeBectsofthesystematic
conmsionbetweenhostisandenemyareseIf-evident,
whether itbe the tragedy ofthe Soviet Union or
thegroupuscuIarcomedy.
!et's be cIear. Empire is not the enemy with
whichwehavetocontend, andother tendencies
withintheImaginaryPartyarenot,forus,somany
hostis to beeIiminated.1he opposite is, infact,
thecase.
1Z
__1Vcty otm-o-!c tcnds to consttutc a
communIy, and as a communIy tcnds to
consItutc a Vot!d. ach Vot!d, Vhcn t thnks
tsc!-Vhcn t _tasQs tsc! sttatc_ca!!y n ts Q!ay
Vth othct Vot!ds--scoVcts that t s sttuctutcd
by a Qattcu!at mcIaQhysc Vhch s, motc than a
systcm, lnue, iu !an_ua_c. hcn a Votd
Ihnks tsc!J t bccomcs nccIous. knoVs thc
cthc t cattcs Vthn, and t has mastctcd, Vthn
ts doman, Ihc att o dstanccs .
W
1B8
__
Foreachbody,themostintenseserenityis
found bypushingitspresentform-of-life
totheIiIt,aIIthewaytothepointwheretheline
disappears, theIinea!ongwhichitspowergrows.
Each bodywants to exhaust Its form-of-Iife and
leave it for dead.Then, it passes on to another.
This is how a body gets thicker, nourished with
eperience. ButitaIsobecomesmoresuppIe. ithas
IearnedhowU getridofonegureoftheself
1B4
__bcrc wbcrc barc |c was, Ibc orm-o-||c
sbo0d comc Io Dc. O|cKncss and wc1Kncss
do noI rca|j naggcn to barc ||c |n |ts _cncr|c
scnsc. bcj arc aHcct|ons tbat to0cb, |n a s|n_0|ar
way sgcc|hc orms-o-|c, 1nd arc scr|gIcd Dj tbc
contrad|cIorj |mpcrat|vcs o |mgcr|1| pac|!caton.
1 wc m1na_c Io br|n_ cvcrjtn|n_ AMYct||c to Ibc
con1scd |an_0a_c o barc ||c Dack bomc Io Ibc
Icrra|n o orms-o-||c, wc can |nvcrt b|ogo|t|cs
|nto a o/itics o{ radica/sinulri. Nc bavc to
rc|nvcnt Ibc !cd o bca|tb, and |nvcnt a o/itica/
mcd|c|nc bascd on orms-o-||c.
JOD
__ndct thc cuttcnt condtons mQoscdby
|Qtc, an cthcal _touQn_ has U tun
tscl nto a uar machine. hc ob]cct o thc wat
machnc s not wat. o thc conttaty, t can makc
oon Ihc condton that Ihcy smulIancously
ctcatc somcthn_ clsc, only ncw nonot_anc
socal tclatons [1clcuzc, ThouandPlteau).
nlkc an atmy ot tcvoluIonaty oqaniztiom,thc
wat machnc has a mLmentaltclaton U wat. 1
scaQablc o ocnsvc cxQlots andcan cntctnIo
batIlc; tcanhavc unlmtcdtccoutscto volcncc.
ut I docs not needths tolcad a ull, comQlctc
cxstcncc.
!O
6
0
hs s Vhctc thc QuCston o takn_ back
boIh volcncc and aIhc ntcnsc cQtcssons
o lc stolcn tom us by booltcal dcmoctaccs
has bc Qoscd. Nc should statt by _cttn_ td o
thc ttcd dca that dcath aVays comCs aI thc cnd,
as thc na momcnt o lc. cath s ctc_d_, t s
thc contnuous dm11uIon o out Qtcscncc that
occuts Vhcn Vc no on_ct 1avc thc sttcn_th to
abandon outsclvcs U out nclnatons. 1ach Vtnklc
and cach lncss s somc tastc Vc havc bcttaycd,
somc mdc!1ty to a otm-o-lc an:matn_ us. hs
s out tcal dcath, and ts chc causc s out ack o
sttcn_th, thc isoltionthat Qtcvcnts us tom ttadn_
bloVs V|h QoVct, Vhch otb:ds us Dom lcttn_ _o
o outsclvcs Vthout thc assutancc Vc Vll havc to
Qay ot t. Lut bodcs ccl thc nccd to _athct
to_cthct nto Vat mach:ncs, ot ths aonc makcs t
Qoss1blc to@oeandtosk.
1O1
6
I
JtshouldnowbecIearthat, inthebiopo-
IiticaI sense, there is no such thing as a
"naturaI" death.1 deathsareoio/ent. Bothexis-
tentiaIIy and historicaIly speaking. Under the
biopoIiticaI democracies of Empire, everything
has been sociaIied, and each death is inserted
intoacompIexnetworkofcausaIitiesthatmaIteit
a socia/ death, a murder. 1oday, there is onIy
murder,whetheritis condemned, pardoned, O,
most oen, denied. At this point, there is no
Ionger any question about he{act ofmurder,
onIyabouthouithappens.
1OO
62
1he fact is nothing, the hou is aII. The
proof is that facts must be qua/;fed
beforehand,inordertobefacts.SpectacIe'sgenius
is to have acquired a monopoIy over quaIihca-
tions,overtheacto{namin.Withthisinhand,it
canthensmuggIeinitsmetaphysics andpasso
the products ofits frauduIent interpretations as
facts.SomeactofsocialwargetscaIIeda"terrorist
ac,"whiIeamajorintervention byIAJO, initiated
though the most arbitrary process, is deemed a
"peacekeeping operation." Mass poisonings are
describedas epidemics,whilethe "Hig-Security
Wing"isthetechnicaItermusedinourdemocra-
cies' prisons for the IegaI practice of torture.
7qqunis,to thecontrary, theactionthatrestores
U eachfactitshou, ofholdingthishowtobethe
on[rea/thereis.1deathbydueI, aineassasina-
tion, oraIastbriIIiantphrase utteredwithpathos
wouId be enough to clean up the bIood and
humanizehat OI says is the height ofinhu-
manity-murder. Inmurdermorethananything,
thefactisabsorbedbythehou. Betweenenemies,
forempIe,nofrearmsareaIIowed.
1
__hs WoId s Qucd bcIwccn IWo Icndcn-
ccs: cbanonzauon and oWssmcaton.
hcsc Icndcnccs can cocxsI and aIcInaIc znc by
znc. ndccd, Ihcsc tWo sccmn_y oQQoscd ycI
IcvcIsbc Icndcnccs IcQrcscnI IWo Ways o WaIdn_
oH cv WaI. 1cI m, bcoIc I974,Wasnt cbanon
ncknamcd thc oWtzcIand o thc ddc asI
J
__In the becoming-reaI of the Imaginary
Party,wewiIInodubtcrosspathswith
those ghastly parasites, the professional revoIu-
tionaries.Eventhougheonlybeaut|mlmoments
oftheIastcenturyweredisparagingIycalIed"civiI
wars,"theywiIInodoubtstiIIdenounceinus"the
conspiracyoftheruIingcIassto breakdown tbe
revoIutionbyaciviIwar"(Marx,TheCioi/ Brin
1rance)"" We donotbeIieveintherevolution,we
beIieveabitmoreinmoIecuIarrevolutions,"and
whoIeheartedIybeIieveinthe differentiatedways
of taking up civiI war. The professionaI revoIu-
tionaries~whose repeated disasters have hardIy
discouraged em-wiII frst ofaII smear us as
diIettantes andastraitorstotheCause.1heywiII
want us to thinkthat Empire is the enemy. We
wiII answerTheirStupiditybypointingoutthat
Empireis nottheenemy,itisthehostis.1 isnot
amatterofdefeatingEmpire,ithastobeannihi-
Iated; and if need be we can do without their
Party, foIIowing the advice ofCIausewitzonthe
subjectofpopuIarwar: "AgeneraIuprising,aswe
seeit,shouIdbenebuIousandeIusive; itsresistance
shouldnemateriaIizeasaconcretebody other-
wise the enemy can direct sfcientforce as its
core, crush it, and take many prisoners. When
that happens, the peopIe wiII Iose heart and,
believIngthattheissuehasbeendecidedandmrther
efortswouldbeuseIess, drop theirweapons. On
theotherhand, there must be someconcentration
191
at Ccttan Qonts: tbc o_ must tbCkcn and !otm
a datkandmcnaCn_ Cloudouto wbCb abolt o
lgtnn_ may sttkc at any tmc.bcscQonts ot
ConCcnttaton wll, as wc bavc sad, lc man!y on
tbc anks o tbc cncmys tbcatct o oQctatons.
j a ] b atc not suQQoscdto QulvcZc tbc Cotc
but to nbblc at tbc sbcll and atound tbc cd_cs
(Onwr).
1Z
_
ghc Qtcccdn_ Qhrascs Vl ushct n a ncV
cra that V:l bc shadoVcd, m cvct motc
tan_blc Vays, by Ihc thtcat o! a suddcn unlcash:n_
o! n. 1t somc Qont, thc 1nvs:blc Lommt|cc
Vas thc nc _vcn to Ihc cthc o! cv:l Var
cxQtcsscd n thcsc Qa_cs. 1t tc!cts to a sQccHc
!acton o! thc 1ma_naty
Q
m, :ts tcvolutonary-
cxQctmcnta V:n_. c hoQc thaI VIh thcsc ncs
Vc can avod somc o! thc ctudct nantcs that
m_ht bc !otmulatcd about thc natutc o! ou!
actvtcs and abouI Ihc cta |ust noV daVnn_.
LanI Vc atcady hcar ths Qtcdctablc chattct n thc
oQnon hcld o! thc Nu:omach Qctod at thc cnd
o! thc oku_aVa sho_unaIc, dcsctbcd so Vcll by
onc o! out cncmcs: cta o! cvl Vats, Qtccscly
bccausc o! ts tutmo:l and thc sVcln_ o! ts out-
szcd ambtons, turncd out to bc Ihc !tccst cvct
knoVn n )aQan. 1l sotts o! shady _utcs ct thcm-
scvcs _cI u_ht uQ n n. 1nd ths s Vhy so many
havc sItcsscd thc !ac| that t Vas smQy Ihc most
vocnt o! ctas(
19
MOW S I IO B LODB!
W
W
|on!nowwhatJwant,
bu !oowhowto gctI.
5cI1stoIs,/narch inthe 1
197
W7 YE.wcnty ycats o{counter-reoolotion.
L reoennoecountct-tcVo!ut:on.
n ta!y.
fnd c!scwhctc.
wcnty ycats o a s!ccQ studdcd wth cnccs, hauntcd by
sccut:ty _uatds. P s!ccQ o lodies,
:mQoscd by cu1cw.
wcnty ycats. hc Qast docs not Qass. ccausc thc
wat contLucs. bm:Hcs. tcnds.
1n a _!oba! tctcu!at:on o!oca aQQatatuscs. n a
ncwound ca!:btaton o subjcctV:t:cs.
N:th:n a ncw suQctc:a! Qcacc.
Pn amedQcacc
ctatcd to coVct thc unco:!:n_ o an :mQc1ccQt:b!c
c:V:! wat.
wcnty ycats a_o, thctc was
Qunk, thc Ncmcnt o , thc `atca o Putonomj,
thc mcttoQo!tan mda and d:msc _uctt:!!a Vat1c.
f!! at oncc thctc sQtun_ uQ,
as :ssun_ Dom somc undct_tound tc_:on o
c:V:!:zat:on,
an cnt:tc countctwot!d o subcct:Vt:cs
1
!hatno!on_cIWan!cd toconsumc, tha!no !on_ct
Wantcdto QIoducc,
thatno /onerevenwantedtobesubetivities.
hc Icvo!utonWas molccu!aI, and so Was thc
countct-tcvolu!on.
Ln!hcoHcnsvc,1sct uQ,
thcn !ch nQ!acc,
ancntIccomQlcx,machnctoncut|a!zca!!thatcaIIcs
n!cnsc chat_c.1 machnc!oIdchIsn_all that miht
cxQlodc.
1l! !hc dvduas tha! Qosca Isk,
thc nttactablc bodcs,
thc autonomoushuman a__Ic_a!ons.
hcncamctWcntyycaIso!oolshncss,vul_aIty,
so!aton, and dcso!aton.
oWs t to bcdonc:
Lct backuQ. ckourheaduQ. ychoccoIby
ncccssty. fo mattcI, tcally, !rom noW on.
1ookcacho!hcIn !hccycs andsayWc aIcs!aItn_
ovcI. 1ctcvcIyonc RnoWt, as gucRlyas Qossblc.
c atcstattn_ovcI.
c aIc donc Wth Qass:vcIcsstancc, nncI cxlc,
conU1ct thIou_hsubtIacton, suIvval. c aIcstaItn_
ovcI. 1n |wcn!yycats, Wchavchad tmcto scc. c
havc undcIs|ood. cmoktacyoI ,Uc `ant-tcttoIst
st|u__c, thcotatcmassactcs,thccQ|alstIcstructutn_
and ts LIcatoIko!socalQuI_n_,
bysclccton,
byQIccaIousncss,
2uu
bynoImalZaton,
by`modcInZaton.
c havcsccn,WchavcundcIstood.hcmcans and
thc cnds. hc!utuIchcld nstoIc!oI us. hc onc
WchavcbccDdcncd. hc statc o!cxccQ!on.hclaW
thatQuts !hc Qolcc, cvl scIvants, Qublc oUcals
abovc thc !aW. hc gIoWng|udcalZatoD,
Qsycha!IZaton, thccdca!Zatono!althat s
outobouDds. La!ltha! ees.
c havc sccn.c havc undcrstood.hcmcans and
thccnds.
NhcnQoWctcstablshcs!soWDlcgtmaDrcal!mc,
WhcD !s volcncc bccomcsQIcvcn!vc
and ts Igh!s a`Igh! !o DtcIvcnc,
thcnIts noWusc!csstobcI_!.o bcII_!ayainstit.
Lnc mustbcstIongct, ot moIc clcvcI. hs s also
Why
Wc aIcstaItngovcI.
o staI!ovcI s ncvcr to bcgD somethinyagan. fot
U QckuQ thDgsWhctcthcyhadbccnch oU.
ha! oncbcgns agan s alWays somethinyere. 1s
alWays uDQQcdcn!cd. ccausc t s notthcQast
tha! dIvcs b bu!QIccsclyWha!t
hasnot
haQQcncd.
1ndbccausc!s also ourse/es, !hcn,!hatWc s!aI!
ovctWth.
obcgn aganmcans: to cx! thc susQcDson. o
Z1
tccstabsh contaCt bctwccn out bccomn_s.
o sta:I out tom,
oncc a_an,
Vhctcvct Vc atc,
noV.
ot nstancc, thctc atc somc tackcts
Ihat V not Qu! on 1 anymotc.
hc soccty tackcI. tansotm t. 1csttoy t.
wakc t bcttct.
hc socIa Qact taCkct. hat somc Voud btcak and
othcts Q:ctcnd to `tcsIotc t.
hcsc tackcts, V! not Qu! thcm on us anjmotc.
You havc to bc a mIant ccmcnt o Ihc Qanctaty
Qctty bout_cosc,
a unzentca!y
^oI to scc Ihat t, soccty no on_ct
cxsIs.
ha| t has mQodcd. hat I s noIhn_ motc than
an at_umcnt ot Ihc Icttot o thosc Vho Cam to
tc|Qtcscnt t.
hs soccty IhaI has tutncd uQ mssn_.
f Ihat s soCa has bccomc otc_n to us.
Nc consdct outscvcs absoutcy unbound U any
ob_aton, to Qtcto_atvc, Io any bcon_n_ Ihat s
socul
`occty
s thc namc thc 1ttcQatabc has oHn tcccvcd
Itom thosc Vho aso Vantcd to uun I nto
Ihc \nassumabc.
<Z
cWhoIcDscs !hs !uIcWll havc to !mc
astcQ !o thc sdc.
o Qcr!oIm
as!ghtshU aWay
!Iom !hc logc common
to LmQtc and!o ts contcstaton,
thato!mobt/tzatton,
A stcQ to thcsdco!thcIcommon tcmQoIa!!y
tha!o!urgen.
otaItngovcImcans: nhahtng!hsgaQ.o !mc on
!hccaQta!stschzoQh1cna akndo!gtoWng
caQacty!oIdesubecttvitton.
o dcscIt wht/ekeetngarms.
o Lcc, mQcIccQ!b!j
otaI!ngovcImcans: to ta!lysocal scccsson, oQacty
D cntcI
tntodemobt/tzaon,
1QQngoU,!tomths oItha!mQcIalnctwotko!
QIoducton-consumQton, thc mcans U lvc and
!gh!noIdcI, a!thcchoscnmomcnt,
!o scut!lc !.
c sQcakmncWWaI,
a ncW WaI oartians.th ncthct!tontnoI
un!oIm, W!h ncthcIaImynotdccsvcOattlc.
A WaIWhosc oc conccn!Iatc!hcmsclvcs aWay
!Iom thccommcIcal )oWs, Wh!c st!l rcmanng
Qluggcd n!o thcm.
c sQcaRo!acomQlctclyla!cntWat.hathasttme.
Z
L a Wat o esitien.
hat s Wa_cd hcIc WhcIc Wc aIc.
1n thc namc o no onc.
1n thc namc o ouI oWn cxstcncc,
Whch has no namc.
1cIoIm ths s_ht sh\H.
o on_cI cat ouI tmc.
iot to caI oncs tmc s a Qucston o sQacc.
1n a sQua\. 1n an oI_y. 1n a rot. 1n a tIain oI an
occuQcd va_c. 1n scaIch o, amd unknoWns, a
[eearqthat s un)ndabc. 1 cxQcIcncc ths s_ht
sht. hc cxQcIcncc
o my dcsubjcct|vZaton. 1 beceme
a WhatcvcI sn_uaIty. oomc _mg oQcns uQ bctWccn
my QIcscncc and \hc Whoc aQQaIaDs o Quatcs
that aIc oIdnaIy attachcd to mc.
1n thc cycs o a bcn_ Who, bcn_ QIcscnt, Wants D
asscss mc jr what1am,1 savoI thc dsaQQo\ntmcnt,
hudsaQQontmcnt n sccn_ mc bccomc so cemmen,
so QcIhcty accezib/e. Hthc _cstuIcs o anothcI, t
s an uncxQcctcd comQ!c\y.
1 that soatcs mc as a subect, as a body cndoWcd
W\h a Qubc con1_uIaton o at\tbutcs, 1 cc t
oundcI. odcs bIush uQ a_anst cach othcI at thct
cd_cs. ^t thcI cd_cs, aIc ndstnct. c_hborhood
atcI nc_hboIhood, thc Wha\cvcI ays Wastc D
cQuvacncc. ^nd 1 Icach a ncW nakcdncss,
a ncdncss that s netm ewn,as c!othcd n ovc.
1ocs onc cvcI cscaQc aonc hom thc QIson o thc oc!
9
n a sQuat. man ot_y. n a tot. n a ttan ot an
occuQcd Vla_c. Nc mcct a_an.
Nc mcct a_an
dwhateversing/arities.hat s to say
not on |hc bass o a common bcon_n_,
but o a cemmenresence.
hus s
out need rcemmunm.hc nccd ot noc|utna
sQaccs, whctc wc can
mcct uQ
bond
out Qtcdcatcs.
cyond thc qranno tcco_nton. Nhch mQoscs
tcco_nton as thc [na/dstancc bctwccn bodcs.
Pan unaVodablc scQataton.
1Vcty|hn_ (HPY-tanc, am!y cnVtonmcnt,
busncss, thc btatc, Qubc oQnon-tcco_nzc n
mc, usc to sczc hod o mc.
y constanty tcmndn_ mc o what am, o my
qua/ities, woud lkc absttact mc tom cach
stuaton. n cvcty ctcumstancc, woud kc
to cxtott Dom mc a dcty to myscI whch s a
dcty tomredicates.
cxQcc@ha| shoud ac| as a man, as an
cmQoycc, as an uncmQoycd Qctson, as a mothct,
as an actVst, ot as a QhosoQhct.
want D contan wthn |hc bounds o an
dcn|ty |hc unQtcdctabc ow o my bccomn_s.
want to conVctt mc DUc tc_on o a cohctcncc
tha| chosc ot mc.
ZO
hc morc am rccogntzcd, thc morc my gcstu!cs
arc hIndcrcd, hIndcrcd [omwithin.1nd hctc \ am
caught In thc u\ra-\ght mcshwork o thc ncw
Qowcr. n thc mQaQab!c snarcs o thc ncw Qocc:
W\MP \$ J j\JO.
hcrc s a who!c nctwotk o aQQaratuscs tha\ sQ
nto n ordct to `ntcgratc mscU and whch
incororatcn mc tbcsc Quatcs.
^ whoc Ittc sstcm o !ng, dcn\!caton, and
mutua QocIng.
^ whoc dHsc QtcscrQton o abscncc.
^ who!c machncty o comQot\mcnta contro,
amng toward QanoQtcsm, towatd transQarcnt
QtIva\2a\on, toward atom2aton.
1nd n whIch s\(ugg!c.
nccd to bccomc anonymous. n ordcr to bc Qtcscnt.
7hc morc!amanonmous. thcmorc!amrcscnt.
nccd 2oncs o ndstnc\on
n ordcr D rcach thc Lommon.
ono ongcr rrco_nicmysc! n my namc. ono ongcr
!car n my namc any\!\ng but thc vocc \hat ca!!s t.
o _vc consstcnQ U\hc howo bcIngs, not what thcy
atc, but howthatc wha\ thcy arc. hcr otm-o-c.
nccd 2oncs o oQacty whctc at\rbutcs,
cvcn crmna, cvcn btant,
no ongcr scQaratc bodcs.
ccomcwhatcvcr. ccomng a whatcvc: singumriq
s not gvcn.
2U
1lWays Qossblc, bu!ncvct _vcn.
hcIc s aehucsoWha!cvcI sn_ulaIty.
hchconssts ntcaIn_bacR!tom LmQtc
thc condtons andthc mcans,
cvcnn!ctsttal,
to cxQcIcncc youtsc!as such.
hs s aQoltcs, bccausc tQIcsuQQoscs acaQacty
!otcontontaton,
andbccausc ancWhumana__Ic_aton
coItcsQonds to t.
ol!cs oWhatcvcI sn_u!aIty: tccn_uQ thcsc
sQaccsWhcIcan acton s nolon_ct ass_nab!c to
any_vcnbody.
hcIcbodcsIcdscovcI!hctaQttudc oIgesurc,
somcthn_thatthc cnnydstIbutono!mc!IoQoltan
aQQaIatuscs--omQutcts, automob!cs, schoo!s,
camcIas, moblcQhoncs, sQottsaIcnas, hosQtals,
tclcvsons, cncmas, c!c.-had sto!cnIomthcm.
yIcco_nZn_ thcm.
ymmoblZn_ thcm.
ylct!n_thcm sQn a_anstno!hn_.
ymaRn_thchcadcxstscQaIatc!yIom thc body.
1oltcs oWhatcvcIsn_u!aIty.
1 bccom@ -WhatcvcI smoIcIcvolutonaIy than
any Rnd o!bcn_-Whatcvct.
1bcIatn_sQaccs lbcIatcs us ahundtcd tmcs moIc
thananyRnd o!bctatcdsQacc.
NoIc thanQuttn_aQoWcIntoacton, cn|oythc
ctculaton omyQotcnta!!y.
hc Qo!!cs o!WhatcvcI sn_u!aI!ylcs n thc
Z1
ocnsvc. n \hc ctcumstanccs, \bc momcn\s, and
thc Q!accs whcrc wc \car away
tbc ctcumstccs, tbc momcnts, and thc Qaccs
or such an anonym\ty,
ot a momcntary hat n a statc o smQcty,
tbc chancc to cxttact rom a our orms theure
adequattontoresence,
thc chancc to bc, at !ast,
here.
2u
2
1OW J8 JT 7O B1 1ONPr Iot Vhatitte bedene?
Hewtor ^ Qucston o mcans.
Iot a Qucston o goas, ot ebectives,
o what thctc s tede,sttatcgca!y n thc ahso!utc.
^ Qucston o what onc cando, tactcay n a stuaton,
and o thc acquisitien o ths Qowct.
1ow t to bc doncr 1ow Udcscttr 1ow docs wotkr
1ow to con|ugatc my wounds wth communsmr
1ow to stay at war wthout osng our tcndctncss:
hc Qucston s tcchnca. Iot a Qtobcm. 1tobcms
atc Qtotabc.
hc cxQctts !vc o thcm.
^ Qucston.
cchnca. hch tcQurcs n tutn thc Qucston o
transmitsientcchnQucs ot thosc tccD1Qucs.
1ow s t to bc doncr hc tcsut aways bccs thc
goa!. ccag to sct a goa
s st! a mcans,
anethermcans.
Vhat1s tee1ene?abcu, Lhctnyshcvsky, 1cnn.
Lassca! vtJ dcmands an ana!gcsc, a mtagc,
somcthng. 1 meansto gnorc oncsc a bt motc.
2Q
a Qtcscncc.
P a otm-o-h a bcn_ inasiuation,cndoWcd
Wth nc!\natons.
1ctcrmincdncnaton8.
hat s to bc donc! No!untatsm as thc u!tmatc
nh:!sm. thc nh!sm aQQtoQratc
toc|ssica/viri/iq.
hat s to bc donc: hc ansWct s smQc. submt
oncc a_a:1 to thc o_c o mob!Zaton, to thc
tcmQoraty o ur_cncy. \ndct QtctC o tcbc!!on.
bct doWn cnds, word.cnd toWatd thcr
accomQ!sbmcnt. oWatd thc accomQshmcnt o[
wordt. 1n thc mcantmc, Qut o cxstn_. 1tacRct
youtsc!. Wc! n tbc cccQton o sc! bcQaratcd
rom tmc. hat Qasscs. hat docs not Qa8s. hat stoQs.
\nt!. . . \nt! thc ncxt. 1nd.
hat Is to bc donc in othcr Wotds; usc!css U Vc.
1Vctythn_ you haVc not !Vcd, story W _Vc
bacR Uyou.
hat s to bc donc: Is thc !ot_cttn_ o! thc sc
Qrojcctcd onto thc Wot!d.
Pa or_cttn_ o thc Word.
How ittobcdonchc qucston s how.ot what
a bcn_, a _cstuc, a thn_ is, but howt s What t s.
oW ts Qtcdcatcs rc!atc Ut.
1nd t to thcm.
ict \t bc. icaVc thc _aQ bctwccn thc subjcct and ts
Qtcdcatcs. hc abss o Qtcscncc.
Z1
1 man s not `a man. N!tc hotsc s no! hotsc.
1 Qucston o hew./ttentiento !hc hew.1ttcnton
to thc Vay a Voman s, and s not,
a Voman-t taics aQQatatuscs to maic a VomatI
oI a scxuay Icmac bcn_, ot a ack oI a man
Vth back skn.
1t!cnton to ethim/dq rrnce.o thc cC e/ement.
o thc ttcducbtcs that ttavctsc t. Nhat
haQQcns bc!Vccn bodcs dutn_ an occuQaton s
motc ntctcstn_ than thc occuQaton tscI.
HewDitte bedne?mcans that mtaty conItonta!on
V!h 1mQtc mus| bc subotdnatcd to thc
ntcns!caton o tcatons Vthn out Qatty. hat
thc Qo!ca s ony a ccttan dc_tcc oI ntcnsty
amidtthc cthca c!cmcn!. hat tcvoutonaty Vat
shoud no on_ct bc con1scd Vth ts
tcQtcscntaton: !hc taV momcnt o comba!.
jucston o hew. ccomc attcn!vc to thc takn_-
Qacc oI thn_s, o bcn_s. o thct cvcnt. o thc
obs!natc and scnt sacncc o thci
oVn tcmQotaty
bcncath !hc Qanctaiy Ua!!cnn_ o a| tcmQotatcs
by thc !moI ut_cncy.
hc VhatDte bedene' Qto_t< tc _notancc
o a! tha!. 1s nau_uta Iotmua
Iot tantcay an_ out o ovc.
hc VhatDtebedene'tctutns. ot somc ycats noV.
ncc thc mddc o Uc nnctcs, not just sncc catUc.
2` +
PIcvvaocritiqueQrcIcndsIoconhonILmQIc
wIh s!o_ans, IccQcs !IomIhc sXIcs. LXccQI Iha\
Ihs Imc, Ihcyrc !akn_ I.
nnoccncc, nd_naIon, @odconsccncc, andmnccd
oI soccIy aIc smuaIcd. hc o!d _amu\ o!soca-
dcmocraucadcUa|cbacKncrcu!auon. Chn o.
Pndoncc a_an, IhcIcaIcdcmonsIIaIons. 1csIc-
kn_dcmonsIIaIons. Nhcrc noIhn_haQQcns.
haI onydcmonsUaIc
acocc\vc abscncc.
1oIcvcI.
1oI Ihosc nosIa_coIoodsIock, wccd, Nay o
andm!\ang, IhcIcatccounIcI-summ\s.
havc IcbuI Ihc cadcs, minustheessib/e.
hs swhaI Ihc `Vhat!s tee1ene dcmands
\oday. _o Io Ihc cnds oIhccaIIhIo conIcsI Ihc
_!obacommod\y
ony Io comc back, mcI aon_baIh ounanmIy
andmcdaIzcdscQaraIon,
and submIIo Ihc oca commodIy.
Lncc bacK, IhcIcsaQho\o nIhc QaQcI. . . LvcIyonc
aoncIo_cIhcI. . . Lncc uQon aImc. . .
hcscyoun_QcoQc|. . .
oo badoI Ihc !vtn_ bodcsIhaIs\Iaycd IhcIc,
scaIchD_ n van orasQacc oI IhcI dcsIc.
hcycomc backa\IcmoIcboIcd. PII!cmoIc
cmQIy. ornouI.
Iom counIcI-summIIo counIcr-summI,
Ihcyw\ !_uIcIouI. LInoI.
212
1mQtc cant bc Iautcd Iot ts mana_cmcnt. You
cant critique1mQtc.
You aasets otccs.
Nhctcvct you atc.
Lvn_ yout oQnon on somc atctnatvc, _on_
Vhctcvct cas usths no on_ct makcs
scnsc. hctc s no _oba Qtojcct that Voud bc an
atctnatvc to thc _oba Qto|cct o 1mQtc. ccausc
thctc s no _oba Qtojcct o 1mQtc.
hctc s an imeria/management.
hctc s no _ood mana_cmcnt.
hosc Vho ca ot anothct soccty Voud do bcttct
by bc_nnn_ U scc that thctc s no on_ct such a
thn_.
fnd maybc thcn thcy stoQ bcn_ mana_cts-n-
ttainn_.
Ltzcns. !ndi_nantctzcns.
You cant takc thc _oba otdct Iot an cncmy. ot
dtccIy.
ot thc _oba otdct has no Qacc. o thc conItaty.
t s thc otdct o non-Qaccs.
t s Qctcct not bccausc t s _oba, but bccausc t
s g/aba/q||. hc _oba otdct s thc Vatdn_ oH
o cvcty cvcnt, t s thc comQctc, authottatan
occuQaton o thc oca.
You can ony oQQosc thc _oba| otdct /aca/q. y
cxtcndn_ shadoWy zoncs ovct thc maQs oI 1mQtc.
fnd by Qto_tcssvcy Quttn_ thcm nto contact.
\ndct_tound.
Z!
hccomn_QoIIIIcs. 1oIIIcs ol!oca!Insurrccton
a_ansI _oba!mana_cmcnI.hctrumQholQrcscncc
oVcIabscnCcIoscl. LVcI Ihc mQcIaIcstran_cmcnt
olthc cIIZcn.
Icscncc tIIumQhn_ throu_h IhcU, Haud, crImc,
lrcndshIQ, cnmty, consQtraCy.
7hreugh thee/aberatiene[mese{/j]thatarealte
medse{sn_/e.
o!tcs ol takn_-QIacc.
1mQIc desnettakemce.1IadmInstcrsabscncc
throu_h ahoVcrn_thrcaI olQoIcc InIcrVcnIton.
'hocVcI tIIcs U mcasuIc uQ a_ansIIhcmQcra
adVcIsaryv1 bcQIcVcnIVc!yannIhI!aIcd.
1rom novon, bcQcIccIVcds U bc dclcaIcd.
1aIn Io bccomc IndsccrnIb!c. !cnd n. VcVIVc Ihc
IasIc
loIanonymty,
loI QIomscuIIy.
cnoIl:cc dIsIIncIIon
In ordcrIo cVadc rcQrcssIon.
arran_clor IhcmosIlaVorab!ccondiIIonsol
con!onIaIon.
ccomc cra!|y. ccomc QItIIcss.o do so,
bccomcvhaIcVcr.
Hewtsttte be dene?s aQucsIon loI Ihc !osI
chI!drcn.hoscvho haVcnI bccnIo!d.Nhosc
_csIurcs arcavKard. o vhom noIhIn_hasbccn
_iven.Nhosc cIcaIurcncss, vhoscvandcrn_ n0cr
Z14
sIoQs tcVcaln_ tscl
hc comn_ tcVolt Js thc tcVo!I o losI chldtcn.
hc Itansmsson !nc o hsIoty has snaQQcd.
|tQhans o thc tcVoluIonary ItadIon Iscl. hc
wotkcts moVcmcnI aboVc .hc wotkcts moVcmcnI
Ihat was Itansotmcd nto m nsItumcnI o _tcaIct
nIc_taIon nIo thc toccss. 1nIo Ihc ncw,
cybctncIc, toccss o socal ValotZaton.
1n iV1o,n Ihc namc o Ihs toccss, Ihc Ialan
\ommunsI 1atty, Ihc Qatty wth clcan hands,
sIattcd hunIn_ down 1uIonoma.
mIhc namc o Is casssI conccQIon o Ihc
QtolcIatat, ts mysIcsm o soccIy Is tcsQcct ot
wotk, Ihc usch! and Ihc dcccnI.
n Ihc namc o dccndn_ dcmoctatc _ans and
Ihc tulc o !aw.
Jc wotkcts moVcmcnI IhaI sutvVcd uQ Io aeruime.
bolc cxsIn_ crIQuc o caQIasm [emtheetnte[
vtewa[1ata/ebtlizatten.
1otmdablc and Qatadoxcal docItnc,
Ihat cndcd uQ saVn_ ob|cctVsI Aatxsm by only
sQcakn_ o sub|cctV\y.
haI nttoduccd ncw tcucmcnIs n thc dcnc_aIon
o Ihc he
hc tcabsotQIon o thc _csIutc n Is QtoducI.
hc a!lct_y o Ihc _iurz anterter.
haI cVctyIhn_ wt//havebeen.
\tIQuc has bccomc Van. LtJIQuc has bccomc
Van bccausc I amounIs Io an abscncc. NIh Ihc
Z1O
domnan\oIdcr, cVcIyonc knovsvhat to c/Qcct.
Nc no on_cI nccd crtttca/thcoIy. Nc no on_cI
nccd tcachcrs. 1Iom nov on, crtQucvoIks tor
domnaton. ven thecrtttquea[damtnattan.
IrcQIoduccs abscncc. \t sQcakto us lIomvhcIcvc
aIc no\. bdrVcs somcvhcrc cIsc. it consumcs
us. Is covardIy.
Tndstays sa!c
vhcn tscnds us \o s!au_h\cI.
OccrctIy n IoVcvth ts ob]cct, tncVcI stoQs yn_
to us.
1cnccsuchbrIclaUaIs bctwccnQIo!ctarans and
commttcdntcI!cc\uaIs.
NaIIa_cs o!conVcncncc, reasanabk,vhcrcncthcr
has \hc samcdcao!QIcasurc oIlIccdom.
a\hcIthanncvcIItQucs, ncvcaIto_IaQhcs
aIcvha\vc nccd.
LaIto_raQhcs no\!oI1mQrc, but lor ncs o!_ht
out olIt.
1ovs tto bcdonc:Nc nccdmaQs. otmaQso!
vhats oHthcmaQ.
Nc nccdnaV_aton maQs.artttmemaQs.oo!s
!or artentattan.hat dont \Iyto sayoIrcQIcscnt
vha\svtbn dHcIcntaIcbQca_ocs oldcscr\on,
butshov1 hov tomcctuQvththcm.
1arwmnchaIts.
Z1O
1ooIo Lv at
1.hc tcnch ndcntc Q:onoun 0n s ttansatcd scvcta ways
dcQcndn_ on contct: `t, wc, Ihcy and, aI tmcs, onc. hc
wotd aQQcats tcgucndy hctc n a caQms, :ndcatn_ a sQcca
cmQhasJs. c havc on occason dcc:dcd O traDsatc Tas Y.
1n do:n_ so, wc ccho thc convcntons oI ccttan tcnch ttansatots
oI!cdc__cts Jt:n_ undmt, who tcndct 1un by `Ln.
!cdc__cts 1n@sh transatots QtoQosc `Ihc hcy. ut th:s
souton :s nadcguaIc, and at I:mcs wc havc sJmQy uscd %!)
:n thc scnsc o `somconc.
2. Nodccd n Qatt a|ct 1coQod oom Hom ]amcs }oyccs
LQ!!t:. `oom s a conccQtua Qctsona who _utcs Qtom-
ncDty :n IDc wotR oQQuD. occ Jn Qatt:cuat QQun, 1bt0r:t
du J00m (
Q
ats: La iabtguc, 2004), Hom whch cttacI a
QtovJstona dcsctQt:on: `1ast man, man on thc sttccI, man oI
Ihc ctowds, man oI IDc masscs, mass-man, ths s how 3I1Y
havc tcQtcscnIcd oom Io us: as thc sad QtoducI oI rhc t:mc o
muttudcs, as IDc catasttoQhc son oI thc ndus|ta cta and |hc
cnd o cnchanImcnts. uI n thcsc dcs:_natons wc aso cc a
shuddct, 31Y ttcmbc bcotc thc :n_n:It mj!Itrj0_Ibt0rd:nurj
mun. vctyoscnscs thaI Ihc thcarct o hJs QuaIcs h:dcs _urt
_0ItnI:uQ: a Qutc Qowct wc atc !u__0:td Io know nod1n_
about (16-I7).
j, o bc _0mrrc can mcan to bc obscsscd wtD somcth:n_ ot
somconc; motc _cnctay, I tcIcts Io Ihc convct_cncc o a cd oI
cnct_y ot otccs atound a sD_c Qont. Nhcn n 1n_sh onc
sQcats o a `QoatZn_ H_utc ot cvcnt, I :ndcatcs d:c Qtoduct:on
o ttcconcabc d:ctcnccs bctwccn _touQs ot Qattcs. 1ctc, tDc
227
tcrm cvoks a Qtoccss n vncn a body is aIlcctcd bya totm-ot-Ilc
n sucn a vay 8 to takc on a cnargc tnat orIcnts t n a sgcchc
mannct. t Is attractcd by cctmn boIcs, rcQuscd by othcts,
4. mic bcnvcnistc, t u0cu0um:rt dt: :n!l:IuI:0n! :nd0-
tur0]rtnnr:, l0mt J [|aris. \a|Iimatd, 1966),87, 9294.
. 1mmanucI 1nt, 1rucI:ru 1b:0!0]bj, cd. Nary |. \rcgor
[Lambrdgc: LambrIgc 1nivcrsity |tcss, 1996),328 jAt8:3;7].
6.ocbastan Kochc, u10c:tIrdb0.g:Iu:lr [1atIs. oc, 2000).
7. 1rIcdtIch MicOscnc, 1btujor:tnct,ttans. |oschnc Mauckhoh
(Lambtdgc: Lambtdgc \nivctsty 1rcss, 200I), I28.
8.`nosc tcam, tcIgon- Latin cxQrcssIon mcanng vno-
cvcr Is sovctcgn OIctatcs tnc rcIigIon ot tnc Iand.
9. 1u0:c:IrIs conncctcd to tnc \ctman L_nI:cbkt:Iand mcans
QubIc sQncrc ot `Qubc oQInion. nc \ctman toot 0_n- sug-
gcsts oQcnncss, carIty, t:ansQarcncy and manItcstncss. Yct nstcad
ol transatng ]u0:ctIr 3 QubIic sQncrc, vncn carrIcs sgccIhc
connotations In QoIItca tncoty, vc usc gubIIcty, toIovng thc
convcnton cstabIisncd by 1nts ttansIators. Iotc novcvcr that
QubIicIty docs not |ust mcan advcrtIsIng In a narrov scnsc, but
tatncr tnc vnoIc sQncrc ot QubIicncss.
10. nomas iobbcs, tu:uIbun [ndIanagoIs, )I: 1ackctt,
I994), 1I2.
. occ In thc 1conomy as iIack Nagc ggun I (999).
12. Iorbcrt iIIas, 1bt C:u::Z:n_ 1r0ct11: Our:0_rntl:c und
1!jcb0_tntl:c 1nut!l:_ul:0n!, trans. idmund )cgncott (Ixtord:
iIackvcII, I994),37;.
3. Iobbcs, tu:uIbun, 219.
I4.Jnc Quotaton Is g:obaby a rcbtcncc to onc ot tnc \ loI-
IOWing Qassagcs: `tnc smQIc comQactncss ol thct ndivduaIity
has bccn shattctcd nto a mutirudc ot scQatatc atoms, in \,1.
icgcI, 1btn0mtn00_y 0_]:r:I, trans. P NIIct (Ixlord:
Ixlord 1nivcrsIty |rcss, I977), 289;ot, `as a smQIc undhcrcn-
tIatcd mass or as a crovd sgt ug nto atomIc unIts, n \.1
ZZO
cgcI, Ltmtntr 0_Ibt 1b:k:0ybj 0_:_bI, trans. . . Msbct
(Lambdgc: Lambtdgc\nvctstyJrcss, I99I),343.
. Alcxs dcocqucvIIc, 1bt Lm1_:mt undIbttu0uI:0n,
Vcumt 1, ttans. AIan lao (Llcago: \nvctsty ol Lhcago
Jn, I998), 243, 242, 97, I98,98.
I6.+lctc!ccncc s to Incs 24 28 oIobbcs vctsc aurobogra-
phy:`AynatvcpIacc!mnotaslamcdtoovn,lhIIt|mcs,aod
||sbotnvtlmc,bcmoan.lot mmcladtumoutdIlatadccr
arsca, louIdcauscounatons catasttoplc. lAnd lctcuponr
vasmymotlctdcarlIdbtng!on onsatonc, OoIhmcand
lcar (obbcs,tummun, Iv).
I7. lomas obbcs, bt LtmtnI1 0_u JuIurnund10hI:c:
1umun JuIurt und dt C0@0rt10:I:c0 u:Ib 1brtt :ut1 (Lx|ord:
Lxhtd\nvcrstyJrcss, I999), 21, 9.
I8.obbcs, tu:uIbun, 76,7.
9.Od., 77.
20. +lc plrasc tcIcrs to thc Iousscau tcxt o! tlc samc namc,
"[uc Ictat dc gucttc nat dc lctar socaI, n ]can-]acqucs
Iousscau, uurt1 c0myIt1, u0. 111 [ars: Ia d, 964),
60I62.+lcngIsl ttanslation s avalabIc n vatant !otm as
lc 5tatcol ar, C0kcItd Wr:I:n_: 0_1u11tuu, u0. 11, trans.
Llristoplct 1c y and ]dth ush (anovct, I: \mvcrsry
Vtcss oIMcving|and,200),6I73.
2.obbcs,tu:uIbun. 233.
``. !bd.,77.
23. Ior tlcsw o cssayssccVcttc Llastm,rrbt0k@ 0_Vmtnct,
. cninccrmanQeYotk. 5cmotcxt(c), I994), |39200.
24. bd., 166-I67.
2.cgcl,1tmtnI10_Ibt1b:010yg 0_:_bI, 262263.
26. "cl cstmonbonpIast,` atclctcncc ro catcI CnottcOon
pIast, thccxprcssonnsttutcdOy tancs !and uscdbymon-
atchsvlcnsgnngIav.
ZZ
27. chc1 1oucaut, 1bt J:rlb 0jJ:0_0:I:c1: tcIurt1 ul tbt
C0t_t dt 1rnnrt, J\7d-J\7\, ttans. Ltaham utchc {cw
3otR: 1a_tavc acman, 2008), 46.
28. 1bd., 67.
29.b:d.
30. :chc 1oucaut, `hc Lt:ss o cdc:nc ot thc Lrss o
Tinmcd:c:nc ttans. id_at L. tnowton, jt., cI a., 10ucuul
Olud:t1 [Lcccmbct 2009):-I9, 6.
3I. obbcs, tu:umun, 09.
32. tat arx, Cr:Itgut 0j 1t_t1 1b:010_bj 0j :_bI
{Lambtd_c. Lambt:d_c 1n:vc:s:Iy 1tcss, I977), 3, 32,
cmQhas:s qqun.
33. oucauI, 1bt J:rlb 0jJ:0_0:l:c1, 46.
39. :chc 1oucauI, Jrr:_:nt und1un:1b: bt J:rtb 0jlbt
1n0n, Itans. ^an hct:dan [cw 3otk NmIa_c, 977), 93.
3. amc banchc. hs Qhtasc can cvokc cattc banchc ot
bank chccR. n Ihcsc cascs, thc tctm banchc tctcts Io
somcthn_ un1_t(jtd, a Quant:ty oI moncy ot an oIcnsc, ctmc
ot taut.
36.1IIono c_t, imQtc, stadc suQtcmc dc :mQct:asmc,
t0ndJ:_mmut:gut _anuaty, 200I): 3.
37. homas obbcs, Jt C:ut [nd:anaQos, 1: 1acRcIt,
99I), 20.
38.chac atdt and 1IIon:o c_t, Lm_:rz [Lambtd_c, N:
atvatd 1nvcts:ty 1tcss, 2000),x:, x, 3.
39.1an 1c: zu, C0m_klt Wrk1 0j1un 1O1u. W11. ttans.
t. 1ao [1ondon: 1|hm 1tobsIhan, 199), 229,324.omc Qas-
sa_cs havc bccn mod|Hcd n accotdancc w:Ih Ihc tcnch t|ansaI:on
QQun U.
40. 1an 1c: Zu, C0m_tlt Wcrk1 0j1un 1t: 1u, J Itans.
t. iao {1ondon: ^tIhut 1tobsIha:n, 99), 8.
Z
4I.1bd., 262.
42. 1ao Zu, 10 1Cb:n_, r. . L. iau [cw 3otk: tnoQ,
I999), J.
4J.an 1c Zu, C0m]ult Wrk 0j1un1c: Ju,No. , J2-JJ, J4.
49. 1bd., 2-J, 4, 6).
4.Luy tossoct, 1ru:1urn0n-0uIu:k[1ats: cn, I97),78.
96. 1tcdtCh cIZschc, Wrkc: 1r:N1cbc c!umIuu!_ubt, V1
[ct1n: r dc Ltujtct, 977), 4I.hs in_sh ttansaton
1s cIcd n Aattn cdc__ct, WrLcbc, Wlz, ttans. avd 1attc
ttc [cw 3otk: a1QcrLons, I99),2.
97.Lcs ccuZc and 1c1x LuaItat1, 1b0u1und1mIcuur, Irans.
tan Aassum [AnncaQo1s: 1n1vctsIy o AnncsoIa 1tcss,
987), 92J, cmQhass tcmovcd.
48. A, 1bc C:u: Wr :n 1rnnct [Lhca_o: Lhatcs .
tctt, I998), II7.
49. Lat von LauscwtZ, Ln Wr. ttans. Achac 1owatd and
1ctct 1atct [
Q
tnccIon: 1tnccIon 1nVctsIy 1rcss, 1976), 482,
488.
MoI111o c 1OMC
I. T tchtcnCc Io ctatd touChnct, co-Ioundct oI cdc:n1 du
0ndc.
2. `1a_uc-cattcts, a tctm uscd by thc Iaan Lommunst 1arty
Io dcsctbc Tutonomia, and Ihc subjcct o a I977 ssuc o thc
|ouDa! ccb , cd1tcd by 1cx Luattat.
281