Non-Mendelian Genetics

Mendel says One allele is dominant; one allele is recessive Expected ratios unrelated to sex Independent assortment of alleles Single gene controlling trait Two possible alleles for every gene One allele comes from each parent Traits are determined by heritable factors But these ideas are not true for MANY traits!

Degrees of Dominance
Complete dominance =

Degrees of Dominance
Incomplete dominance =

Degrees of Dominance
Codominance =

Degree of Dominance Depends On the Biological Level

Example: Tay-Sachs Disease
Organismal Level: Biochemical Level:

Molecular Level:

Changes in Observed Phenotypic Ratio!

Multiple Alleles
Multiple Alleles =

Example: Blood Type

Fig. 14-11

Allele IA IB

Carbohydrate A B

i none (a) The three alleles for the ABO blood groups and their associated carbohydrates Red blood cell appearance Phenotype (blood group)

Genotype IAIA or IA i

IBIB or IB i

IAIB

AB

ii

(b) Blood group genotypes and phenotypes

Changes in Observed Phenotypic Ratio!

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy
Many genes have multiple phenotypic effects Example: Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Recessive allele Cant break down amino acid phenylalanine Builds up and harms the central nervous system Altered skin pigmentation, delayed mental skills, hyperactivity, seizures, skin rashes, jerking movement

Epistasis
A gene at one locus alters the expression of a gene at a second locus Example: Labrador Retrievers

Epistasis
More than one gene controls a single trait (a gene at one locus alters the expression of a gene at a second locus) Example: Labrador Retrievers

Fig. 14-12

Changes in Observed Phenotypic Ratio!

Sperm
1/ 4 BC

BbCc

BbCc

1/

4 bC

1/

4 Bc

1/

4 bc

Eggs
1/ 4 BC

BBCC
1/ 4 bC

BbCC

BBCc

BbCc

BbCC
1/ 4 Bc

bbCC

BbCc

bbCc

BBCc
1/ 4 bc

BbCc

BBcc

Bbcc

BbCc 9

bbCc : 3

Bbcc : 4

bbcc

Polygenic Inheritance
Pleiotropy Polygenic Inheritance

Fig. 14-13

Changes in Observed Phenotypic Ratio!

1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 8 8 8 8

AaBbCc
Sperm
1/ 8 1/ 8 1/ 8 1/ 8

AaBbCc
1/ 1/ 1/ 1/

Eggs

1/

8 8 8

1/ 1/ 1/

1/ Phenotypes: 64 Number of dark-skin alleles: 0

6/

64

15/

64

20/

64

15/

64

6/

64

1/

64

Sex-Linked Genes
Usually on the X chromosome. Why? Examples:
Color-Blindness Muscular Dystrophy Hemophilia

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Sex-Linked Genes:
Changes in Observed Phenotypic Ratios
Example: Red-Green Color-Blindness

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

y or x-linked?

y or x-linked?

Linked Genes (Linkage)

Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together are called linked genes

Fig. 15-9-4

EXPERIMENT
P Generation (homozygous)
Wild type (gray body, normal wings) Double mutant (black body, vestigial wings)

B B W W
F1 dihybrid (wild type)

bb w w

TESTCROSS

Double mutant

B b

bb w w

Testcross offspring

Eggs

BW

bw
Blackvestigial

B w
Grayvestigial

b W
Blacknormal

Wild type (gray-normal)

bw
Sperm

PREDICTED RATIOS

If genes are located on different chromosomes:

If genes are located on the same chromosome and parental alleles are always inherited together:

1
1 965

:
: :

1 1 944

:
: :

1 0 206

:
: :

1
0 185

RESULTS

Fig. 15-10b

Recombinant chromosomes

Eggs

b+ vg+

b vg

b+ vg

b vg+

Testcross offspring

965
Wild type (gray-normal) b+ vg+ b vg

944 Blackvestigial
b vg b vg

206 Grayvestigial
b+ vg b vg

185 Blacknormal
b vg+

b vg

b vg

Sperm

Parental-type offspring Recombination frequency

Recombinant offspring 100 = 17%

391 recombinants 2,300 total offspring

 A linkage map is a genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies Distances between genes can be expressed as map units; one map unit, or centimorgan (cM), represents a 1% recombination frequency Map units indicate relative distance and order, not precise locations of genes

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 15-11

RESULTS: GENETIC MAP

Recombination frequencies

9% Chromosome
17%

9.5%

cn

vg

 Genes that are far apart on the same chromosome can have a recombination frequency near 50%

Such genes are physically linked, but genetically unlinked, and behave as if found on different chromosomes

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Time to Practice!