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NAVIGATION AND INSTRUMENT FLIGHT PROCEDURE

RUNWAY ORIENTATION
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GROUP MEMBERS FATIMA HAFEEZ SAJID NADEEM

RUNWAY
Rectangular area on an aerodrome used for landing and take off Runway orientation is important in airport planning Current practice is to layout a runway in the direction of prevailing wind

IMPORTANCE OF RUNWAY LAYOUT


Determination of runway is a critical task It is very important for safe take offs and approaches The width and sloping of runway also play a role in safe approaches . It can be illustrated by the figure below :

RUNWAY NUMBERS
Runways are numbered according the magnetic compass direction they are oriented to Consists of two numbers one at each end of runway Preceding that number are eight stripes

By 500 feet is the touchdown zone , identified by six stripes Runway numbers are not given in degrees, rather in shorthand format e.g. a runway with a marking of 14 is actually 140 degrees For simplicity FAA rounds off the precise headings to nearest tens

RUNWAY HEADING
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RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
FAA includes over 20 runway layouts Amongst them there are 4 basic runway patterns : 1. SIMPLE RUNWAY 2. PARALLEL RUNWAY 3. OPEN-V RUNWAYS 4. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
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SINGLE RUNWAY

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PARALLEL RUNWAYS
There are 4 types of parallel runways

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OPEN-V RUNWAYS
Runways diverging from different directions but do not intersect and form an open-V shape are OPEN-V runways

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INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
Two or more runways that cross each other are classified as intersecting runways. This type of runway is used when there are relatively strong prevailing winds from more than one direction during the year.

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FACTORS AFFECTING RUNWAY ORIENTATION


WIND AIRSPACE AVAILABILITY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL VISIBILITY WILD LIFE HAZARDS TERRAIN AND SOIL CONSIDERATION
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WIND ROSE ANALYSIS


An approach often used in determining the runway orientation The method uses a wind rose template A transparent runway template is placed and rotated around the center of wind rose At each rotating angle, the percentage of allowable cross winds is measured
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WIND ROSE METHOD

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RUNWAY LIGHTING
These lights are used to assist pilot in to identify the runway GREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line the runway edge RED LIGHTS : Mark the end of runway BLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside taxiways While runways have YELLOW or WHITE lights marking their edges
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RUNWAY SIGNS
Various kinds of runway signs are also used for facilitation They differ according to their purpose and action

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

THE END
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