.

.
,
.
,
.
. ,


.

1.
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
peer to peer .

.
. ,
, .
1.1. Local Area Network (LAN)

. :
. ,

ethenet, token ring

:
peer to peer () .
Peer to peer () .
.

.
;

.
, .
, .
.
.
. :
.
.
.
2

 .
/ . /
,
.
.
Web ,
.
Mail .
. gateway ,
mail
.
Fax .
.
.
, ,
.
firewall proxy
.
.

.
. .

.
,
,
.
,
.
, .
.
:
(Bus)
Star ()
Ring
1.1.1. Bus ()
.
,
.

 1. BUS

,
. Media
Access Control (MAC) .

1.1.2. Star ()
, ,
. (hub), .
.

. ,
,
. :

. .

,
,
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
star ,
. 10Base-T,
.
UTP (Unshield Twisted Pair) :
1. .
, .
4

2. 4
Mb/s ( token ting).
3. 10
Mb/s (ethernet).
4. 16
Mb/s (token ring).
K 5. 100
Mb/s ( ethernet).

2.

. RJ45 UTP
. ,
. , token ring
DB9
. DB9 UI ,
.
1.1.3. Ring
.
. , ring
star ,
Multi-Station Access Unit (MAU). MAU,
. ring
5

token passing (token ). ,

token , MAC
.
. token,
.

3. RING

2. WAN

( , )
( ,
).
,
: (. Wide area
network, WAN) (. Local area network, LAN).
. ,

.
W ,
(. Long haul network)
. WAN
; WAN
. , WAN
. WAN
LAN
. WAN 1,5 Mbps 155 Mbps (
). WN-
.
WAN-
.
LAN
,
. ,

10 bps 2 Gbps ( ). LAN
, WN-.
LAN-
10 .
WAN
. :
(Metropolitan Area Network), WAN
.
(Campus Area Network),
.
.
WAN
:



7

 point-topoint . ,
WAN .
, MESH, cloud .
.
2.1. WAN
WAN- :



Access server

(, ...)

,
,
.

4.

.

5.
,
,
.

 6.

.

7.

3. WN
WN :
- (Dial In)
- (Leased)

3.1. (Dial In)

Dial Up Dial In
"". Dial Up Dial In
:
1. Slip (Serial Line Internet Protocol -
)
2. PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
3.1.1. PPP SLIP
TCP/IP .
TCP/IP LAN/WAN ,
. - .
,
.
(ISP,
)
.
IP
(
),
. SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol )
, Unix . ,
SLIP, PPP
. PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
, Slip ,
. PPP SLIP - .
,
.

, .
SLIP PPP,
10


.
3.2.
(. Leased)
- .
.
, ,

,
.

.
,
, .


, .
- ,
.
, (. Always
on) .
, ,
.
,
,
. 56 Kbps
CSU (channel servis unit) DSU (data servis unit) ,
, 1 1
. CSU DSU ,
.
CSU
. ,
CSU, :
- CSU 1 ( )

, .
- CSU ,
.
-

CSU
- ,
CSU

. SNMP .
11

DSU CSU, . DSU

, DSH
(. time divisioned multiplex, TDM)
1
. DSU RS - 232 RS - 449
(. Data terminal
equipment, DTE), WAN - .
.
DSU :



, CSU DSU . ,
.
( ),
LAN- ,
.

, .
.
(. Public switched
telephone) ,
.
,
.

,
(
) .
, ,
,
.
.
,
, 1.

12

4. /IP
.

.
XYZ .

.
.
,
.
.
4.1. SI

(ISO),
.
Open System Interconnection (OSI) .
, OSI
.
OSI :





(Data link)

SI

. , .

.

; e-mail
.
.

13

Data

Data

Data

Data link

Data link

00110010011001100001110010100100010110001101010000

, (
)
. .
TCP/IP , IP .
.
, ,
.
.
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
4.2. TCP/IP

TCP/IP .

IP

14

 ,
. ,
.

. ,
. ,
, .
, IP
TCP/IP IP .
.

.
.
. TCP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) .

15


WAN
.

.

.
.