Chapter 10 How Cells Divide

Bonus topics cytokinesis in plant cells maturation-promoting factor anaphase-promoting complex

Bacteria divide by binary fission

the single, circular bacterial chromosome is replicated replication begins at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally new chromosomes are partitioned to opposite ends of the cell a septum forms to divide the cell into 2 cells

Fig. 10.1

Fig. 10.2

Eukaryotic Chromosomes
linear chromosomes every species has a different number of chromosomes composed of chromatin:
a complex of DNA and proteins (histones)

 nucleosome : DNA wrapped around a core of 8 histones nucleosomes are spaced 200 nts apart along the DNA further coiling creates the 30-nm fiber or solenoid

The solenoid is further compacted: radial loops are held in place by scaffold proteins scaffold of proteins is aided by a complex of proteins called condensins
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Karyotype: the particular array of chromosomes of an organism

Fig. 10.6
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 chromosomes must be replicated before cell division replicated chromsomes are connected to each other at their kinetochores sister chromatids: 2 copies of the chromosome within the replicated chromosome cohesins: complex of proteins holding replicated chromosomes together at the centromere homologous chromosomes vs sister chromatids!
Fig. 10.7
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metaphase chromosome = two sister chromatids connected at their kinetochores to kinetochore microtubules

Life cycle of a cell (the Cell Cycle)

M = mitosis C = cytokinesis G1 = gap (growth) phase 1 S = synthesis G2 = gap phase 2 Most cells spend most time in G1 (G0 if staying here for long time, days to years)
Fig. 10.8

Interphase = G1+S+G2

Fig. 10.11

Interphase G2 preparation for mitosis

Mitosis is divided into 5 phases: 1. prophase 2. prometaphase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase

Mitosis Prophase Prometaphase

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Metaphase

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Anaphase:
removal of cohesin proteins causes the centromeres to separate microtubules pull sister chromatids toward the poles in anaphase A the kinetochores are pulled apart in anaphase B the poles move apart

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Telophase:
spindle apparatus disassembles nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids chromosomes begin to uncoil nucleolus reappears in each new nucleus

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Cytokinesis cleavage of the cell into equal halves

in animal cells: constriction of actin filaments produces a cleavage furrow in plant cells: plasma membrane forms a cell plate between the nuclei

Fig. 10.14

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Different organisms use different mechanisms for division

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The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints:

1. G1/S checkpoint: the cell decides to divide 2. G2/M checkpoint: the cell makes a commitment to mitosis 3. late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint: the cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle

Fig. 10.18

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Control of the Cell Cycle Growth factors:

can influence the cell cycle trigger intracellular signaling systems can override cellular controls that otherwise inhibit cell division platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) triggers cells to divide during wound healing

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Fig. 10.22

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Cancer is a failure of cell cycle control. Two kinds of genes can disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated: 1. tumor-suppressor genes 2. proto-oncogenes Tumor-suppressor genes: prevent the development of many cells containing mutations for example, p53 halts cell division if damaged DNA is detected p53 is absent or damaged in many cancerous cells

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Fig. 10.23

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Proto-oncogenes: some encode receptors for growth factors some encode signal transduction proteins become oncogenes when mutated oncogenes can cause cancer when they are introduced into a cell
Fig. 10.24

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