PRESENTED BY : DR. SAKSHI SHARMA M.D.S.

1ST YEAR

Introduction Definition of an articulator Historical review Advantages of an articulator Classification systems Requirements of articulators Parts of an articulator Parts of Hanau articulator and its functions Types of Hanau articulators Whip Mix articulator Dentatus articulator Summary Bibliography.
2

The primary function of the articulator is to

act as the patient in the absence of the

patient. An articulator is used to simulate the patients temporomandibular joints, mandible and maxilla, and the complex neuromuscular mechanism that programs mandibular movements.
3

Other purposes for which an articulator is used

are:
1.

Mounting of dental casts for diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient presentation.

2.

Fabrication of occlusal surfaces for dental

restorations. Arrangement of artificial teeth for complete and removable partial dentures.

3.

In 1858 Bonwill developed the first articulator with a serious effort to imitate the movements of the mandible in eccentric positions.

An articulator may be defined as a mechanical instrument that represents the

temporomandibular joints and jaws, to

which maxillary and mandibular casts may be attached to simulate some or all mandibular movements. - (GPT-8).
6

The plaster articulator was first described by PHILLIP PFAFF in 1756 Also known as SLAB ARTICULATORS

GARIOT designed the hinge joint articulator about 1805.

In 1899, Richmond S. Hayes received a patent for an articulator that was the first to incorporate a fixed descending condylar path.

In the same year, Hayes introduced the first example of a functional face-bow like device .He named this device as articulating caliper.

The New Century articulator was manufactured by the Snow Dental Co., Buffalo, New York, In 1906.

The Acme articulator, which also was made by George B. Snow.

10

The Gysi Adaptable articulator was introduced in 1910.

Gysi Simplex was introduced in 1914 as a mean value articulator.

11

The maxillomandibular instrument designed in 1918 by George Monsoon, was based on the spherical theory.

12

The Stephan articulator, developed in 1921.

13

The Hagman Balancer, developed in the 1920s. Opens and closes on a hinge Requires no facebow or interocclusal records for mounting.
14

Rudolph L. Hanau,In 1921 developed a research model called Hanau Model C Articulator. In 1923 he developed another research instrument, the Hanau Model M Kinoscope articulator.
15

In the Wardsworth articulator, developed in 1924.

16

The Hanau Model H110 manufactured in 1922 and 1923. It has individual condylar guidance adjustments.

17

The Hanau Model H110 Modified was introduced in 1927.

18

In 1926, GYSI TRUBYTE ARTICULATOR was introduced. It is a non arcon instrument with a fixed intercondylar distance.

19

The Stansbery articulator was developed by C. J. Stansbery Of Los Angeles in 1929.

20

The HOUSE articulator was developed by M. M. HOUSE in the early 1930s

21

The PRECISION COORDINATOR was developed by W. H. TERRELL, in the early 1930s. It is an ARCON type of instrument that has curvilinear condylar guides.
22

In 1944, DENTATUS was designed in SWEDEN. This articulator is unique in that the relationship between the upper and lower members can be standardized with a gauge block, so that casts can be transferred from one articulator to another and still maintain the same relation.

23

BERGSTORM designed an instrument in 1950 called the ARCON, which is similar to HANAU H, except that the condyles are on the lower member of the instrument, and the condylar guides are curved and on the upper member.
24

The TRANSOGRAPH presented in 1952, is a split axis instrument designed to allow each condylar axis to function independently of the other .

25

The GNATHOSCOPE, designed by CHARLES STUART in 1955.

26

The NEY articulator was designed by DE PIETRO in 1960 and was an arcon instrument.

27

The HANAU 130 21 was designed by RICHARD BEU and JAMES JANIK IN 1964. It has a split horizontal axis that can be adjusted vertically and horizontally, adjustable intercondylar distance, adjustable bennet guides, and adjustable horizontal condylar path guides.

It is utilised with protrusive and lateral interocclusal records.

28

The DUPLI-FUNCTIONAL articulator was designed by IRISH and presented in 1965. It was primarily for use in complete denture construction. It records each patients mandibular movements It serves as a three dimensional tripod type of dental articulator on which denture may be constructed and their occlusion balanced.
29

In 1968, NILES GUICHET designed the DENAR fully adjustable articulator (D4A).

30

The TELEDYNE articulator was designed by RICHARD BEU IN 1975.

31

The HANAU ARCON H2 was introduced by HANAU in 1977.

It is quite similar to HANAU H2, except that it is an ARCON instrument.

The next articulator to be introduced in HANAU series was HANAU RADIAL SHIFT ARTICULATOR The HANAU WIDE VUE and WIDE VUE II are the newest to be introduced by HANAU.
32

Properly mounted casts allow the operator to better visualize the patients occlusion, especially from the lingual view. This is essential if a proper occlusal scheme is to be developed for complete dentures.

Patient cooperation is not a factor when using an articulator once the appropriate interocclusal records have been obtained.
33

Considerable more chair time and patient appointment is required when utilizing the mouth as an articulator.

More procedures can be delegated to auxiliary personnel when utilizing an articulator for development of the patients occlusion.
The patients saliva, tongue and cheeks are not factors when using an articulator.
34

35

Adjustable horizontal and lateral condylar guide elements.

The condylar elements as a part of the lower frame and the condylar guides as a part of the upper frame.

A mechanism to accept a third reference point from a face-bow transfer record.

A terminal hinge position locking device.

Immovable mounting plates that can be repositioned accurately.

An adjustable incisal guide table.

Adjustable intercondylar width of the condylar elements when graphic tracings to be used to set and select condylar guidances.

36

An articulator can simulate but not duplicate jaw movements.

An articulator made of metal may show error due to tooling or resulting from metal fatigue and wear.

The articulator may not exactly simulate the intraborder and functional movements of the mandible.

37

Using the jaws as an articulator also has limitations: Inability of humans to detect visually the finer changes in the motion.

Making accurate marks in the presence of

saliva.

Exact location of the condyles. The resiliency of the supporting structures. The dentures are movable.
38

BASED ON INSTRUMENT FUNCTIONS

ABILITY TO SIMULATE JAW MOVEMENTS

ADJUSTABILITY OF THE ARTICULATOR

THEORIES OF OCCLUSION

TYPE OF INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD USED

39

At the International Prosthodontic Workshop on Complete Denture Occlusion at the University of Michigan in 1972, an articulator classification was developed based on the

instruments function, instrument capability,

intent, registration procedure, and registration acceptance were considered in

developing the classification. The

classification is as follows40

CLASS I

CLASS II

CLASS IV

CLASS III

41

CLASS I:
Simple holding instruments capable of accepting a single

static registration. Vertical motion may or may not be

possible.

The first articulators were called slab articulators and were formed by extending plaster indices from the rear of the casts.

The hinge- joint articulator is representative of this class. J.B. Gariot reportedly designed the first hinge articulator about 1805. The barn- door hinge with an anterior vertical stop qualifies for this classification.
42

CLASS II
CLASS II-A CLASS II-B CLASS II-C
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CLASS II-A : Eccentric motion permitted is based on average or arbitrary values. Example : a) Articulator by GRITTMAN (1899) ; condylar path inclined at 15 degree b) GYSI SIMPLEX articulator (1924) ; condylar path inclined at 30 degree and the incisal guidance is fixed at 60 degree. CLASS II-B : Eccentric motion permitted is based on theories of arbitrary motion. Example : MONSOONs articulator (1914) CLASS II-C : Eccentric motion permitted is determined by the patient using engraving methods. Examples : HOUSE articulator (1927)
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CLASS III
CLASS III-A CLASS III-B
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and use equivalents for the rest of the motion. EXAMPLE : A) Hanau Model H (1923) B) Dentatus (1944) C) Arcon (1950)

CLASS III-A : Instruments that accept a static protrusive registration

registrations and use equivalents for the rest of the motion. EXAMPLE: A) Gysis trubyte Articulator (1926) B) Kinoscope (1927) C) Tripod Type Articulator (1928) D) Ney Articulator (1960) E) Hanau 130-21 (1964) F) Teledyne Articulator (1975) G) Panadent Articulator
46

CLASS III-B : Instruments that accept a static lateral protrusive

CLASS IV CLASS IVA CLASS IVB

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CLASS IV A : The cams representing the condylar paths are formed by the registrations engraved by the patient. These instruments do not allow for discrminating capability. EXAMPLE : TMJ Instrument (1965)
CLASS IV-B : Instruments that have condylar paths that can be angled and customized either by selection from a variety of curvatures, by modification, or both. EXAMPLES : Gnathoscope (1955) Denar Fully Adjustable Simulator
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CLASS I: These are instruments that receive and reproduce stereograms (pantograms). These articulators can be adjusted to permit individual condylar movement in each of the three planes. They are capable of reproducing the timing of the side shift of the balancing side and its direction on the working side.

Examples: Mc Collum Gnathoscope, Hanau Kinescope, Ney articulator, Denar D5A.

49

CLASS II: Instruments that will not receive stereograms. Some of the instruments have fixed controls

while others are adjustable, but usually in no

more than two planes.
1) 2) 3) 4)

This class is divided into four types: Hinge Arbitrary

Average
special
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Type 1: HINGE: This type is capable of

opening and closing in a hinge

movement. Examples: Barn Door Hinge,

Gariot, Hageman Balancer, Gysi, Acme.

Type 2: ARBITRARY: This is designed to

adapt to specific theories of occlusion or is

oriented to a specific technique.

Examples: Monson, Transgraph, Gnathic

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Type 3: AVERAGE: This type is designed to

provide condylar element guidance by means of averages, positional records or mini- recorder systems. Most permit adjustments of both horizontal and lateral

guidance surfaces. Some type of

facebow can be used in maxillary cast

orientation. Examples: Dentatus, WhipMix, Denar, Panadent.

Type 4: SPECIAL: This type is designed and

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NON- ADJUSTABLE 2. SEMI- ADJUSTABLE 3. FULLY- ADJUSTABLE

1.

53

Non- adjustable articulators:

They can open and close in a fixed horizontal axis. They have a fixed condylar path along which the condylar ball can be moved to simulate lateral and protrusive jaw movement.

The incisal guide pins ride on an inclined plate in a fixed inclination.

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Advantages

Disadvantages

Inexpensive

It reproduces only one contact position

Less time required to mount the casts on the articulator

It demands increased intraoral adjustment time.

55

Semi adjustable articulators:

They have : adjustable horizontal condylar paths adjustable lateral condylar paths adjustable incisal guide tables adjustable intercondylar distances. There are two types of semi- adjustable articulators: Arcon articulators
56

1.

Arcon instrument has its condyles on the lower member and the condylar guides on the upper member. e.g. Whipmix articulator, hanau university series.

Non arcon or condylar instruments are those that have the condyles on the upper member and condylar guides on the lower member.
57

The face- bow transfer, occlusal plane and the relationship of the opposing casts are preserved when the articulator is opened and closed.

Condyles move in a relationship to their condylar housing that is similar to the way the condyles move in the relationship to the glenoid fossa in the skull. This makes visualization and understanding of condylar movements easier.
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Fully adjustable articulators: It accepts three dimensional dynamic registrations. They are capable of being adjusted to follow the mandibular movement in all directions. The articulator is capable of repeating most of the precise condylar movements depicted in any individual patient. These adjustments include: a) Adjustable horizontal condylar guidance b) Adjustable lateral condylar guidance
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As on the semiadjustable articulator , the angle at which the condyle descends on the fully adjustable articulator during protrusive & laterotrusive movements can be altered. Although the semi adjustable articulator can usually provide a condylar movement only in a straight pathway , the fully adjustable articulator is capable of adjusting the condylar pathway to
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The fully adjustable articulator has adjustments that permit duplication of both the patients bennett angle & the immediate lateral translation movement of the patient condyle . Many semiadjustable articulator cannot duplicate this exact pathway because only flat surfaces are available to guide the condyle.
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During a laterotrusive movemement ,the rotating (i.e ., working) condyle does not purely rotate around a fixed point ; however it can move slightly laterally . This lateral shift can also have a superior , inferior, forward , or backward component , which can influence the fossa depth & cusp height , as well as the ridge & groove direction developed in
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The rotating condylar movements affects both the working & non working sides but has its greatest effect on the working side.
Semiadjustable articulators do not have the ability to compensate for this movement.

The fully adjustable articulators can be set so that the pathway of the rotating condyle on the articulator will duplicate that of the patient.
63

The distance between the rotating centers of the condyle on the fully adjustable articulator can be modified to match that in the patient . Often three general settings are available on the semiadjustable articulator:
Small
Medium large
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With the fully adjustable articulator , a complete range of intercondylar distance can be selected .
Therefore the intercondylar adjustment is set at the precise milimeter distance as determined from the patient. This then allows more accurate duplication of intercondylar distance & thus minimize
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Advantages

Disadvantages

Most accurate instrument to reproduce restorations that precisely fit the occlusal requirements of the patient.

Demands high degree of skill

its ability to its ability to duplicate duplicate mandibular mandibular movement. movement.

Expensive

Time consuming

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THE BONWILL THEORY OF OCCLUSION proposed that the teeth move in relation to each other as guided by the condylar controls and the incisal point.

It was known as the theory of the equilateral triangle, in which there was a 4-inch (10 cm) distance between the condyles and between each condyle and the incisor point.

67

The articulator designed by W.G.A. Bonwill allows

lateral movement, but since the condylar guidances

are not adjustable, they permit movement only in the horizontal plane.

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THE CONICAL THEORY OF OCCLUSION proposed that the lower teeth move over the surfaces of upper teeth as over the surface of a cone, generating an angle of 45 degrees with the central axis of the cone tipped 45 degrees to the occlusal plane.

The Hall Automatic articulator, designed by R.E.Hall confirms to conical theory of occlusion.

69

THE SPHERICAL THEORY OF OCCLUSION showed the lower teeth moving over the surface of the upper teeth as over the surface of a sphere with a diameter of 8 inches (20 cm).

The center of the sphere was located in the region of glabella, and the surface of the sphere passed through the glenoid fossae along or concentric with the articulating eminences.

The theory was proposed by G.S. Monson in 1918.

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The articulators that function on theories of

occlusion have one common fault: they

make no provision for variations from the

theoretical relationships that occur in

different persons. When the varying

inclinations of condylar paths of the two

sides of many patients are recognized, the

need for modification becomes apparent.

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The general classes of records are used for transferring maxillomandibular relationships from the patient to the articulator:
- Interocclusal records
- Graphic records - Hinge- axis records.

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Interocclusal record adjustment-

Interocclusal records may be made in wax, plaster of Paris, ZOE paste, or coldcure acrylic resin.

Each record is of only one positional relationship of the lower jaw to the upper jaw.
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The mechanical features that determine whether an articulator can be adjusted to accommodat e interocclusal records include:

Individually adjustable horizontal condylar guidances Variable controls for the Bennett shift Variable intercondylar distances Split-axis condylar guidance controls Adjustable incisal guidance controls.

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Graphic record adjustment-

Articulators designed for use with

graphic records are generally more

complicated than those designed for

interocclusal records.

Since graphic records consist of records of

the extreme border positions of

mandibular movements, the articulators must be capable of producing at least the
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Hinge- axis location for adjusting articulators-

All the instruments that can be adjusted to graphic records have one feature in common: the necessity for correct location of the opening axis of the mandible.

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According to Gillis Adjustable Fixed

(J Am Dent Assoc 13:3, 1926)

According to Boucher (J Dent Res 14:39, 1934) Non- adjustable Adjustable a) A Two- dimensional instrument. b) A Three- dimensional instrument.

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According to Kingery
prosthetic

(The American Textbook of Dentistry, ed 7. Philadelphia, 1942)

Simple articulators Adjustable or adaptable articulators

According to Beck (J Am Dent Assoc 64:468, 1962) Suspension instrument Axis instrument Tripod instrument
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According to Weinberg (J Prosthet Dent 13:645, 1963)

Arbitrary e.g. Monson articulator, Hageman balancer Positional e.g. Stansbery Tripod articulator

Semi adjustable e.g. Hanau Model H

Fully adjustable e.g. Hanau kinescope, Gysi Trubyte
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According to Posselt (Posselt, U: Physiology of occlusion,

1968)

Plain line Mean value Adjustable

According to Thomas Arbitrary Positional Functional

(J Prosthet Dent 30:11, 1973)

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According to Heartwell and Rahn (1974)

Instruments that will receive and reproduce pantographs and graphic tracings
Instruments that will not receive pantographs, which are sub divided into four types: a) hinge type b) arbitrary c) adjustable d) instruments designed and used for complete denture construction.
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According to Sharry (Sharry, J.J.: Complete Denture

Prosthodontics, ed 3, 1974)

Simple Hinge type Fixed guide type Adjustable

According to Bergstrom Arcon - e.g. Whipmix articulator Non arcon - e.g. Hanau model H
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According to Rihani

(1980)

Fully adjustableexamples: Hanau Kinescope, Mc Collum Gnathoscope, Simulator, Denar D4-A

Semi adjustableexamples: Snow Acme, Gysi Adaptable, Gysi trubyte, Dentatus, Hanau 130-28, Whipmix.

Non adjustableexamples: Gariot, Barn door hinge, Walker, Gritman, Snow, Transograph
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FULLY ADJUSTABLE Can accept the following five records:

Face bow record Centric jaw relation record Protrusive record Lateral record Intercondylar distance record

SEMIADJUSTABLE Can accept the following three records:

Face bow record Centric jaw relation record Protrusive record

NONADJUSTABLE Can accept one or two of following three records:

Face bow record Centric jaw relation record

Protrusive record

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(J Prosthet Dent 1973; 29(3): 269-75)

The semi-adjustable articulator guides only the lateral component of the rotating condylar movement, whereas the fully adjustable articulator may be set to simulate all components of mandibular movement. The purpose of this study was to measure the discrepancies that may exist in
85

 a) b) c)

The effects of following on cusp positions were ascertained: Intercondylar width The shape of the condylar housing The timing and direction of the side shift. To preclude the necessity of transferring the casts from one articulator to the other, only the fully adjustable articulator was used.
86

A semiadjustable articulator was compared with a fully adjustable articulator to determine the discrepancy of eccentric pathways of cusp motion. The effects of intercondylar width, mediotrusion timing, superior wall shape, laterotrusion direction, and immediate side shift were measured.

All produced a significant variation.

87

It consists of an upper member and a lower member. The upper member represents the maxilla and the lower member represents the mandible. The upper member is a triangular metal plate and the lower member is a L -shaped frame. The upper and lower members articulate around the condylar guidance. The condylar guidance represents the glenoid fossa of the temporomandibular joint. A vertical rod (incisal pin) separates the upper and lower triangular components in the anterior end. The vertical rod rests on the incisal table of the lower member also known as the incisal guide table.

88

89

The condylar guidances are the control

centers of the Articulator and they

adjustably assimilate the multiple function

of the glenoid fossa.

90

The condylar Track may be adjustibly inclined on the horizontal transverse axis from a zero to a plus 60 degree or to a minus 20 degree. These inclinations are termed the protrusive inclination and simulate the patients superior wall of the fossa.

The condylar track may also be adjusted on the vertical axis from a zero sagittal to 30 degree. This angle is termed the progressive Bennett angle and corresponds to the medial wall of the patients fossa.

91

The closed condylar guidance track

rotates in an enclosed housing which stops

the Condylar Element ,preventing the

accidental disengagement of the upper

member.

92

Some products have a centric stop at the posterior end of the Track to limit

anterior movement of the Condylar

Element. When the Element rests against

the Stop it is at centric, the point from

which the protrusive or Bennett angles

both emanate.

93

This micrometer adjustment permits the Condylar Element to be protruded 6mm from centric or to be retruded 3mm from centric. An axial reference line transcribes the one mm. spaced lines on the P-R Screw and a like line appears on the Sleeve of the Guidance.
94

Loosen the Thumbscrew at the medial side of the Guidance and rotate the P-R screw to abut the wide zero centric line with the Sleeve end . Protrusion or retrusion of the Condylar Element can be adjusted by rotation of the P-r Screw. One full turn of the Screw equals 1mm protrusion or retrusion .

95

Engagement of a centric lock depresses a Centric Pin, causing it to arrest the Condylar Element at the centric position. When locked, the Upper Member is restricted to an opening and closing movement only. Releasing the Centric Lock two full turns will disengage the Centric Pin and return the Elements freedom of movement in the
96

The Condylar Shafts adjustibly slide in the wings of the Lower Member. They have been factory fixed by Setscrews. A resilient Bumper will protectively stop the Upper Member and against the wing of the Lower member when fully opening the Articulator.
97

Coinciding with these Condylar Shaft adjustments is an alignment of the chisel edge of the incisal pin with the central table of the incisal guide. The incisal pin serves as the forward control of the Aticulator.

It cooperatively maintains a vertical stop.

98

It provides a stylus contact for the excursive movements of the Articulator.

A midline groove is cut in the Incisal Pin about one inch from the spherical tip. Five additional lines calibrated in mm extend on either side thereof. These lines are used for recording or altering the vertical dimension.

99

Two annular grooves appear on the Incisal Pin at 37 and 54mm below the Frankfort Horizontal Plane. These grooves form arbitrary vertical landmarks for alignment of the incisal edge of the maxillary centrals when making a Facebow transfer.

100

The incisal pin extends beyond the top of the Upper Member and provides a third point of stability when inverting the Articulator for mandibular cast mounting. The spherical tip of this incisal pin serves as the Dual-End and is useful for fabricating customized acrylic anterior guide tables.
101

The Adjustable Incisal Guide provides an independent adjustment of anterior guidance. It cooperates with the Incisal Pin and Condylar Guidances to present a stable ,three dimensional programmed guide pattern for the mounted casts.

102

The Incisal Guide rotates antero posteriorly from a horizontal zero degree to a 60 degree positive inclination of protrusion which is then secured by the small Locknut. The central guiding table is 5.56mm wide and forms the inclined

103

Seperately adjustable Lateral Wings elevate by a Thumbscrew from a zero

horizontal to a 45degree inclined and

are fixed by a Thumbnut. The calibrations

are very small and serve only as a

reference
104

An anterior slot in the lower member allows repositioning of the incisal guide. Adjust and lock the Guide at zero horizontal and slightly loosen the platform Lockscrew. This adjustment will place the incisal pin contact on the rotational center of the guide, thereby maintaining the vertical dimension when adjusting the

105

This crescent represents the patients infra- orbitale notch and is the anterior reference landmark of the Frankfort horizontal plane.

When used with an Orbitale Pointer on a face bow, it provides an anatomical vertical orientation for the upper arch, obviating

106

Mounting plates are used to lute the upper and lower casts to the upper and lower members of articulator by means of a gypsum material.
107

INTEROCCLUSAL RELATION RECORDS:

The maxillary and mandibular occlusal rims have been prepared and patient adjusted to the correct vertical dimension, the occlusal plane and the desired horizontal overlap.

The top of the Bitefork or Biteplane, the stern at the patients left, is covered with a triple layer of base plate wax. Heat seal the periphery and soften the wax

108

The softened wax

impression material on the

Bitefork is seated against the occlusal surface of the upper rim and is hand molded into and around the notches.

Chill the Bitefork index and

check to assure removal

and accurate replacement of the bite rim.

The Bitefork may alternately be attached directly to the upper occlusal rim by

heating the forks and

109

Two interocclusal positional records of a terminal relation are required:

1.

A centric interocclusal relation record is patient recorded at the vertical dimension of occlusion. A protrusive interocclusal relation record is patient recorded at approximately 6 mm anterior of centric. Closure is made to a near anterior, nonpiercing occlusal contact, being certain

2.

110

ARTICULATOR PREPARATION: Adjust the protrusive inclination of both condylar guidances to 30 degrees and tighten the Thumbnuts.

Adjust the Bennett angles of both condylar guidances at 30 degrees. Adjust the incisal pin to align the midline calibration to the top edge of the upper member.
111

Slide the platform to align the incisal pin contact over the zero indicating line on guidance. Adjust both the P-R screws to about zero centric line. Secure the zero centric adjustment by tightening the thumbscrews at the medial side. Apply a thin coating of petroleum jelly to all surfaces of the articulator that will be exposed to the stone mounting media.

112

Swing the upper member of the articulator open to the centric bumper. Securely attach the mounting platform to the lower member. Insert the lower end of the Transfer Rod/ Bitefork index assembly into the socket of the mounting guide. Raise the pivot to contact the underside of the Bitefork index and

113

Securely seat and accurately lute the upper occlusal rim into the occlusal wax index on the bitefork.

Mixture of stone is placed on the wetted mounting surface of the cast. The upper member is then swung forward to embed the mounting plate and to bring the incisal pin into contact with the incisal guide.

Upon complete set of mounting, the sticky wax luting is carefully broken from the occlusal rim. The mounting guide and transfer record are removed from the lower member.

114

Invert the articulator and swing the lower member back to the bench. Apply a thin coating of petroleum jelly to all surfaces of lower member that may be contacted by the gypsum material. Firmly attach a mounting plate to the lower member.
115

Securely seat the mandibular cast in the bite rim and lute together with sticky wax. A mix of stone is placed on the wetted mounting surface of the lower cast and mounting is completed, securing

116

Upon complete set of the mount, the Articulator is placed into an upright position Carefully cut the tacking at the occlusal surface and remove the centric interocclusal relation record
117

Loosen the centric locks and the Thumbnuts for horizontal inclination of the condylar guidances. Raise the Incisal Pin to remove the possibility of mechanical interference with the Incisal Guide

Seat the protrusive interocclusal relation record onto the lower occlusal rim. Carefully guide the Upper

118

Grasp the upper cast to maintain a tactile

feel of the casts at the protrusive record

and

Rotate the Right and Left Guidances back

and forth toaccurately seat the upper

and lower rims into the protrusive relation

record

Tighten the Thumbnuts for horizontal

119

HANAU Formula

L = H/8 + 12 is used for adjusting the

lateral condylar guidance

In this formula, H is the Horizontal Condylar (Protrusive) inclination and L is the Lateral Condylar Guidance

120

The six upper and six lower teeth are set up in the arrangement dictated by the

patients esthetic and phonetic

requirements.

121

Lock the Articulator into centric. The occlusal rims are then seated onto their casts at the established vertical and centric relation Lower the incisal pin into contact with the zero horizontal incisal guide, the chisel end of the pin resting crosswise on the center table and lock

122

Gently guide the upper cast into a straight protrusion The lingual edges of the upper central incisors are brought into contact with the incisal edges of the lower incisors The incisal guide is then rotated anteroposteriorly to make contact with incisal pin, tightening the small locknut to

123

The upper cast is then guided into a right lateral cuspid to cuspid guidance relation by thumb pressure at the right side of the upper cast to assure the Bennett Shift The Lateral wing is then elevated to contact the corner of the incisal pin and the Locknut is tightend to maintain

124

Apply thumb pressure at the left side of the upper cast and guide it into a left lateral cuspid to cuspid excursion Adjust the remaining Lateral Wing to contact the incisal pin and secure the adjustment by tightening the Locknut.

125

The remaining teeth are set into centric occlusion and checked in working, balancing in protrusive excursions. The incisal pin acts as the vertical stop and must remain in contact with the incisal guide surfaces from centric throughout all excusive movements The waxed occlusal rims may be tried in
126

Reset the completed occlusal rims onto their master casts. Seal the rims to the casts to preserve the tissue surface from plaster or stone seepage during the Flasking procedure.

127

Before removing the master cast/waxed dentures, record the articulator calibrations for later use Record the Serial Number, R & L Horizontal Inclination, R& L Bennett Angle and Vertical of incisal pin

128

HANAU H2

HANAU ARCON H2
HANAU ARTICULATOR

HANAU WIDE VUE

HANAU RADIAL SHIFT

129

The Hanau model H was designed by Rudolf

Hanau a mechanical engineer in 1923. This

articulator is the forerunner of the present-day Hanau H2.

Non- arcon type. Hanau felt that as the realeff (resiliency and like effect of the denture supporting tissues) decreased, the instrument would more closely

simulate mandibular movement.

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The maxillary cast may be mounted on the Hanau H2 articulator by means of a facebow transfer.

The following face-bows can be utilized with the Hanau H2. These are:

1. 2. 3.

Facia face bow Earpiece face bow Twirl bow

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When transferring the ear piece face bow to the articulator, the earpieces are seated on the auditory pins of the centric locks.

The facia and earpiece face bows may use

either the orbitale or the incisal plane as the anterior reference point for making the face bow transfer. The anterior reference point along with the two

posterior reference points form the axis orbital

plane, which is transferred to the articulator along with the maxillary cast.
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The axis-orbital plane transfer allows the maxillary cast to be transferred to the articulator so that the occlusal plane has a relationship in the articulator that is similar to that in the patients skull.

When the orbitale is used, the face bow should be equipped with an orbitale pointer that is related to the orbitale indicator on the upper member of the articulator.

Without the orbitale pointer, the incisal plane is adjusted so that it is level with the upper notch on the incisal pin when making the face bow transfer.

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Following the relationship of the mandibular casts to the maxillary cast by means of a centric relation interocclusal record, the horizontal condylar inclinations must be determined.

This is accomplished by means of a protrusive interocclusal record. The patient should protrude approx. 6 mm.

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The horizontal condylar guidances are adjusted until the maxillary cast seats into the protrusive interocclusal record.

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The amount of Bennett movement is calculated from the horizontal condylar settings by

Hanaus equation.
Bennett angle L = H + 12 8 H= Horizontal condylar inclination determined by protrusive interocclusal record
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The incisal guide table is adjustable in both sagittal and frontal planes.

There is a single sagittal

and right and left frontal

adjustments.

The adjustments are made to compensate the amount of horizontal and vertical overlap incorporated in the anterior arrangement of denture
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(J Prosthet Dent 1963; 13(2): 263-68)

An articulator of the Arcon type has the condylar slot fixed to the upper member and the ball attached to the lower member. This positioning of the condylar elements is the reverse of the usual arrangement. Many articulators, including the Gnathologic type, use

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It is claimed that this principle truly represents the condition found physiologically where the temporomandibular fossae are located in the skull and condyles are a part of mandible.

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The mechanism of the articulators are reversed in function. In the condylar type of articulator , the angulation of the condylar slot is constant to the lower member. During protrusive movements, the angulation changes between the upper member and the condylar slot of the articulator. In the Arcon articulator, reverse is true.
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The protrusive condylar inclinations were measured in relation to the horizontal plane of the instrument. When the condylar instrument (Hanau) returned to the centric position, the condylar slot remained at 40 degree angulation to that plane. However, as the Arcon articulator returned to centric position, there was a changed angulation of the condylar slot at 39 degrees. The difference in readings occurs because of the mechanical method of producing motion.

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The Hanau Arcon H2 was introduced by Hanau in 1977.

It is a semiadjustable arcon type of instrument.

It consists of an upper member containing the condylar guidance elements and a lower member to which the condylar spheres are attached.

The upper and lower members are mechanically connected.

The Hanau articulator is classed as a modified twodimensional instrument.

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The upper cast is oriented to the upper

member ( which represents the skull) by facebow transfer record. The arbitrary face- bow is routinely used for complete dentures.

The Hanau face- bow consists of a U- shaped

frame or assembly that is large enough to extend from the region of the TMJs to a position 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 cm) in front of the face and wide enough to avoid contact

with the sides of the face.

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The parts that contact the skin over the TMJs

are the condyle rods, and the part that

attaches to the occlusion rims is the fork.

The condyle rods are positioned on a line extending from the outer canthus to the top of the tragus and approximately 13 mm in front of the external auditory meatus.

This placement of the rods will locate them within 2 mm of the true center of the opening
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The lower cast is oriented to the lower

member of the articulator, representing the

mandible, by relating the lower to the upper cast through an interocclusal CR record.

The fork of the face- bow is attached to the maxillary occlusion rim, thus the record is a simple measurement from the jaws to the

approximate axis of the jaws.

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The horizontal condylar guidances are

adjusted by an interocclusal protrusive

record. The lateral condylar guidances may

be set arbitrarily or may be adjusted by right

and left lateral interocclusal records.

The lateral condylar guidances on this articulator do not allow upward, downward, 146

The articulator is provided with an adjustable

incisal guide table that is routinely used for

removable prosthodontic restorations.

It has a straight incisal guide pin with a flat end, which permits movements on the guide table.

The pin on the Hanau articulator is

adjustable and allows for vertical changes
147 without changes in pin position relative to the

HANAU RADIAL SHIFT : It was first produced in 1981. Arcon instrument with fixed intercondylar distance of 110 mm. The condylar guidance of the articulator is designed to incorporate a curved immediate side shift (radial shift) with an adjustable progressive Bennett angle. Three incisal guide tables are available : A mechanical table A flat table A pantacrylic table
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HANAU WIDE VUE : These are the newest articulators introduced by HANAU. HANAU WIDE VUE and HANAU WIDE VUE II, both are arcon instruments with a fixed intercondylar distance of 110 mm. The only difference between the two instruments : HANAU WIDE VUE has a closed condylar track and WIDE VUE II has an open condylar track.
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The basic whip-mix articulator was designed by Charles Stuart (1955) and manufactured by Whip-Mix Corp. It is an arcon articulator as the condylar controls are attached to the upper member of

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The intercondylar distance is adjustable to three positions by means of removable condylar guidance spacers along the instruments horizontal axis. : Small (S) 96 mm

Medium (M)Large (L) -

110 mm
124 mm

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A face bow transfer may be utilized for mounting the maxillary cast. The horizontal condylar inclinations are set by means of protrusive interocclusal records. The amount of Bennett movement is set by means of a lateral interocclusal record.

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The upper and lower members are mechanically attached by means of a spring latch assembly.

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There are two different face bows that can be utilized with the Whip Mix articulator. They are:

1. 2.

Quick mount or earpiece face bow and

Adjustable axis or kinematic face bow

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The earpieces are placed in the external auditory canals when adjusting the face bow to the patient.

The patients approximate intercondylar distance is determined from the scale on the front of the face bow as S, M or L indicating small, medium or large intercondylar distance.

The earpieces are seated on pins on the condylar housings.

The bridge of the nose is utilized as the anterior reference point.

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156

Following the relationship of the mandibular cast to the maxillary cast by means of a centric relation interocclusal record, the horizontal condylar inclinations must be determined.

This is accomplished by means of protrusive interocclusal records. These records should be made at approx. 6 mm of protrusion.

The casts are seated in the interocclusal records and the horizontal condylar guidance adjusted until it contacts the condyle.

The Bennett angulation is set with lateral interocclusal records. The casts are seated in the lateral interocclusal records and the medial walls of the condylar housings adjusted until they contact the condyles.

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The Whip-Mix articulator is equipped either with a mechanical incisal guide table or a plastic incisal guide table that can be individually customized with autopolymerizing resin. The incisal guide pin is straight and one end is flat and the other end rounded. The flat end is used with the mechanical incisal guide table, while the rounded end is used with the plastic table.

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The basic whip mix has numerous modifications that are available. Condylar thumblock screws may be added to assure proper seating of condyles when making hinge articulator movements.
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Optional immediate side shift guides are available from 0.25mm to 1mm. When using the shift guides, the articulator must be equipped with detent mechanism to return the upper member of articulator to centric

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The Accumount mounting system for articulator interchangeability utilizes a special table that is precisely attached to the lower member with a low-fusing alloy during manufacturing. The mounting plate is attached to this table when mounting the mandibular cast.

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The Dentatus is similar to the other articulators described.

It is employed quite extensively in European dental schools, particularly the Scandinavian ones. It too is a semi- adjustable instrument that, like the others, can be modified according to several patient variables.

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PART I : BASIC CONCEPTS PART II : ARBITRARY, POSITIONAL, SEMIADJUSTABLE ARTICULATORS

(Lawrence A. Weinberg ;J Prosthet Dent, 1963, vol 13)

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The objective of all articulators is to serve as a laboratory aid in imitating physiological motion by substituting mechanical equivalents for anatomic parts.
Human motion of the mandible are 3-D curved motions because the skeletal framework is moved by muscles and hinged at TMJ.
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Reproduction of any such motion requires the establishment of 3 fixed points on or attached to the object. Recording the starting position, the path , and the end position of these 3 points is obtained to reproduce mandibular motion. 2 of the required guidances of mandibular motion are the condylar paths, the third point is measured at incisors known as incisal guidance.

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Maxilla is fixed base from which mandibular motion is measured. Face bow serve to transfer this relationship b/w maxilla and starting position of paths of mandibular movement.
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Described as pure or border movements of protrusive and right and left lateral excursions.

Protrusive excursion. Incisal guidance. Balancing condylar path. Balancing cusp inclines Working condylar motion bennett lateral shift.

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Articulators have been classified as arbitrary, positional, semi- adjustable, and fully adjustable. ARBITRARY (Based on Monson Spherical Theory) Examples: Monson Articulator, Hagman Balancer.

POSITIONAL ARTICULATOR ( Stansbery

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The Stansbery tripod is a positional articulator. The objective of this concept is to obtain the static, or positional relationships of the mandible in centric relation, protrusive, and each lateral position
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SEMIADJUSTABLE ARTICULATOR (Hanau Model H Concept) The Hanau model H is one of the most commonly used semiadjustable articulators. It was primarily designed for complete denture construction. The objective of the technique is to closely produce mechanical equivalents of mandibular movements on the instrument.
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RATIONALE FOR MATHEMATICAL STUDY: The conditions of the evaluation are such that the occlusal errors produced by the clinical procedure identified with each articulator are cumulative rather than self- correcting. An error can be defined as deviation from the truth, and truth as agreement with reality.

When applied to the study of articulators, an error produced in the occlusion will be considered as deviation from the known hypothetical
The second molar cusp height has been selected for the calculations because variations in condylar movement have a greater effect on the posterior teeth than on the anterior teeth.
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When applied to the study of articulators, an error produced in the occlusion will be considered as deviation from the known hypothetical The second molar cusp height has been selected for the calculations because variations in condylar movement have a greater effect on the posterior teeth than on

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Approximate error at the second molar Balancing cusp height (mm) Average anatomic location of the hinge axis 0.2

Approximate error at the second molar Working cusp height (mm) 0.2

Arbitrary location of the 0.2 anterior point of orientation Straight condylar path Fischer angle Individual working condylar motion Maximum total error 0.2 0.1 No error 0.7

No error

0.2 No error 0.8 1.2

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If occlusal contacts are to be perfected in centric occlusion only, a simple, sturdy, hinge- type articulator without provision for lateral or protrusive movements can be selected.

This type of instrument has been called one- dimensional because only one interocclusal record is necessary for its adjustment and use.

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If denture teeth are to have a cross-arch and cross-tooth balanced occlusion, the minimum requirement is a semi-adjustable articulator.

This may be an instrument with individually adjustable condylar guidances in both the vertical and horizontal plane, such as the simple instruments in the hanau university series, the whip mix articulator, or the dentatus articulator.

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If more control of the occlusion is desired, a completely adjustable three dimensional articulator is of value.

A three dimensional articulator requires a CR record, at least two lateral records, and some means for controlling the height and inclinations of the cusps.

The means for their adjustment may be interocclusal records or three-dimensional graphic tracings made by a kinematic face-bow apparatus.

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The more complicated articulators pose some problems in making complete dentures because of the resiliency of the soft tissues of

the basal seat on which the recording bases

must rest. Because this resiliency permits

some movement of the bases in relation to

the bone, the records made are not necessarily records of the true path of
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The trend in articulators is being influenced primarily by prosthodontists working in the fields of fixed restorations and full mouth rehabilitation. They have suggested and devised instruments that are much more complicated than those traditionally used by dentists providing removable prosthodontic service. There are a number of very fine and fully adjustable articulators, but most of these are not easily adapted for use for complete denture patients. 178

The reason for this lack of practical application for complete denture patients is the soft tissue foundation upon which the recording bases must rest. As long as the recording bases that support the recording instruments can move in relation to the underlying bone, the highly sensitive articulators cannot be accurately adjusted.

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PROSTHODONTIC TREATMENTFOR EDENTULOUS PATIENTS; TENTH EDITION SHELDON WINKLER; ESSENTIALS OF COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS; SECOND EDITION L.A. WEINBERG; AN EVALUATION OF BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS PART 1;JPD 1963; 13(4) L.A. WEINBERG; AN EVALUATION OF BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS PART 2; JPD 1963; 13(4)

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MITCHELL; ARTICULATORS THROUGH THE YEARS. PART 1. UPTO 1940; JPD; 1978; 39(3) A. RAHINI; CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICULATORS;JPD 1980; 43(3)

LAWRENCE A WEINBERG: ARCON PRINCIPLE IN CONDYLAR MECHANISM OF ADJUSTABLE ARTIVULATORS; JPD 1963; 13(2) NEAL D BELLANTI: SIGNIFICANCE OF ARTICULATOR CAPABILITIES; JPD 1973; 29(3).

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