Smith Chart Transmission Lines Impedance Matching and Little Known Facts TRW

Mysteries of the Smith Chart
Transmission Lines, Impedance Matching,

and Little Known Facts
Stephen D. Stearns, KF6OIK

Chief Technologist
TRW Firestorm Wireless Communication Products
stearns@ieee.org
VG 1
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Outline
Transmission Line Theory
Historical development
Heavisides rewrite of Maxwells theory, Telegraphers equations,
Impedance, reflection coefficient, SWR, phase constant, & velocity
factor
Special facts for /2, /4, and /8 lossless lines
The Smith Chart

Bilinear complex functions
Impedance and admittance coordinates (circles, circles, and more
circles)
Impedance Matching
Why match? Impedance matching vs. conjugate impedance
matching
Single frequency matching
Multiple-frequency and broadband matching
VG 2
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Part 1: Transmission Line Theory
VG 3
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Key Dates in Electrical Transmission

1830s magnetic telegraphs - Gauss, Henry
1839
electromagnetic telegraph - Wheatstone & Cook
1844
telegraph in America - Morse
1850s thousands of miles of telegraph line U.S. and Europe

1851
40 mile cable under English Channel
1855
distributed analysis of transmission line - Lord Kelvin
1858
transatlantic cable, project delayed by civil war
1873
theory of electrodynamics - Maxwell
1876
invention of telephone - Bell
1880s vectors, vector calculus, reformulation of Maxwells

theory, transmission line theory - Heaviside
1886
experimental confirmation of Maxwells Theory - Hertz
1937
early Smith Chart, published 1939 & 1944 - Smith
VG 4
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Heavisides Vector Formulation of Maxwells Theory
B
E =
t
D
H = J+
t
D =
B = 0
D = E
B = H
And God said, Let there be light; and there was light. Genesis 1:3
VG 5
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Frequency Domain or Phasor Form
E = jH
H = ( + j )E
E = 0
H = 0
VG 6
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Heavisides Telegraphers Equations
Uniform transmission line

I(x)
Equivalent circuit of
infinitesimal segment
Rx
V(x)
Lx
Gx
Cx
dV
= ( R + jL) I ( x )
dx
dI
= (G + jC )V ( x )
dx
VG 7
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Transmission Line Solution

TEM Waves
Traveling wave
V ( x ) = Vo ex
V ( x)
I( x) =
Zo
Propagation constant
= + j = ( R + jL)(G + jC )
Characteristic impedance
Zo =
VG 8
9910012-ss
R + jL
G + jC
Pacificon 99
Notations
Real Parameters
R = series resistance per unit length (Ohms/meter)
L = series inductance per unit length (Henries/meter)
G = shunt conductance per unit length (Siemens/meter)
C = shunt capacitance per unit length (Farads/meter)
= attenuation constant (nepers/meter)
= phase constant (radians/meter)
= wavelength (meters)
vf = velocity factor (dimensionless)
X = reactance (Ohms)
B = susceptance (Siemens)
s = standing wave radio (dimensionless)
VG 9
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Notations (Contd)
Complex Parameters
Z = R + jX = impedance (Ohms)
ZL = load impedance (Ohms)
Zi = input impedance (Ohms)
Z0 = characteristic impedance (Ohms)
z = Z/Z0 = r + jx = normalized impedance (dimensionless)
Y = G + jB = admittance (Siemens)
y = Y/Y0 = g + jb = normalized admittance (dimensionless)
= r + j i = complex reflection coefficient (dimensionless)
= + j = propagation constant (inverse meters)
VG 10
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Transmission Line Parameters

Physical Dimensions and Material Properties
d
dialectric
(, , )
a
b
dialectric
(, , )
a
Parameter
Coax
1
2 c
R /m
L H/m
1 d
cosh
+
2 a
2 a
2
b
ln
a
cosh 1
2
b
ln
a
C F/m
VG 11
9910012-ss
1
a c
1 + 1
a b
b 1 1
ln a + 2 a + b
G S/m
where skin depth is
Twinlead
1
f c
d
2a
cosh 1
for copper
d
2a
c = 5.8 10 7 S/m
8.5 mm at 60 Hz
=
6.6 m at 100 MHz
Pacificon 99
Reflection Coefficient and Impedance Relation

at a Terminal Plane
Terminal
Plane
Definition
O
L
L
Z L Zo z 1
=
=
Z L + Zo z + 1
Inverse
1+
z=
1
For every terminal plane, the complex load impedance and
complex reflection coefficient seen to the right give the
same information for that terminal plane
Question: How do and z change as the terminal plane
moves?
VG 12
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Relations Between Two Terminal Planes

Input
Terminal
Plane
Output
Terminal
Plane
L
L
O
i
i
Impedance relation
z L + j tan l
zi =
1 + jz L tan l
Cross relations
j 2 l
1 + L e
zi =
1 L e j 2 l
Reflection coefficient relation
i = L e j 2 l
1 + i e j 2 l
zL =
1 i e j 2 l
VG 13
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Velocity Factor
Wavelength
free space
actual
c
=
f
v
=
f
Velocity factor
actual
v
vf = =
c free space
VG 14
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
How To Measure Velocity Factor of a Line

(One Way To Do It)
Known length
Antenna
Analyzer
open
circuit
same length
Antenna
Analyzer
short
circuit
2fl
vf =
c
VG 15
9910012-ss
cot
1
Z open
Z short
Pacificon 99
Phase Constant
2
2f
=
=
actual v f c
radians/meter
Phase constant and velocity factor vf give equivalent

information
Both can be calculated from line dimensions and material
properties
= Im ( R + jL)(G + jC )
Best to measure!
VG 16
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
How to Measure Complex Zo of A Line

(One Way to Do It)
Antenna
Analyzer
Unknown or arbitrary length

open
circuit
same length
Antenna
Analyzer
short
circuit
Zo =
Z open Z short
Geometric mean of two complex numbers

Calculation is trivial in polar form on Smith Chart
VG 17
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
What Special Lengths of Lossless Line Do

Half wavelength, l = /2
Zi = Z L
Quarter wavelength, l = /4
2
o
Z
Zi =
ZL
Eighth wavelength, l = /8
Zi = Z o
VG 18
9910012-ss
if Z L and Zo are real (resistive)
Pacificon 99
Standing Wave Ratio
Easy to remember from
VG 19
9910012-ss
1+
s=
1
1+
z=
1
s 1
=
s +1
z 1
=
z +1
Pacificon 99
Part 2: The Smith Chart
VG 20
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
0.4
0.38
0.39
0.12
0.13
0.37
0.36
9
5
0.9
1.2
1.6
-60
0.7
1.4
0.8
-55
1.0
0
-5
1
-4
0.4
0.1
0.11
-100
-90
0.35
0.14
-80
0.15
4
0.3
2
0.4
0.0
-110
0
0.0
8
-35
-4
-70
6
0.1
0.6
0.4
3
0.0
7
30
0
-65 .5
-1
1.8
2.0
-12
0
CAP
AC
ITI
VE
R
EA
CT
AN
CE
31
0.
0.2
0.
06
-70
R
O
),
Zo
X/
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
0.8
40
-1
(-j
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
4
0.
0.3
19
0.
-60
1.0
o)
jB/Y
E (NC
TA
P
E
SC
SU
RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.
0.2
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
80
15
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
4.0
1.0
5.0
0.28
0.0
0.8
0.22
0.3
1
-30
0.2
20
10
0.0
4
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
-20
1.0
0.4
6
0.6
0.2
-4
0
-30
0.1
0.4
85
70
0.
44
65
0.5
0.
06
25
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.2
-85
2.0
1.8
50
10
20
50
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN
D
E
G
REES
LE OF
ANG
ISSION COEFFICIENT IN
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.
8
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.1
0.22
20
0.4
0.3
0.0 > WAVELE

NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.49
GEN
ERA
0.48
TO
170
R
0.47
>
1
6
0
90
0.3
0.28
0.0
D <
RD LOA
TOWA
180
THS
0.47
-170
ENG
L
E
V
WA
<
-90
-160
30
1
0.2
9
0.2
30
0.49
0.2
3
0.3
60
7
0.1
35
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
70
0.3
0.48
0.4
40
0.1
40
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
A
PT
CE
US
ES
IV
T
CI
PA
CA
0.35
31
0.
0.
4
R
,O
o)
80
0.1
0
13
3
0.4
0
12
0.36
0
-5
-25
0.4
0.4
110
90
19
0.
VG 21
9910012-ss
4
0.
0.6
0.0
100
-20
3.0
0.4
0.37
-15
0.0
0.4
0.13
0.38
4.0
0.12
5.0
0.0
0.39
-10
0.11
50
0.1
0.14
0.15
0.1
6
0.3
3
0.1
7
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 99
Complex Functions
zi
wi
(x, y)
y
x
Complex Number
Complex Number
z = x + jy
w = u + jv
(u, v)
f( )
zr
wr
Basic types of complex functions

Global Properties
Linear lines map to lines

Bilinear circles map to circles
Local Properties
Conformal right angles map to right angles
VG 22
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Mathematical Basis of the Smith Chart

z 1
=
z +1
a bilinear conformal
complex function
(r - 1) + jx
u + jv =
(r + 1) + jx
v
Right Half
Z Plane
VG 23
9910012-ss
Interior Unit Circle

Plane
Pacificon 99
0.1
-90
0.4
0.38
0.39
0.37
0.11
-100
0.12
0.36
5
-4
-5
0.9
1.2
0.6
-65
0.0
7
30
3
0.4
1.6
-60
0.7
1.4
0.8
-55
1.0
0.13
0.14
-80
0.35
0.4
9
0.0
-110
-4
-70
0.0
-35
0.4
1
0.15
6
0.1
0.5
1.8
44
2.0
31
0.
0.3
0.
06
0.
-70
-1
5
0.0
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
R
O
),
Zo
X/
40
x=
19
3
0.3
-1
-12
0
CAP
AC
ITI
V
E
RE
AC
TA
NC
E
0.2
5
0.4
-1
0.8
(-j
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
0.4
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
-85
1.0
20
10
1.0
0.8
4.0
r=2
50
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
80
0.0
4
0.4
6
150
r=1
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
85
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
0.3
0.
-60
0.6
3.0
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
70
0.4
5.0

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.28
6
0.4
0.4
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
R
A
W
ERA
O
0.48
180
HS T
TO
T
0.47
G
17
N
0
R
-170
ELE
V
0.47
>
A
W
1
60
<
-90
90
-160
0.
44
0.5
0.
06
25
0.22
1.0
0.2
0.48
65
2.0
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.1
0.2
9
-20
0.1
r Series Resistance
0.3
0.28
0.3
0.2
1
-30
-30
0.3
r=2
50
-20
4.0
4
0.
r=1
30
0 .2
-4
7
0.1
1.0
60
r=0
0.3
0.2
8
0 .1
0
-5
-25
0.6
0.1
10
20
50
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DEG
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.
35
0.3
0.22
Capacitive
Reactance
(Negative)
70
20
0.1
40
9
0.2
30
Inductive
Reactance
(Positive)
0.35
1
0.2
0.2
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
P
E
SC
SU
0.36
0.2
x=0
80
0.3
0.
VE
TI
CI
PA
A
C
0.13
40
x=-1
0
7
0.37
31
0.
VG 24
9910012-ss
x=0
90
-15
0.0
0.38
19
0.
x=1
R
,O
o)
x Series Reactance
3
0.4
0
13
12
110
0.12
5.0
1
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.0
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.4
0.1
0.
x=
r=0
Smith Chart: Impedance Coordinates

i
0.14
0.15
0.3
3
0.1
7
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 99
0.2
0.0
7
R
,O
o)
0.1
3
0.4
0
13
0.5
65
0.2
55
45
0.39
100
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
1.6
0.11
1.8
0.1
0.3
0.37
0.38
90
0.13
0.12
40
80
0.36
0.35
70
30
35
60
0.3
0.1
4
50
0.3
0.
25
19
31
40
0.6
20
0.1
0.3
0.8
4.0
0.2
0.2
30
5.0
1.0
0.28
20
0.4
0.2
0.22
0.6
0.
0.
0.4
1
b=
2.0
50
0.4
9
0.0
1
110
0.4
8
0.0
2
0.4
120
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
EP
SC
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
1.0
0.2
-20
0.28
0.22
0.2
9
0.2
1
-30
b=
0.2
0.3
-4
0
0.
-1
4
20
50
10
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
ECTION COEFFICIENT IN D
0.27
L
F
E
R
F
EGRE
LE O
ES
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
-75
0.24
0.0
0.4
40
-1
0.3
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
AR
0.48
0.0
<
D
D
0.4
9
G
ENE
RD LOA
TOWA
0.48
RA
180
TO
THS
0.47
170
R
-170
ENG
VEL
0.47
>
WA
0
1
.0
6
6
<
0
4
-90
90
-160
0.4
0.4
4
85
-85
6
0.0
0.0
150
0
5
I
N
80
-15 -80
o)
D
UCT
0.4
jB/Y
IVE
5
E (R
NC
E
A
TA
CT
0.
EP
AN
0.1
75
06
SC
14
CE
SU
0.
0
C
44
O
M
PO
N
EN
70
T
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
0.2
0.23
44
-70
(+
jX
/Z
0.
06
0.2
Capacitive
Susceptance
(Positive)
0.
R
O
),
Zo
X/
0.3
0.6
0.
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
10
20
0.2
10
Shunt Conductance
-65
g=2
0.6
g=1
-60
19
0.
31
0.7
1.0
10
0.
0.8
-55
0.9
r
50
8
0.
0.4
0
-5
1.0
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.1
0.4
b=-1
5.0
Pacificon 99
VG 25
9910012-ss
20
1.0
g=2
-10
0.2
g=
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
-30
2
0.3
0.6
g=1
3.0
0.4
2
0.0
-12
8
0
CAP
0.4
AC
ITI
3
VE
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
TA
3
0
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
-35
7
0.1
-60
1.2
Inductive
Susceptance
(Negative)
b=1
0.8
4.0
-15
b Shunt Susceptance
-20
0.0
9
-110
-70
0.1
3
0.3
0.4
0.1
-100
-4
5
4
-4
0
0.4
0.11
-90
0.15
0.3
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.12
0.13
0.14
-80
0.35
b=0
50
b=0
g=0
Smith Chart: Admittance Coordinates
15
3.0
0.3
3
6
0.1
7
0.14
0.15
0
0.1
-90
0.4
0.9
1.2
0.6
0.4
3
1.6
-60
0.7
1.4
0.8
-55
1.0
0
-5
5
-4
0.15
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.12
0.13
0.36
.41
4
-70
6
0.1
0.14
-80
0.35
0.0
-110
0.4
-35
-4
0.3
0
-65 .5
1.8
2.0
0.
31
8
0.0
0.0
7
30
-1
-12
0
CAP
AC
IT
I
V
ER
EA
CT
AN
CE
0.2
-70
R
O
),
Zo
X/
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
0.8
40
-1
(-j
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
06
0.
0.6
44
0.
1.0
1.0
1.0
4.0
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
80
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.
0.2
9
0.
19
-60
150
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
(+
jX
/Z
14
0
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
0.3
IND
UCT
IVE
0.6
0.2
-4
-30
o)
jB/Y
E (NC
TA
P
E
SC
SU
0.6
-80
0.
8
4
0.0
0
70
0.
44
65
0.5
0.
06
25
1.0
5.0
0.28
-15
2.0
1.8
50
0.22
5
0.0
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.3
-20
0.3
0.2
1
-30
5
0.4
30
10
20
50
0.1
0.4
0.2
20
10
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.2
4
0.26
0.23
0.27
FLECTION COEFFICIENT
E
I
N
R
D
E
GREE
LE OF
S
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
6
0.4
0.1
0.28
0.3
0.22
20
0.2
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
R
A
W
ERA
0.48
180
S TO
H
TO
T
0.47
170
R
-170
ENG
L
E
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
160
<
4
-90
90
-160
0.4
85
-85
6
0.3
0.1
0.2
60
0.3
0.2
30
0.2
35
0.2
1.5
70
0.2
0.1
40
0.3
-20
0.
4
0.4
40
0.35
31
0.
VG 26
9910012-ss
4
0.
R
,O
o)
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
E
SC
SU
VE
TI
CI
A
P
CA
120
0.36
80
0.3
3
0.4
0
13
2
90
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
0.4
0.4
7
0.0
8
110
3.0
0.4
0.37
4.0
0.0
0.4
0.13
0.38
-15
9
0.12
5.0
0.0
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.1
19
0.
0.48
Smith Chart: Constant SWR Circles

i
0.14
0.15
0.3
0.1
6
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 99
-4
-60
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.4
0.7
1.6
1.8
2.0
0
-65 .5
0.2
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.39
0.12
0.11
-100
-90
0.8
1.0
0
-5
0.15
4
-70
0.14
-80
-4
0
0.35
-55
-35
0.13
0.36
0.
06
-70
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
R
O
),
Zo
X/
4
-1
0.1
0
.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0.0
-1
8
2
0
C
A
P
0.4
AC
ITI
3
VE
0.0
R
EA
7
CT
-1
AN
30
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
44
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.8
4.0
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
(+
jX
/Z
14
0
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
1.0
5.0

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.28
0.
1.0
80
0.6
31
0.1
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
70
0.4
0.
0.3
IND
UCT
IVE
0.
44
2.0
65
0.5
0.
06
25
19
-60
0.1
0.4
0.2
20
10
0.0
4
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.3
0.
-30
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
0.6
0.4
6
150
30
0.2
9
5
0.0
0.
8
0.2
85
0.2
0.22
0.3
0.2
1
-3 0
-4
0
0.4
-85
60
0.28
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
-20
6
0.4
35
10
20
50
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
5
0.4
0.1
3
0.3
0.3
7
0.1
70
0.22
20
0.6
0.
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
AD <
GEN
ARD LO
W
ERA
O
T
0.48
180
TO
THS
0.47
G
17
70
N
0
R
-1
E
VEL
0.47
>
A
W
1
0
6
<
6
0
-90
90
-1
0.3
9
0.2
30
0.
40
1
0.2
0.2
0.35
2
0.3
0.36
0.2
0.
80
0.2
0.1
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
0.13
0.3
VG 27
9910012-ss
r
0.5
40
1
0.5
2
0
0.37
31
0.
x
R
,O
o)
-20
3
0.4
0
13
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
EP
C
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
A
C
12
110
3.0
2
0.4
90
4.0
7
0.0
0.4
0.38
-15
8
0.0
0.4
0.12
5.0
0
.09
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.1
19
0.
0.48
Smith Chart: Constant Impedance Magnitude Circles

i
0.14
0.15
6
0.3
3
0.1
7
50
0.3
2
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 99
-90
5
-4
-5
0.9
-60
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
1.0
-70
6
0.1
0.15
4
0.3
0.39
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.12
0.13
0.36
-55
-35
0.14
-80
-4
0
0.35
0.6
44
0.
1.6
1.8
2.0
0
-65 .5
0.
31
06
0.
-70
-1
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
R
O
),
Zo
X/
40
0.0
1.0
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
315
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
0.2
20
10
80
6
150
0.0
0.4
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
4.0
0.3
0.2
85
1.0
5.0

0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.
0.28
5
0.4
1.0
0.2
-85
0.6
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
0.8
0.22
6
0.4
0.4
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
R
A
W
ERA
O
0.48
180
HS T
TO
T
0.47
G
17
N
0
R
-170
ELE
V
0.47
>
A
W
1
60
<
-90
90
-160
0.
8
0.48
45
0.2
9
0.
19
-60
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
20
0.28
0.3
0.2
1
-30
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0.0
-12
8
0
CA
P
0.4
A
CIT
3
IVE
0.0
R
E
7
AC
-1
TA
30
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
45
0.6
-20
0.8
90
70
0.
44
2.0
65
0.5
0.
06
25
10
20
50
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
-30
0.1
270
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
30
0.2
-4
0.2
0.1
60
2
0.3
35
0.3
0.3
4
0.22
20
0.6
0.
4
0.3
4
0.
70
0.2
30
0.2
40
0.2
0.35
0.2
0.1
0.36
0.3
31
VG 28
9910012-ss
0
0.4
40
180
80
31
0.
x
R
,O
o)
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
EP
C
US
ES
IV
IT
AC
P
CA
0
12
90
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
0.4
0.4
110
0.37
3.0
3
0.4
0
13
-20
7
0.0
1
0.4
0.13
0.38
-15
8
0.0
0.4
0.12
4.0
9
0.0
0.39
100
5.0
0.11
-10
0.1
50
Circles
19
0.
13
22
Smith Chart: Constant Impedance Phase Angle

i
0.14
0.15
0.1
6
0.3
3
0.1
0.3
2
50
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 99
Smith Chart: Multiplication, Division, Squares, &

Square Roots
Unary Operators
squares
square roots
tangents
cotangents
a2
a
tan
cot
inverse tangents
Inverse cotangents
tan-1 a
cot-1 a
Binary Operators
multiplication X
division
geometric mean
VG 29
9910012-ss
ab
c/a
ab
Pacificon 99
0.15
0.39
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.12
0.14
-80
-90
0.11
-100
0.1
0.35
2
0.9
1.2
3
0.0
7
30
0.6
-65
-1
0.4
1.6
-60
0.7
1.4
0.8
-55
1.0
-5
0.4
1
-4
5
0
-70
6
0.1
3
0.13
-110
0.0
9
0.4
-35
-4
4
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.5
1.8
06
0.
-70
2.0
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
R
O
),
Zo
X/
40
-1
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
-12
0
CAP
AC
ITI
V
E
RE
AC
TA
NC
E
0.2
44
0.6
(-j
0.3
0.
0.8
1.0
o)
jB/Y
E (NC
TA
P
E
SC
SU
0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.
0.0
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
80
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
4.0
.29
-60
0.1
0.4
0.2
20
10
0.0
a=4
1.0
5.0
0.28
0.3
1
-30
0.8
0.22
1.0
6
150
5
14
0.0
5
(+
jX
/Z
0.4
20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.4
3.0
-20
-30
0.2
85
0.6
0.28
-85
70
0.
44
0.5
0.
0
25
10
20
50
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.4
0.22
20
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
65
2.0
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.3
2
0.4
30
0.
31
0.2
0.
19
- 2
60
0.1
35
)
/Yo
(+jB
0.3
4
0.2
-20
4
0.
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
R
A
W
ERA
O
0.48
180
HS T
TO
T
0.47
G
170
R
-170
EN
L
E
0.47
>
AV
W
160
<
-90
90
-160
0.3
0.2
30
c=2
70
0.3
40
0.2
0.2
c=1.414
0.35
0.2
-4
b=0.5
80
0.3
0.1
0.36
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
E
NC
TA
EP
SC
SU
40
4
0.
R
,O
o)
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
0.4
0.13
31
0.
VG 30
9910012-ss
3
0.4
0
13
0
12
3.0
0.37
4.0
0.4
110
90
-15
0.0
1
0.4
0.38
5.0
8
0.0
0.4
0.12
-10
9
0.0
0.39
100
50
0.11
0.
0.1
19
0.
0.48
Smith Chart: A Nomogram for Math Calculations

i
0.14
0.15
0.1
6
0.3
3
0.1
7
50
0.1
8
15
10
Pacificon 99
Part 3: Impedance Matching
VG 31
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Impedance Matching Categories

Single frequency matching
Manual synthesis using Smith Chart
Eight canonical networks
Lumped elements
Series and parallel stubs
Transmission line sections
Multiple frequency matching

Ladder networks
Multiple stubs
Multiple line sections
Broadband matching
Maximize SWR bandwidth
Numerical optimization
winSMITH software
Smith Chart used for visualization only
VG 32
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Bandwidth Classifications
Fractional Bandwidth
VG 33
9910012-ss
Narrowband
< 10%
Moderate band
10% to 50%
Broadband
> 50%
Pacificon 99
Two Kinds of Matching

Conjugate Matching
Load Matching
S
+
Zs = Z L*
ZL = Z O
Best use at source

(transmitter)
Best used at ends of

transmission lines
Maximizes power delivery to

the load
Minimizes reflections
Does not minimize reflections

unless Zs is real
Does not maximize delivered

power unless Z0 is real
Normally done by the

transmitter manufacturer at
the circuit design level
Ideally Zs (ext) = 50
VG 34
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Where Should Matching Network Go?

Poor Setup
High to
Low SWR
Antenna
Tuner
Tx
High SWR
Long Transmission Line
Good Setup
Perfect 1:1
Tx
Low SWR
Antenna
Tuner
Low SWR
Very Low-Loss Line
Matching
Network
Insertion Loss x dB
Best Setup
Low SWR
Tx
VG 35
9910012-ss
Low SWR
Matching
Network
Pacificon 99
Necessary Test Equipment

Antenna analyzer
Autek
CIA
MFJ
Noise bridge (less accurate)

Network analyzer (more accurate)
Hewlett-Packard
VG 36
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Matching Network Design Recipe

1. Measure transmission line parameters Zo, vf
2. Measure antenna feedpoint impedance across band(s) of interest
3. Measure or calculate impedance across band(s) of interest at
network insertion point
4. Narrowband match:
Select appropriate lossless L network, 2 or 4 choices
Select lumped elements vs stubs
Calculate component values
Calculate SWR and SWR bandwidth
Build and test
5. Broadband match:
Use design software - winSMITH or equivalent
Design n-stage lossless ladder network
Select lumped elements vs stubs
Calculate component values
Calculate SWR and SWR bandwidth
VG 37
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
How to Measure Antenna Feedpoint Impedance

Measure impedance through known line
Divide measure impedance by Zo
Plot impedance point on Smith Chart
Move counter clockwise on chart by electrical length of line
Read coordinate values from chart
Multiply result by Zo
VG 38
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
0.1
-90
0.4
0.38
0.9
1.2
0.0
8
0.6
0.4
1.6
-60
0.7
1.4
0.8
-55
1.0
-5
-4
0.15
0.39
0.37
0.11
-100
0.12
0.13
0.36
0.4
1
0.14
-80
0.35
0.4
2
0.0
9
-110
0
-65 .5
1.8
0.2
06
0.
-70
2.0
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
R
O
),
Zo
X/
40
-1
(-j
3
0.0
7
-1
30
-12
0
CAP
AC
I
T
I
VE
RE
AC
TA
NC
E
-35
-4
0
-70
44
0.
0.3
0.
31
6
0.1
1.0
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
0.2
20
10
80
0.0
6
15
0
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
4.0
+b
0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.
0.2
5
0.0
0.3
1
-30
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
0.4
+x
1.0
5.0
0.28
0.8
>
0.8
0.22
1.0
85
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
0.2
5
0.4
0.4
-85
0.6
0.
19
4
0.3
0.1
-x
0.6
<
70
0.4
-20
0.
8
0.2
20
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
0.
44
65
0.5
0.
06
25
10
20
50
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.4
0.3
> WAVELEN
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.49
GEN
ERA
0.48
TO
170
R
0.47
160
90
2.0
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.1
0.28
0.0
0.3
0.22
0.0
-b
50
180
30
0.49
0.2
0.2
30
D<
RD LOA
TOWA
THS
-170
ENG
VEL
WA
-90
-160
60
0.2
0.48
35
3
0.3
0.3
4
0.2
-4
-60
70
7
0.1
40
0.2
0.2
0.35
0.3
0.1
0.36
80
-30
0.13
0.3
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
T
EP
SC
SU
40
0.6
0.
4
R
,O
o)
VE
TI
CI
PA
A
C
0.37
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
0.4
3
0.4
0
13
90
31
0.
VG 39
9910012-ss
4
0.
-20
0.0
12
3.0
2
0.4
110
0.38
-15
8
0.0
1
0.4
0.12
4.0
9
0.0
0.4
0.39
100
5.0
0.11
-10
0.1
50
Shunt Susceptances
19
0.
0.47
Smith Chart: Effect of Adding Series Reactances or

i
0.14
0.15
0.1
6
0.3
3
0.1
7
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 99
0.38
0.39
0.12
0.13
0.37
0.36
5
-4
0.4
0.1
0.11
-100
0.4
0.9
1.2
0.6
0.4
3
1.6
-60
0.7
1.4
0.8
-55
1.0
-5
-90
0.35
0.14
-80
0.15
0.3
9
0.0
-110
2
0.4
-35
-4
-70
6
0.1
0
-65 .5
0.0
7
-1
30
1.8
2.0
-12
0
CAP
AC
ITI
VE
R
EA
CT
AN
CE
0.2
(-j
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
31
1.0
1.0
4.0
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
80
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
0.8
1.0
5.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.
8
0.28
0.
-60
IND
UCT
IVE
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
0.2
9
19
0.0
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
T
EP
SC
44
-75
0.
SU
40
-1
VE
06
TI
0.
C
DU
IN
R
-70
,O
)
Zo
X/
5
0.0
0.6
0.3
-30
0.1
0.4
0.2
20
10
0.0
4
70
0.
44
06
0.5
0.
25
0.22
0.6
0.4
6
15
0
65
2.0
1.8
50
-20
0.8
0.2
85
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.3
10
20
50
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
D
E
G
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
5
0.4
-85
0.
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
30
0.22
20
6
0.4
0.3
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
D <
0.49
A
O
GEN
L
D
AR
W
ERA
O
T
0.48
180
HS
TO
T
0.47
G
17
0
R
-170
EN
L
E
0.47
>
AV
W
160
0
<
6
1
-90
90
-
0.1
0.28
0.3
0.2
1
-30
0.
0.3
0.3
0.2
-4
0.2
0.1
60
35
1
0.2
9
0.2
30
0.2
0.2
Forbidden Area
0.1
0.3
)
/Yo
(+jB
0.3
0.3
1.0
0.
4
0.4
40
0.48
31
0.1
70
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
40
0.
(a)
VE
TI
CI
PA
A
C
0.4
7
0.0
0.35
19
VG 40
9910012-ss
80
0.
Z0
4
0.
R
,O
o)
12
-20
3.0
3
0.4
0
13
2
110
90
0.36
-15
0.4
1
0.37
4.0
8
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.38
5.0
9
0.0
0.39
100
0.12
-10
0.11
50
0.1
0.14
0.15
6
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 99
0.38
0.37
0.39
0.12
0.36
5
-4
0.4
0.1
-90
0.11
-100
0.4
1
0.9
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
1.0
0
-5
-70
-4
0.3
6
0.1
0.13
-60
1.6
-60
0.14
-80
0.35
-55
-35
0.3
0.15
0.6
-65
1.8
0.2
06
0.
-70
2.0
0.5
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
R
O
),
Zo
X/
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0.0
-12
8
0
C
A
P
0.4
AC
ITI
3
V
E
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
TA
30
N
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.3
40
-1
44
1.0
1.0
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.4
150
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
80
4.0

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.
8
0.2
0.
0.8
IND
UCT
IVE
0.8
1.0
5.0
0.28
0.2
31
0.
-30
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
E
SC
SU
0.2
20
10
0.0
(+
jX
/Z
14
0
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
0.22
5
0.0
0.
0.4
0.6
-20
0.3
0.2
1
-30
5
0.4
20
0.2
85
70
0.
44
65
0.5
0.
06
25
0.28
-85
2.0
1.8
50
0.22
0.6 60
0.3
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
1.6
30
10
20
50
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.2
4
0.26
0.23
0.27
R
LE OF
E
E
S
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.4
0.3
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
LOAD <
D
R
A
ERA
OW
T
0.48
S
7
180
H
TO
0.4
GT
170
70
N
R
-1
E
VEL
0.47
>
A
W
1
60
<
-90
90
-160
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.2
30
0.48
0.3
0.
19
0.2
0.1
60
35
0.1
0.1
)
/Yo
(+jB
0.3
0.3
70
0
-5
-25
40
0.2
0.2
0.35
0.3
0.1
-4
0
0.4
0.
0.4
40
Forbidden Area
0.36
80
31
0.
VG 41
9910012-ss
E
NC
TA
EP
SC
U
ES
IV
IT
AC
P
CA
90
19
0.
Z0
0.
R
,O
o)
0.6
3
0.4
0
13
0
12
-20
3.0
110
0.37
-15
7
0.0
1
0.4
0.13
0.38
4.0
0.4
0.4
0.12
5.0
0
.08
0.6
0.0
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.1
0.14
0.15
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
(b)
Pacificon 99
0.4
-90
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.1
-4
0.4
1
5
0.9
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
1.0
-5
0.11
-100
0.12
0.13
-55
-35
-4
4
0.3
-70
6
0.1
0.14
-80
0.35
-60
1.6
-60
0.15
0.6
-65
1.8
0.2
-70
R
O
),
Zo
X/
2.0
0.5
0.6
06
0.
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
0.8
40
-1
1.0
44
0.
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0
.
-12
0
8
0
C
A
P
0.4
AC
ITI
3
V
E
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
TA
30
N
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.3
7
0.1
1.0
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
Forbidden Area

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.2
9
0.2
0.3
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
E
SC
SU
80
15
0
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
1.0
5.0
0.28
5
0.0
4.0
0.22
5
0.4
0.8
-20
0.3
0.2
1
-30
0.
31
-30
0.1
0.4
0.2
20
10
0.0
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
10
20
50
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.2
4
0.26
0.23
0.27
R
LE OF
E
E
S
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
0.2
20
0.4
0.6
0.28
85
70
44
0.
06
2.0
0.5
0.
25
0.22
-85
65
1.8
50
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.3
0.2
0.2
30
6
0.4
0.3
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
LOAD <
D
R
A
ERA
TOW
0.48
S
7
180
H
.4
TO
0
GT
170
70
N
R
-1
E
VEL
0.47
>
A
W
1
60
<
-90
90
-160
30
0.
19
0.2
8
0.1
60
35
0.3
0.1
6
0.3
4
0.2
0.2
70
0.3
0.
-4
0
4
-20
0.4
40
0.48
31
0.1
40
0.
0.
R
,O
o)
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
A
PT
CE
US
ES
IV
T
CI
PA
CA
0.35
19
VG 42
9910012-ss
3
0.4
0
13
80
0.
Z0
0.
120
0.36
0
-5
-25
0.4
0.4
110
3.0
0.0
100
90
-15
0.0
1
0.4
0.37
4.0
0.4
0.13
0.38
5.0
9
0.12
-10
0.0
0.39
50
0.11
0.
0.1
0.14
0.15
0.3
3
0.1
7
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
(c)
Pacificon 99
-90
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.39
0.12
0.36
-4
0.9
-60
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
1.0
-5
0
-4
-70
0.13
0.35
-55
-35
0.14
-80
0.15
4
0.3
6
0.1
0.11
-100
0.6
1.6
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0
.
-12
0
8
0
C
A
P
0.4
AC
ITI
3
V
E
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
TA
30
N
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
1.8
2.0
0
-65 .5
1.0
0.2
0.6
Forbidden Area
0.
8
0.2
-60
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
0.2
20
80
150
0.0
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
1.0
5.0
0.28
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
E
C
44
-75
US
0.
40
ES
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
U
D
IN
R
-70
O
),
o
Z
X/
4.0
0.22
5
0.0
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.4
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
20
-20
0.2
0.
31
-30
0.1
0.4
85
0.3
-85
0.
0.2
20
0.6
0.28
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
70
0.
44
65
0.5
0.
06
25
0.22
0.4
2.0
1 .8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
30
10
20
50
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.2
4
0.26
0.23
0.27
R
LE OF
E
E
S
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.3
0.2
1
-30
0.6
0.
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
R
A
W
ERA
TO
0.48
S
7
180
H
.4
TO
0
GT
170
70
N
R
-1
E
VEL
0.47
>
A
W
1
60
<
-90
90
-160
0.1
0.48
0.3
0.
19
0.2
0.1
60
8
0.1
35
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
30
0.4
0.1
2
0.3
70
0
-5
-25
40
0.2
0.2
0.35
0.3
0.1
-4
-20
0.4
40
0.
0.4
80
31
0.
VG 43
9910012-ss
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
T
P
CE
US
ES
IV
T
CI
PA
CA
12
0.36
19
0.
Z0
R
,O
o)
0.8
3
0.4
0
13
1.0
7
0.0
3.0
0.4
110
90
-15
0.4
0.37
4.0
0
.08
0.4
0.13
0.38
5.0
0.12
-10
0.0
0.39
100
10
0.11
50
0.1
0.14
0.15
6
7
0.1
8
0.3
2
50
3.0
15
10
(d)
Pacificon 99
-90
0.39
-60
0.6
-4
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.4
0.8
0.7
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.12
0.36
-5
0
-4
-70
0.13
0.35
-55
-35
0.14
-80
0.15
4
0.3
2.0
0
-65 .5
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.
8
Forbidden Area
0.2
0.
31
0.1
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
150
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
1.0
5.0
0.28
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0
.
-12
0
8
0
C
A
P
0.4
AC
ITI
3
V
E
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
TA
30
N
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
80
4.0
0.3
0.
19
-60
IND
UCT
IVE
0.8
0.22
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
E
C
44
-75
US
0.
40
ES
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
U
D
IN
R
-70
O
),
o
Z
X/
0.2
20
10
0.0
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
20
-20
5
0.0
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.2
-4
-30
0.1
0.4
85
0.3
0.4
0.
0.2
20
-85
70
0.
44
65
0.5
0.
06
25
0.28
2.0
1 .8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
30
0.22
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
0.1
0.4
0.3
10
20
50
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.2
4
0.26
0.23
0.27
R
LE OF
E
E
S
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.3
0.2
1
-30
0.6
0.
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
R
A
W
ERA
TO
0.48
S
7
180
H
.4
TO
0
GT
170
70
N
R
-1
E
VEL
0.47
>
A
W
1
60
<
-90
90
-160
0.2
60
0.1
35
0.2
0.2
30
0.48
0.3
0.3
0.1
8
0.1
70
0.2
0.2
40
0.3
0.
-20
0.4
40
0.1
0.35
2
0.3
80
0
-5
-25
0.36
31
0.
VG 44
9910012-ss
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
T
P
CE
US
ES
IV
T
CI
PA
CA
12
90
19
0.
Z0
R
,O
o)
0.8
3
0.4
0
13
1.0
7
0.0
0.4
0.4
110
3.0
0.4
0.37
-15
0
.08
0.4
0.13
0.38
4.0
0.12
5.0
0.0
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.1
0.14
0.15
6
7
0.1
8
0.3
2
50
3.0
15
10
(e)
Pacificon 99
-60
0.6
-4
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.4
0.8
0.7
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.39
0.12
0.13
0.36
-5
0
-4
-90
0.15
4
0.3
-70
0.14
-80
0.35
-55
-35
0.11
-100
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0
.
-12
0
8
0
C
A
P
0.4
AC
ITI
3
V
E
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
TA
30
N
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
2.0
0
-65 .5
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.
8
0.2
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
20
10
80
150
0.0
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
1.0
5.0
0.28
0.
31
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
4.0
0.22
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
E
C
44
-75
US
0.
40
ES
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
U
D
IN
R
-70
O
),
o
Z
X/
0.8
-20
5
0.0
0.6
0.4
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
20
0.3
0.
19
-60
0.1
0.4
85
0.6
0.2
-4
-30
0.3
0.4
0.
0.2
20
-85
70
0.
44
65
0.5
0.
06
25
0.28
2.0
1 .8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
30
0.22
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
0.1
0.4
0.3
10
20
50
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.2
4
0.26
0.23
0.27
R
LE OF
E
E
S
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.3
0.2
1
-30
0.6
0.
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
R
A
W
ERA
TO
0.48
S
7
180
H
.4
TO
0
GT
170
70
N
R
-1
E
VEL
0.47
>
A
W
1
60
<
-90
90
-160
0.2
60
0.1
35
0.2
Forbidden Area
0.2
30
0.48
0.3
0.3
0.1
8
0.1
70
0.2
0.2
40
0.3
0.
-20
0.4
40
0.1
0.35
2
0.3
80
0
-5
-25
0.36
31
0.
VG 45
9910012-ss
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
T
P
CE
US
ES
IV
T
CI
PA
CA
12
90
19
0.
Z0
R
,O
o)
0.8
3
0.4
0
13
1.0
7
0.0
0.4
0.4
110
3.0
0.4
0.37
-15
0
.08
0.4
0.13
0.38
4.0
0.12
5.0
0.0
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.1
0.14
0.15
6
7
0.1
8
0.3
2
50
3.0
15
10
(f)
Pacificon 99
-90
0.39
-60
0.6
-4
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.4
0.8
0.7
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.12
0.36
-5
0
-4
-70
0.13
0.35
-55
-35
0.14
-80
0.15
4
0.3
2.0
0
-65 .5
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.
8
Forbidden Area
0.2
0.
31
0.1
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
150
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
1.0
5.0
0.28
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0
.
-12
0
8
0
C
A
P
0.4
AC
ITI
3
V
E
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
TA
30
N
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
80
4.0
0.3
0.
19
-60
IND
UCT
IVE
0.8
0.22
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
E
C
44
-75
US
0.
40
ES
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
U
D
IN
R
-70
O
),
o
Z
X/
0.2
20
10
0.0
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
20
-20
5
0.0
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.2
-4
-30
0.1
0.4
85
0.3
0.4
0.
0.2
20
-85
70
0.
44
65
0.5
0.
06
25
0.28
2.0
1 .8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
30
0.22
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
0.1
0.4
0.3
10
20
50
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.2
4
0.26
0.23
0.27
R
LE OF
E
E
S
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.3
0.2
1
-30
0.6
0.
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
R
A
W
ERA
TO
0.48
S
7
180
H
.4
TO
0
GT
170
70
N
R
-1
E
VEL
0.47
>
A
W
1
60
<
-90
90
-160
0.2
60
0.1
35
0.2
0.2
30
0.48
0.3
0.3
0.1
8
0.1
70
0.2
0.2
40
0.3
0.
-20
0.4
40
0.1
0.35
2
0.3
80
0
-5
-25
0.36
31
0.
VG 46
9910012-ss
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
T
P
CE
US
ES
IV
T
CI
PA
CA
12
90
19
0.
Z0
R
,O
o)
0.8
3
0.4
0
13
1.0
7
0.0
0.4
0.4
110
3.0
0.4
0.37
-15
0
.08
0.4
0.13
0.38
4.0
0.12
5.0
0.0
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.1
0.14
0.15
6
7
0.1
8
0.3
2
50
3.0
15
10
(g)
Pacificon 99
-90
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.39
0.12
0.36
-4
0.9
-60
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
1.0
-5
0
-4
-70
0.13
0.35
-55
-35
0.14
-80
0.15
4
0.3
0.11
-100
0.6
1.6
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0
.
-12
0
8
0
C
A
P
0.4
AC
ITI
3
V
E
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
TA
30
N
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
1.8
2.0
0
-65 .5
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.
8
0.2
0.2
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
20
10
80
150
0.0
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
1.0
5.0
0.28
0.
31
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
4.0
0.22
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
E
C
44
-75
US
0.
40
ES
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
U
D
IN
R
-70
O
),
o
Z
X/
0.8
-20
5
0.0
0.6
0.4
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
20
0.3
0.
19
-60
0.1
0.4
85
0.6
0.2
-4
-30
0.3
0.4
0.
0.2
20
-85
70
0.
44
65
0.5
0.
06
25
0.28
2.0
1 .8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
30
0.22
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
0.1
0.4
0.3
10
20
50
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.2
4
0.26
0.23
0.27
R
LE OF
E
E
S
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.3
0.2
1
-30
0.6
0.
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
R
A
W
ERA
TO
0.48
S
7
180
H
.4
TO
0
GT
170
70
N
R
-1
E
VEL
0.47
>
A
W
1
60
<
-90
90
-160
0.2
60
0.1
35
0.2
Forbidden Area
0.2
30
0.48
0.3
0.3
0.1
8
0.1
70
0.2
0.2
40
0.3
0.
-20
0.4
40
0.1
0.35
2
0.3
80
0
-5
-25
0.36
31
0.
VG 47
9910012-ss
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
T
P
CE
US
ES
IV
T
CI
PA
CA
12
90
19
0.
Z0
R
,O
o)
0.8
3
0.4
0
13
1.0
7
0.0
0.4
0.4
110
3.0
0.4
0.37
-15
0
.08
0.4
0.13
0.38
4.0
0.12
5.0
0.0
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.1
0.14
0.15
6
7
0.1
8
0.3
2
50
3.0
15
10
(h)
Pacificon 99
-90
0.39
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.12
0.13
0.36
-4
-5
0.9
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
1.0
-4
0
-70
4
0.3
6
0.1
0.15
-55
-35
0.14
-80
0.35
-60
1.6
-60
7
0.1
0.6
-65
0.
06
-70
-1
1.8
2.0
0.5
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
R
O
),
Zo
X/
40
0.6
44
0.0
0.8
0.
0.
31
1.0
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
IND
UCT
IVE
80
>
0.2
20
10
6
150
0.0
0.4
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
1.0
5.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.28
0.3
19
0.2
0
-15 -80
0.2
9
5
0.4
1.0
0.2
85
4.0
0.22
0.3
1
-3 0
0.1
0
.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0.0
-12
8
0
CAP
0.4
A
C
ITI
3
VE
0.0
RE
7
A
CT
-1
AN
30
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
-85
0.8
0.2
0.4
4
0.0
0.6
180
14
0.0
5
(+
jX
/Z
0 .4
20
-20
0.
0.3
0.6
0.28
0.4
70
44
0.
65
0.5
06
0.
25
10
20
50
0.1
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
D
E
G
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.4
> WAVELEN
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.49
GEN
ERA
0.48
TO
170
R
0.47
1
60
90
2.0
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.3
0.22
20
0.0
0.3
0.0
50
0.49
30
0.2
-30
Start
60
0.3
35
0.2
0.2
30
Finish
0.3
4
-25
70
0 .2
0.
40
8
0.1
0
-5
0.2
0.35
0 .3
-4
-20
0.
0.4
40
0.1
D LOAD <
OWAR
HS T
0.47
NGT
-170
ELE
V
WA
<
-90
-160
31
0.
VE
TI
CI
PA
A
C
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
P
E
SC
SU
0.36
80
0.
VG 48
9910012-ss
0.2
R
,O
o)
0
12
3.0
0.13
-15
0.4
0.37
4.0
7
0.0
110
90
5.0
3
0.4
0
13
1
0.4
0.38
-10
8
0.0
0.4
0.12
19
ZL
9
0.0
0.39
100
50
0.11
0.
ZL
0.1
0.
0.48
Matching: Four L-Networks Using Lumped Elements

i
0.14
0.15
0.1
6
7
0.1
ZL
0.3
3
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
ZL
Pacificon 99
5
-4
-5
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.39
0.12
0.9
-60
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
1.0
0
-4
-70
-90
-55
-35
0.14
-80
0.15
4
0.11
-100
0.6
1.6
1.8
2.0
0
-65 .5
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0
.0
-12
8
0
CAP
0.4
A
C
ITI
3
VE
0.0
RE
7
A
CT
-1
AN
30
CE
CO
M
P
O
N
EN
T
(-j
0.1
0.13
0.36
1.0
o)
jB/Y
5
E (0.0
NC
TA
EP
C
4
4
-75
US
0.
40
ES
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
DU
IN
R
-70
O
),
Zo
X/
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.3
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
IND
UCT
IVE
0.2
20
10
6
15 0
0.0
0.4
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
80
4.0
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.8
.29
0.6
>
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
1.0
5.0
0.28
0.3
1
-30
-20
85
0.6
0.2
0.
31
-60
-85
70
0.
44
0.5
0.
0
25
0.2
19
0.
0.2
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
65
2.0
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.1
0.22
0.8
180
0.6
0.2
0.3
-20
-4
0
-30
0.4
50
0.28
Finish
0.3
10
20
50
0.1
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.4
> WAVELEN
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.49
GEN
ERA
0.48
TO
170
R
0.47
1
6
0
90
30
0.22
20
0.0
0.3
0.0
Start
60
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
30
0.49
0.1
0.3
0.3
35
0.2
0.
70
0.2
0.2
40
0.3
D<
RD LOA
TOWA
THS
0.47
-170
ENG
VEL
A
W
<
-90
-160
0.4
40
0.1
0.35
0.3
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
0.36
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
VE
TI
CI
PA
A
C
0.4
3.0
12
110
80
-15
4
0.
R
,O
o)
1.0
3
0.4
0
13
31
VG 49
9910012-ss
0.
90
4.0
0.4
0.4
0.37
5.0
0.0
0.4
0.13
0.38
-10
0.0
9
0.12
0.
ZL
0.0
0.39
100
50
0.11
0.
ZL
0.1
19
0.
0.48
Matching: Four L-Networks Using Stubs

i
0.14
0.15
6
7
ZL
3.0
15
10
ZL
Pacificon 99
Reactance & Susceptance of Lumped Elements

Inductors
X L = 2fL
1
BL =
2fL
1
XC =
2fC
BC = 2fC
Capacitors
VG 50
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Reactance & Susceptance of Stubs

Assuming Zo is real, then
Shorted Stubs
Xshorted
2lf
= Zo tan
v
c
f
Bshorted
1
=
2lf
Zo tan
v
c
f
Open Stubs
Xopen
VG 51
9910012-ss
Zo
=
2lf
tan
v
c
f
Bopen
2lf
1
=
tan
Zo
vf c
Pacificon 99
Broadband Matching Network Design Recipe

Using 4-Element/-Resonant and T-Resonant Networks
Putting network insertion point close to load (antenna)
gives greatest SWR bandwidth
Step 1: Using an L-network, move the midband impedance
point to prime point A or B. Bandwidth will be maximized if
the minimum reactance or susceptance L-network is
chosen in this step.
Step 2: Wrap the impedance locus into the SWR circle by
adding a series or parallel resonant circuit as required to
complete the -resonant or T-resonant network
VG 52
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
-4
-5
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.39
0.12
0.11
-100
-90
0.9
-60
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
1.0
0
-4
-70
0.14
-80
0.15
4
0.3
-55
-35
0.13
0.36
0.6
-65
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.5
1.0
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
E
C
44
-75
US
0.
40
ES
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
DU
IN
R
-70
O
),
Zo
X/
0.0
31
fu
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
80
0.0
6
150
0.4
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
4.0
0.1
fmid

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.
8
0.2
0.
0.35
0.4
0.8
1.0
5.0
0.28
19
0.1
>
14
0.0
5
(+
jX
/Z
0.4
20
0.22
0.1
0
.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0.0
-12
8
0
CAP
0.4
A
C
ITI
3
VE
0.0
RE
7
A
CT
-1
AN
30
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
85
0.6
0.3
0.
-60
-85
70
0.
44
06
0.5
0.
25
-20
0.3
1
-30
0.2
<
10
65
2.0
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.1
0.2
-4
-30
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
20
0.4
0.3
10
20
50
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.4
> WAVELEN
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.49
GEN
ERA
0.48
TO
170
R
0.47
160
90
0.6
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.
180
50
0.28
0.49
30
0.22
20
D<
RD LOA
TOWA
THS
-170
ENG
VEL
A
W
-90
-160
0.3
0.48
0.1
0.2
30
SWR = 1.5
fl
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
60
35
0.2
0.
70
0.2
0.2
40
0.2
0.1
0.35
0.3
80
0.3
0.6
0.4
40
0.36
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
EP
C
US
ES
IV
IT
AC
P
CA
120
0.13
31
0.
R
,O
o)
0.4
0.4
3.0
-20
13
0.8
3
0.4
1.0
0.37
4.0
0.0
8
110
90
-15
0.4
0.38
5.0
0.0
0.4
0.12
0.
VG 53
9910012-ss
9
0.39
100
-10
0.11
19
ZL
0.0
0.2
ZL
0.1
50
Broadband Matching
0.
0.47
- Resonant and T-Resonant Moderate and

i
0.14
0.15
0.3
0.1
6
7
ZL
3.0
15
10
ZL
Pacificon 99
-90
0.39
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.36
-4
0.9
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
1.0
0
-5
-4
0
0.12
-55
-35
0.14
-80
0.15
4
0.3
-70
6
0.1
0.13
-60
0.6
1.6
-60
0.11
-100
1.8
2.0
0
-65 .5
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0.0
-12
8
0
CAP
0.4
AC
ITI
3
V
E
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
TA
30
N
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.1
1.0
105
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
150
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
80
4.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.
8
0.2
9
0.35
o)
jB/Y
E (NC
TA
EP
4
C
4
-75
US
0.
40
ES
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
DU
IN
R
-70
O
),
Zo
/
X
0.8
0.3
0.
31
-80
(+
jX
/Z
14
0
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
1.0
5.0
0.28
100
0.
19
0.3
4
0.0
0
0.6
0.2
0.2
-15
70
0.
44
2.0
65
0.5
0.
06
25
0.22
110
-4
0
-30
5
0.0
0.6
5
0.4
0.3
0.2
20
10
6
0.4
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
30
-20
0.2
1
-30
120
2
0.3
0.2
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
0.1
0.4
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
AD <
GEN
ARD LO
W
ERA
O
T
0.48
180
TO
THS
0.47
G
17
70
N
0
R
-1
ELE
V
0.47
>
A
W
0.0
160
<
4
-90
90
-160
0.4
85
-85
6
0.
8
0.2
20
130
60
0.28
0.3
35
10
20
50
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
140
0.22
0.2
70
1
0.2
9
0.2
30
150
40
0.2
160
0.35
0.3
4
0.
0.4
0.
4
0.4
40
0.1
0.36
80
31
0.
VG 54
9910012-ss
R
,O
o)
0.6
3
0.4
0
13
1.0
7
0.0
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
T
EP
SC
SU
VE
TI
I
C
PA
CA
120
3.0
2
90
-20
0.0
0.8
0.4
110
0.37
-15
0.4
0.13
0.38
4.0
8
0.4
0.12
5.0
9
0.0
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.1
19
0.
0.48
Example A: Moderate Band Matching Problem

0.14
0.15
0.3
0.1
6
0.3
3
0.1
0.3
2
50
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 99
0.4
-90
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
-4
0.4
0.1
1
0.9
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
1.0
0
-5
0.11
-100
0.12
0.13
0.14
-80
0.35
-55
-35
-4
0.3
-70
6
0.1
0.15
4
-60
0.6
1.6
-60
7
0.1
-65
1.8
0.2
06
0.
-70
2.0
0.5
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
R
O
),
Zo
X/
40
-1
0.8
44
0.
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0
.
-12
0
8
0
C
A
P
0.4
AC
ITI
3
V
E
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
TA
30
N
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.
31
3
0.3
1.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
80
150
0.3
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
4.0
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
IND
UCT
IVE
0.8
0.3
0.
19
-30
o)
jB/Y
E (NC
TA
P
E
SC
SU
1.0
5
0.0
0.2
-4
0
0.4
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
0.6
1.0
5.0
120

0.2
140
0.6
8
0.
0.28
14
0
0.0
5
(+
jX
/Z
0.4
20
0.2
9
0.4
70
0.
44
2.0
65
0.5
0.
06
25
0.22
10
6
0.4
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
30
-20
0.3
0.2
1
-30
4
0.
130
8
0.1
0.2
10
20
50
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.2
4
0.26
0.23
0.27
LECTION COEFFICIENT
F
E
I
N
R
D
E
GREE
LE OF
S
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.2
60
2
0.3
0.4
35
0
-5
-25
0.1
0.4
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
D <
0.49
A
O
GEN
L
D
ERA
OWAR
T
0.48
S
7
180
TO
TH
0.4
G
17
70
N
0
R
-1
ELE
V
0.47
>
A
W
0.0
160
<
4
-90
90
-160
0.4
85
-85
6
0.
8
0.2
20
0.1
0.1
6
0.3
4
0.28
150
70
0.22
105
40
1
0.2
9
0.2
30
100
0.35
0.2
160
80
0.3
0.6
0.
0.4
40
110
-20
3.0
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
T
P
CE
US
ES
IV
T
CI
PA
CA
0.36
-15
90
31
0.
VG 55
9910012-ss
R
,O
o)
0.37
4.0
3
0.4
0
13
0.13
0.38
5.0
7
0.0
120
110
0.12
-10
0.0
100
20
2
0.4
0.4
0.2
9
0.0
1
0.4
0.39
50
0.11
0.6
0.1
19
0.
0.48
Example A: Results of Narrowband Matching

0.14
0.15
0.3
3
0.1
7
0.3
2
50
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 99
Example B: Multiple Frequency Antenna
VG 56
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
Smith Chart Software

Smith Chart Analysis & Display
MicroSmith 2.3, ARRL, 1992, $39
winSMITH 2.0, Noble Publishing, 1995, $79
Matching Network Optimization & Synthesis

Radio Designer 1.5, ARRL, 1995, $150
Advanced Automated Smith Chart 3.0, Artech House, 1998, $395
=MATCH=, Eagleware, $699 (requires GENESYS Basic, $1,997)
VG 57
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
References: Articles
Neal C. Silence, The Smith Chart and its Usage in RF Design,
RF Design, pp. 85-88, April, 1992.
Thomas R. Cuthbert, Jr., Broadband Impedance Matching
Methods, RF Design, pp. 64-91, August 1994.
Thomas R. Cuthbert, Jr., Broadband Impedance Matching Fast and Simple, RF Design, pp. 38-50, November 1994.
William E. Sabin, Broadband HF Matching with ARRL Radio
Designer, QST, pp. 33-36, August 1995.
William E. Sabin, ARRL Radio Designer and the Circles Utility,
Part 1: Smith Chart Basics, QEX, pp. 3-9, Sept/Oct 1998.
William E. Sabin, ARRL Radio Designer and the Circles Utility,
Part 2: Small-Signal Amplifier Design, QEX, pp. 3-11,
Nov/Dec 1998.
Steve Sparks, A Practical Amateur Application of the Smith
Chart, Communications Quarterly, pp. 102-106, Summer 1999
VG 58
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
References: Books
Robert A. Chipman, Transmission Lines, Schaum Outline Series,
McGraw-Hill, 1968. Basic, mathematical.
Robert L. Thomas, A Practical Introduction to Impedance
Matching, Artech House, 1976, ISBN 0-89006-050-9.
Intermediate, mathematical.
Pieter L. D. Abrie, The Design of Impedance-Matching Networks
for Radio-Frequency and Microwave Amplifiers, Artech House,
1985, ISBN 0-89006-172-6. Advanced, mathematical.
Wilfred Caron, Antenna Impedance Matching, ARRL, 1989, ISBN
0-87259-220-0. Intermediate, non-mathematical.
Phillip H. Smith, Electronic Applications of the Smith Chart in
Waveguide Circuit, and Component Analysis, 2nd edition,
Noble Publishing, 1995, ISBN 1-884932-39-8. Intermediate,
mathematical
ARRL Antenna Book, 18th edition, chapter 28, ARRL, 1997, ISBN
0-87259-613-3. Elementary, non-mathematical.
VG 59
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99
References: Videos and Web Sites

Videos
Glenn Parker, Introduction to the Smith Chart, Noble Publishing,
1996. 50 minutes, $99.
Web Sites
http://www.sss-mag.com/smith.html
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.Jefferies/smith.html
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/smith.htm
VG 60
9910012-ss
Pacificon 99

Smith Chart Transmission Lines Impedance Matching and Little Known Facts TRW

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Smith Chart Transmission Lines Impedance Matching and Little Known Facts TRW

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Mysteries of the Smith Chart

Transmission Lines, Impedance Matching,

Stephen D. Stearns, KF6OIK

The Smith Chart

Part 1: Transmission Line Theory

Key Dates in Electrical Transmission

electromagnetic telegraph - Wheatstone & Cook

telegraph in America - Morse

1850s thousands of miles of telegraph line U.S. and Europe

40 mile cable under English Channel

distributed analysis of transmission line - Lord Kelvin

transatlantic cable, project delayed by civil war

theory of electrodynamics - Maxwell

invention of telephone - Bell

1880s vectors, vector calculus, reformulation of Maxwells

experimental confirmation of Maxwells Theory - Hertz

early Smith Chart, published 1939 & 1944 - Smith

Heavisides Vector Formulation of Maxwells Theory

Frequency Domain or Phasor Form

Heavisides Telegraphers Equations

Uniform transmission line

Transmission Line Solution

Transmission Line Parameters

where skin depth is

Reflection Coefficient and Impedance Relation

Relations Between Two Terminal Planes

Reflection coefficient relation

How To Measure Velocity Factor of a Line

Phase constant and velocity factor vf give equivalent

How to Measure Complex Zo of A Line

Unknown or arbitrary length

Geometric mean of two complex numbers

What Special Lengths of Lossless Line Do

if Z L and Zo are real (resistive)

Standing Wave Ratio

Easy to remember from

Part 2: The Smith Chart

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.0 > WAVELE

Basic types of complex functions

Linear lines map to lines

Mathematical Basis of the Smith Chart

Interior Unit Circle

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.0 > WAVELE

Smith Chart: Impedance Coordinates

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.0 > WAVELE

Smith Chart: Admittance Coordinates

0.0 > WAVELE

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

Smith Chart: Constant SWR Circles

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.0 > WAVELE

Smith Chart: Constant Impedance Magnitude Circles

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.0 > WAVELE

Smith Chart: Constant Impedance Phase Angle

Smith Chart: Multiplication, Division, Squares, &

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.0 > WAVELE

Smith Chart: A Nomogram for Math Calculations

Part 3: Impedance Matching