Penguat (Amplifier) Rangkaian Output: TTL, solid state relay 2.1.1 Mechanical Proximity Switches Sesungguhnya berupa switch mekanik Operasi On/off Dua mode operasi Normally Open (NO) Normally Closed (NC)
Ketika kontak secara fisik dimungkinkan Jika suatu posisi yang pasti diperlukan Dalam stituasi operasi dan keamanan merupakan hal yang kritis Jika kondisi lingkungan tidak memungkinkan penggunaan sonsor optikal atau sensor induktif Aplikasi dan penggunaan Mechanical Proximity Switches Mudah di integrasi ke berbagai jenis mesin Range tegangan : DC 0-1000V, AC, dll. Kemasan sangat kuat (robust) Biasanyan digunakan sebagai: Limit switch Indikator ada/tidak (Presence/absence indicator) Pintu tertutup/terbuka (closed/open) 2.1.2 Optical Proximity Sensors Terdiri darai sumber cahaya (LED) dan detector cahaya (phototransistor) Modulasi sinyal untuk meminimalkan pengaruh kondisi cahaya lingkungan Berbagai model: 12-30V DC, 24-240V AC, power Output: TTL 5V, Solid-state relay, dll.
Mode Operasional Through Beam: Long range (20m) Alignment is critical ! Retro-reflective Range 1-3m Popular and cheap Diffuse-reflective Range 12-300mm Cheap and easy to use
Sifat penggunaan Optical Proximity Sensor Tidak ada kontak langsung, tidak ada bagian-bagian yang bergerak. Fast switching (pengukuran cepat) Tidak sensitive pada getaran (vibration) Selalu diperlukan pelurusan (Alignment) Dapat dipengaruhi sumber cahaya lingkungan (contoh: cahaya saat pengelasan) Perlu lingkungan bersih, bebas debu dan air Penggunaan Optical Proximity Sensors Pengendalian tinggi tumpukan box (kotak) atau penghitungan jumlah box Pengendalian level zat cair Pendeteksi terputusnya suatu rangkaian (Breakage and jam detection) dll http://www.omron-ap.com/application_ex/index.htm http://www.sick.de/english/products/products.htm http://content.honeywell.com/sensing/prodinfo/ 2.1.3 Ultrasonic Proximity Sensors Menggunakan pulsa (gelombang) suara Informasi yang diperoleh lebih dari sekedar on/off (ada/tidak) Frequencies 40KHz-2MHz
Sensor Inductive bekerja dengan adanya perubahan medan magnetic local jika ada target metal terdeteksi Sensor Capacitive bekerja dengan adanya perubahan kapasitansi yang disebabkan oleh objek non-metal Contoh Inductive Sensors I
Types of Potentiometer 7
Wirewound Wiper slides along coil of Ni-chrome wire Wire tends to fail, temperature variations Cermet Wiper slides on conductive ceramic track Better than wire inmost respects Plastic film High resolution Long life and good temperature stability Potentiometer diperlukan jika: Dalam hal pengendalian sinyal analog Perlu informasi posisi absolut Low cost Tidak dilingkungan berdebu dan basah 2.2.2 Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) An LVDT consists of a magnetic core that moves in a cylinder The sleeve of the cylinder contains a primary coil that is driven by an oscillating voltage The sleeve also contains two secondary coils that detect this oscillating voltage with a magnitude equal to displacement The automatic nulling that can be achieved using two coils makes LVDTs very accurate (submillimetre)
Example LVDTs
Incremental Encoders
Absolute Encoders
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Encoder processing
When to Use an Encoder Require accurate position information: 10,000 line incremental 360 line absolute Digital feed-back loop Compact and reasonably rugged (not as good as inductive) Linear encoders also available
2.2.3 Tachometers
Measurement of rotary speed using a DC generator 11
Essentially a motor running in reverse Used to be common to have these attached to motors to enable direct analog feedback Much less common now with digital control (use incremental encoders)
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