ARMY PUBLIC COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCES

PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK)

GROUP MEMBERS
WAQAS NASEEM ( S-3--- )

SHAKIR KHAWAJA ( S-3--- ) FARHAN HAKIM ( S-3--- ) MALIK ASIM IJAZ ( S-3--- )

SUPERVISED BY: SIR. SAJJAD

Contents
Introduction PSK (phase shift keying) (BPSK) generation scheme ( QPSK ) ( 8-PSK ) Constellation diagram (4 ,8 PSK) (16-PSK OR M-PSK) Advantage and Disadvantage applications

Contents
Introduction PSK (phase shift keying) (BPSK) generation scheme ( QPSK ) ( 8-PSK ) Constellation diagram (4,8 PSK) (16-PSK OR M-PSK) Advantage and Disadvantage applications

Introduction
DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES There are basically two types of transmission of digital signals 1. Baseband data transmission :The digital data is transmitted over the channel directly. There is no carrier or any modulation. This is suitable for transmission over short distances 2. Passband data transmission: The digital data modulates high frequency sinusoidal carrier. It is suitable for transmission over long distances. TYPES OF PASS BAND MODULATION: The digital data can modulate can phase frequency , or amplitude of carrier. This gives rise to three basic techniques .Phase shift keying (PSK) .Frequency shift keying (FSK) .Amplitude shift keying (ASK)

Contents
Introduction PSK ( phase shift keying) (BPSK) generation scheme ( QPSK ) ( 8-PSK ) Constellation diagram(4,8 PSK) (16-PSK OR M-PSK) Advantage and Disadvantage applications

PSK (PHASE SHIFT KEYING)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Phase of carrier is varied to represent 1 or 0 Peak amplitude and frequency remain constant Phase remains constant during each bit duration

Forms of phase shift keying

PSK - Phase Shift Keying 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. BPSK - Binary ( 2 point ) Phase Shift Keying QPSK Quadrature (4 point ) Phase Shift Keying 8 PSK - 8 Point Phase Shift Keying 16 PSK - 16 Point Phase Shift Keying 32 PSK - 32 Point Phase Shift Keying 64 PSK - 64 Point Phase Shift Keying

These are just some of the major forms of phase shift keying, PSK, In general the higher order forms of modulation allow higher data rates to be carried within a given bandwidth.

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Contents
Introduction PSK (phase shift keying) Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) ( QPSK ) ( 8-PSK ) Constellation diagram(4,8 PSK) (16-PSK OR M-PSK) Advantage and Disadvantage applications

Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)

BPSK is the simplest form of phase shift keying (PSK). It uses two phases which are separated by 180 and so can also be termed 2-PSK. It does not particularly matter exactly where the constellation points are positioned, and in this figure they are shown on the real axis, at 0 and 180.

The distance between the signal point is great, then the error rate of BPSK is less

Advantages

BPSK Generation Scheme

A sinusoidal waveform is multiplied by the input bit stream. Each time the bit stream changes sign (by crossing zero level), the phase of the PSK signal also changes.

BPSK ( 2 - PSK)
Only phase is varied to represent 1 or 0

2-PSK: only 2 phase values are used, each for 1 or 0

Contents
Introduction PSK (phase shift keying) (BPSK) generation scheme ( QPSK ) ( 8-PSK ) Constellation diagram(4,8 PSK) (16-PSK OR M-PSK) Advantage and Disadvantage applications

Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK)

4-PSK
QPSK can encode two bits per symbol. Analysis shows that this may be used either to double the data rate compared to a BPSK system while maintaining the bandwidth of the signal or to maintain the data-rate of BPSK but halve the bandwidth needed. May utilize four variations of phase shift by 90 degrees Each phase shift represents 2 bits ;technique is referred to as 4-PSK Allows data transmission two times as fast as 2-PSK

4 -PSK

QPSK versus BPSK

BPSK modulation results in 1 symbol/Hz, where QPSK modulation results in 2 symbols/Hz). As a result, the spectrum of QPSK is narrower than that of BPSK. The main lobe of QPSK is half the width of the BPSK spectrum mainlobe. The probabilities of bit error for BPSK and QPSK are equal, but QPSK can support twice the data rate that BPSK can. Higher orders of PSK can be designed (8-PSK, 16-PSK, etc.), but there is a tradeoff (higher required power or higher BER).

BPSK VS QPSK

Contents
Introduction PSK (phase shift keying) (BPSK) generation scheme ( QPSK ) ( 8-PSK ) Constellation diagram (4,8 PSK) (16-PSK OR M-PSK) Advantage and Disadvantage applications

8-PSK In this we Vary signal by shifts of 45 degrees; each shift may then represent three bits (tri-bit) and send data three times as fast

Contents
Introduction PSK (phase shift keying) (BPSK) generation scheme ( QPSK ) ( 8-PSK ) Constellation diagram (4 and 8 PSK) (16-PSK OR M-PSK) Advantage and Disadvantage applications

Constellation (or Phase-State) Diagram

Comparison b/w 4-psk and 8-psk

Contents
Introduction PSK (phase shift keying) (BPSK) generation scheme ( QPSK ) ( 8-PSK ) Constellation diagram (4,8 PSK) (16-PSK OR M-PSK) Advantage and Disadvantage applications

M-PSK ( 16 - PSK) constellations

M-PSK (Circular Constellations)
b

4-PSK 16-PSK an

Tradeoffs Higher-order modulations (M large) are more spectrally efficient but less power efficient (i.e. BER higher). M-QAM is more spectrally efficient than M-PSK but also more sensitive to system nonlinearities.

BER and Eb/No

The rate at which bits are corrupted beyond the capacity to reconstruct them is called the BER (Bit Error Rate). A BER of less than 1 in 100,000 bits is generally desired for an average satellite communications channel (also referred to as a BER of 10-5). For some types of data, an even smaller BER is desired (10-7). The BER is directly dependent on the Eb/No, which is the Bit Energy-toNoise Density ratio. Since the noise density present on the channel is difficult to control, this basically means that BER can be reduced through using a higher powered signal, or by controlling other parameters to increase the energy transmitted per bit. As the following chart shows, the BER will decrease (i.e., fewer errors) if the Eb/No increases.

Higher Eb/No Reduces the BER

Bandwidth vs. Power Efficiency

MPSK:

Bandwidth vs. Power Efficiency

Bandwidth of M-PSK

Contents
Introduction PSK (phase shift keying) (BPSK) generation scheme ( QPSK ) ( 8-PSK ) Constellation diagram (4,8 PSK) (16-PSK OR M-PSK) Advantage and Disadvantage applications

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages 1. BPSK produce less errors as compared to ASK 2. More efficient use of bandwidth means higher data rate is possible Disadvantages . More complex detection process than ASK and FSK . Rapid amplituded change between symbols due to phase discontinuty QPSK AND BPSK:::: 1. In QPSK higher data rate as compared to BPSK 2. For the same bit error rate the band width required by QPSK is reduced to half than BPSK

Contents
Introduction PSK (phase shift keying) (BPSK) generation scheme ( QPSK ) ( 8-PSK ) Constellation diagram (4,8 PSK) (16-PSK OR M-PSK) Advantage and Disadvantage applications

APPLICATIONS
IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATION wireless LAN biometric passports Bluetooth CDMA system DVB-S Cable modems Vidio confferencing Cellular phone system and other forms of digital Click to edit Master subtitle stylean RF communication system over

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