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    Achieving Sustainable Urban Form

    Diunggah oleh

    elnaz.amh

    Hak Cipta:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Achieving Sustainable Urban Form Edited by Katie Williams, Elizabeth Burton and Mike Jenks ere London and New York i184 seg ati enn otty an i pub 200 306440 ty EG FN Spon 1 New Peter ane, London ECAP AEE Sime pb nthe USA and Canada Uy EA FN Spon, an pat of Rote 23 Wee 5h Seo New ou, NY 1001 4 EN Spon sen ng of he Taio & rel Grup 6 2 Eitri ater ado: Kate Wins, lab Burton fu lite es; nid cotton: econ The sigh of Mie es, Kati Wiis sd lzabeth Burton to be eid th ‘ater tt Work a ben sere byte in arora wi he Copy, ‘Desgs ae Pats Ac 388 rind and bowed in Gre Baitainby 8 Edeuniry Pre Bury SE, Sut [Ags reserved’ No prof hs ook mayb ein repro ore ‘an fom ob any eto mechan or ote meas, ow ow uate mee néuing otcoyn aod ear, ra ay ineration ‘oreo eine aterm, that person i wag fom the pbs “Te pug males oreprenain,eres orm, ith eu tote Toay oe font conte in tis bok td ooo: eles ‘pony o aut frany ears or eions that maybe mae, ‘rth Livery Catling ae Dasa ‘Reatoge ror fo th boo sale om he Bi Libary tery of Coneres Cling Pb Das ‘Nestloge esd forth bok as en requ sano. 26506 Contents Comributors Acknowledgements Achieving Sustainable Urban Form: An Introduction Katie Williams, Elizabeth Burton and Mike Jenks Part 1 Defining Sustainable Urban Form Introduction ‘Katie Wiliams, Bizabeth Burton and Mike Jenks St Models and Pathways: The Diversity of Sustainable Urban Futures ‘Simon Guy and Simon Marvin fact The Pott of he Compat City for Promoting Soi Equity Elizabeth Burton ‘Does Intesifyng Cities Make them More Sustainable? Katie Wiliams ‘Urban Form and Environmental Performance Peter Newion gy, Transport and Urban Form in Australia ‘Michael Buxton “The New Millenium andthe New Urban Paradigm: The Compact City in Practice ‘Mohammad-Reza Masnavi ‘Housing Form, Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Peter Newton, Selwyn Tucker and Michael Ambrose 9 30 46 1" Coments omens Urban Form and Beosystem Dynamles: Empirical Evidence and Practical Form andthe Sustainability of Urban Systems: Theory and Practice Inpictions ina Northru Conubation 21s Marin Albert Soe Ravetz ‘The ‘Ground Rue of Sustainable Urban Form a A-Compact Cites, Environmental Confts and Policy Strategies: Complexity Erne Seofham and Teesa Marat Mendes as «Criterion for Decxon Making no Gert de Roo Part 2 Urban Form and Transport: New Dimensions ‘The Acepatlty of Ura Itenseation 2m Mike Fenks Intoduton a Kate Willams, Bizabeth Burton and Mike Jenks ‘Sosainable Devlment Comes of Age: The Thames Environment 21 Experience 251 {Sustainable Unban Form: The Big Pitare 109 Hugh Howes Pater Newnan and Jeff Kenworthy ‘The Kent Design inate: Towards a Sustainable Future 28 ‘The Transport Implication of Alternative Urban Forms 121 Abigail Raymond avi Simmonds nd Denil Coombe Review ofthe Wycombe Disrt Lacl Plan: Comparatie Strategie Site Accesity in Sweish Toms BI ‘Assesment ~ the Goals Achievement Matrix 266 Mats Revel Giuseppe Zane ‘The Contibton of Mixed Land Uses o Sustainable Travelin Cites 19 : : . ‘Uyeo-Phan Van and Marty Senior Part 4 Built Form and Design Solutions Assessing the Sustainability of Urban Derelopment Poles 18 Introduction m Helene Titherdge, Son Hall nd Davie Banister Katie Wiliams, Bzabeth Burton and Mike Jenks ‘The Exploding City Regon: Should, Can It, Be Reversed? 16 ‘he Contribution of Urban Vilage to Sustainable Detelopment us Pe Headat Michal Thompson-Faweet t-Land Use, Transport and People: Identifying the Connections 14 -4. Generating Models of Urban Sustainability: Viewna's Westbahnhof Domini Stead, Jo Wiliams and Helena Tiheridge Sustainable Hit Toon 2 Heidi Dumreicher, Richard S. Levine, Ernest J. Yanarella and TaghiRagmard Part 3 Approaches and Strategies for Achieving Sustainable Development in Southern Califor: The Cae of Playa Vista 299 Sustainable Urban Form ‘ Alexander E, Kalamaros nn if ‘The Hime Estate andthe ‘Homes for Change’ Development: Britain's Fst Kate Willams, Hiabeth Burton and Mike Jenks Mio Sustainable Housing Project 303 Poet G. Fane Deveopment/Demonstation: An Adaptive Strate 19 endian ie amend _4- Sustainable Un Renal Kolding Denmark 310 David van Viet and Torben Gade Sustainable Urtan Managemen Systems am ‘ickes Crily sad Ada Mannie 4 Sostaable Social Housing for No Extra Cost? 39 James Morgan and Roger Talbot Contents [A Sustainable Urban Matix: Achieving Sustainable Urban Form in Residential Buildings 30 ‘Tigran Hasic Achieving Sustainable Urban Form through the Adaptive Re-Use of Buildings for Residential Use 27 ‘Tim Heath Achieving Sustainable Urban Form: Conclusions 47 Katie Willams, Bzabeth Burton and Mike Jenks References 337 Index 383 Contributors ‘Marine Alberti ‘Assistant Professor of Urban and Environmental Panning, Department of ‘Urban Design and Planning, University cof Washington, USA Michael Ambrose ‘Construction Systems Scientist, CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) Building, Construction and Engineering, Melbourne, Australia Professor David Banister Profesor of Transport Planning and Director of Research, The Batitt School of Planning, University College London, London, UK Dr Bizabeth Burton ‘Senioe Lecturer in Cites and Sociat ‘Sustainability, Oxford Centre for Sustainable Development, School of Architeeture, Oxford Brookes Universiy, Oxford, UK Dr Michael Buxton ‘Associate Professor, Environment and Planning, School of Social Science and Planning, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia Demil Coombe Deputy Managing Director, MVA Lid, Woking, UK Michael Cily ‘Urban Designer, Newcastle City Council, Planning and Transportation Department, Neweastle upon Tyne, UK Dr Heidi Dumreicher ‘Member ofthe architectural, sient ‘and socal sientifc research eam for the Westbahabof SCI project, ikodrom, Forum Nachhaltie Stadt, Vienna, Austria Peter G, Faset Reader in Architectural Design, University of Northumbria at [Neweaste, Neweaste upon Tyne, UK ‘Torhen Gade Director, Gruppen for By-og Landskabsplanaegning Aps, Kolding, Denmark ‘Simon Guy ‘Lecturer inthe Bult Environment, (Cente for Urban Technology, Department of Architecture, University of Neweastle, Neweastle upon Tyne, UK 7 Simon Hall, Research Fellow, The Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, London, UK Contributors ‘Tigran Hasie Architect, Urban Designer and Lecturer, Royal Insitute of Technology, Department of Infrastructure and Planning, Division of Regional Planning, Sweden Peter Headiear Reader in Transport Planing, School of Planning, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK ‘Tim Heath Lecturer, School ofthe Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Hugh Howes Principal Strategic Planner, Environment Agency, Reading, UK Professor Mike Jenks Head of Research and Director of the Oxford Centre for Sustainable Development, School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK ‘Alexander K. Kslamaros Doctoral Candidate, School of Policy, Planning and Development, Univesity of California, Los Angles, USA Dr Jeflrey R. Keaworthy Senior Lecturer in Urban Environments, Institute for Science and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Astral Professor Richard S. Levine Director, Collegeof Architecture, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA ‘Adam Man Researcher, Centre for Sustainable ‘Technologies, Schoo! of the Bult Environment, University of Ulster, ‘Newtownabbey, Norther Ireland | ‘Teresa Marat-Mendes Doctoral Research Student, School of the Built Environment, Univesity of Nottingham, Nottinghazs, UK Professor Simon Marvin Professor of Regional Development and Sustainability, Research and Graduate College, Tie University of Saved, Salford, UK, Dr Motammad-Rera Masnavl Post-Doctoral Researcher, Department of Architecture, Universit of Glasgow, Giasgow, UK ‘James Morgan Research Associate/Lecturer, School of ‘Planning and Housing, Edinburgh Collegeof Ar/Heriot Watt University, ainburgh, UK Professor Peter Newman Director ofthe Institue for Sdence and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, Murdock, Australia De Peter Newton Chet Research Scientist, CSIRO (Commonwealth Seientifc and Industria Research Organisation) Building, Construction and Erginering, Melbourne, Australia Taghi Radmard ‘Member ofthe arejtectura,sientiie and socal scientific esearch team for the Westbahnbof SCI projet, Cente for Sustainable Cites, University of ‘Kentucky, USA soe Ravets Research Fellow, Department of Planning end Landscape, Manchester ‘University, Manchester, UK Abigal Raymond ‘Team Leader, Regeneration and Design, Strategic Planning, Kent County Couneil, Maidstone, UK Dr Mats Reneland Assoiato Professor and Researcher, Department of Urban Transport Planning, School of Architecture, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Dr Gert de Roo Senior Lecturer, Planning Department, Facalty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands Exnie Scoffham Reader in Urban Architecture and Director of the Centre for Postgraduate Studies, School ofthe Bult Environment, University of Nottingham, ‘Nottingham, UK ‘Martyn Senior Senior Lecturer, Department of City and Regional Planning, Cardiff Univesity, Cardiff, UK, David Simmonds Principal, David Simmonds Consultancy, Cambridge, UK Domini Stead Research Fellow, The Bartlet School of Planning, Univesity College London, London, UK Dr Roger Talbot Senior Lecturer and Director of the Edinburgh Sustainable Architecture Unit, University of Edinburgh, Eainborgh, UK Dr Micelle Thompson-Faweett Lecturer, Department of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Contributors Hlena itheridge Research Fellow, The Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, London, UK. Dr Seinyn Tucker Senior Principal Research Scientist, CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) Building, Construction and Engineering, Melbourne, Australia ‘Uyen-Phan Van Diploma Student, Department of City and Regional Panning, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Professor David van Viet Professor (MCIP), Department of City Planning, Faculty of Architecture, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada Jo Wiliams Research Fellow, The Bart school of Planning, University College London, London, UK Dr Kate Williams Senior Lecturer in Cities and Sustainable Development, Oxford Centre for Sustainable Development, Schoo! of Arcitecture, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK Professor Eruest J. Yanarela Associate Director, Department of Political Science, Univesity of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA Giuseppe Zanré Principal Planning Officer/Team Leader, Planning Policy Unit, Planing, ‘Transport and Development Directorate, Wyeombe District Council, igh Wycombe, UK Acknowledgements (Our thanks goto all involved in producing this book. Jn particular, we express our gratitude to: all of the contributors for producing thei chapters and showing such enthusiasm forthe project; r Haroula Balodimou for punstakingly desktop pubis- sng the book and for designing the cover, Asif Din for desk top publishing; Kwamina ‘Monney for preparing and redrawing many of the illustrations, and Jonathan Kemp, ‘Bart Sheehan and Margaret Jenks for their continued support. Katie Williams, Elizabeth Burton and Mike Jenks Achieving Sustainable Urban Form: An Introduction “The search forth ultimate sustainable urban form perhaps now neds o be reoriented tothe searh fora amber of sustainable wba forms which respond [a varity of isting setlement patterns and contents. (enks eal, 1996, p.345) “Thecental premise ofthis book thatthe form of atown or city can affesits sustainability, Isis now widely accepted that relationship exists between the shape, size, density and uses ofacity and its sistanaily. However, canensus is lacking abou the exact nature ofthis telationshi. The relative sustainability of, for example, high and low urban densities, oF conralised and decentralised setlements stil disputed. Certain urban forms appear to be ‘more sustainable in some respects, fo example in reducing travel, or enabling fuel ficient technologies, but detrimental in hes, perbaps in hang ecviroomentl quality or producing social inequities. Some forms may be sustainable locally, but not be beneficial ty wide or regionally. Consequently, if ny advanes in urban sustainability are to be made, then connections beoveen urban frm and a range of elements of towns and cts, at all geographical scales, eed to be established fan understanding ofthese connections canbe gained, ten steps can be taken towards achieving urban forms that are more sustainable than at present. In order to sdvanee this understanding, this book atempts to answer two key questions. First, whats sustainable urban form? and second, how ean itbe achieved? ‘The problem of unsustainable cites ‘That the physical form of urban areas has contributed to the massive problems of cities worlwide snot disputed, Zoning of ferent land uses has mean that people have had to travel longer distances to work, shopping centres and leisure activites. Developed counties have witnsseda ‘mobility explosion’ (Pot, 1997) Inthe UK, passenger kilometres traveled ‘by earhave doubled sings [981 (DETR, 1997), Inthe USA, Australia and Europe not only ae people making more is, btthey ae traveling further on each excursion. Urban sprawl has rable uban populations to move otint laa-rch suburban developments, whist central teas have become derelict. Sine 1945, in the UK, counter-urbansation has ocumed onan ‘extensive scale Migration las been predominantly from larger metropolitan resto smaller, ‘more ral areas, oss of employment in cies has ls been witnessed (Rudlin and Fal, 1969), Inthe USA, sprawl snow largely recognised as costly in evoromic environmental avd sci ems. Other tends such sinreses in poo quality mass housing andcar-domiant residential estates and aredvtion of urban grenspace have all ontrbuted to unsustainability. “The price ofthese types of development pater spa in nsuainable levels of resource se and inequitable lifestyles. These effects ae not only felt inthe developed world, but are “exported” in terms of unfr shares of global resoures, and growing inoity between rich ‘Kato Wins, lizabeth Burton and Mite Jenks and poor nations. Such inequalities are graphically ilustrated using ecological fatpins — tha, measures ofthe amount of land necessary to enable everyday if ina city for example, ‘London hasbeen estimated to havea footprint of SO million sees, or 125 times its tual surface ares (Sustainable London Tres, 199). Thissthe rea necded to meethe UK capital's ‘od and timber requirements, and contain the vegetation required toabsorbthe carton dioxide itproduces. In reality, much ofthis space is far from London, fr example in developing counties, where wood is produced. Similar, ‘nvironmental space’ measures hew much of the world's shar ofresoures a country is consuming (FOTE Europe, 195). Using this ‘messue, current European Union emissions of carbon dioxie are eaeulated & ver four times higher tan global envionment space cleulations allow (Smith eta, 1998), and ‘mos of this output comes ffom cites. Is clear that cites in developed counts are not functioning in sustainable way. They are using more than ther share of retources and ‘prodacing too much pollution. It is rua, therefore, that he performance of ths cities is improved tallow greater autonomy and equity Clearly, urban sustinability is ot dependent on form alone. Huge shifts in behaviour and atndes ae aso required, Nevertheless, expectations abou the magnitude of urban for’ influence on sustainability are high thas been estinatd that as much 8 70% of delivered nergy is subject the influence of land ue planing (Barton, 1990), Aiud vary about potential reduction in emissions from anspor, but conservative eatimate is thatthey could bereduced by 16% through combination oflanduseplannng polices and thersuppotve ‘measures (ECOTEC, 1993) By implication, manipulating land uses and forms i seen as ‘valuable method of achieving sustainability incites, However, it isnot yet clear exactly hich forms are preferable, A brief review of the sustainable urban form debate o date i sf set the context for he chapers that follow, Emerging solutions ~the focus ofthe book ‘The previous volume to this book, Te Compact City: Sustainable Urban Form? (Jenks et a, 1996), investigated the sustainability ofthe dominant move fr wan sustainability atthe time: the compact city. This mode, whichis akin to watonl high-density European cities such sParisand Barcelona, was seen as sstinabl solution for urban orm in ott countres ofthe developed word and was quickly introduced into poliy. In Europe and Australia it as sen to offer a sustainable use of land ~ because it restricted growth beyon the urban fine ~ enable reduced travel demand and create a vibrant, caltualy-rchplae to ive [Economic benefits, in terms of concentrations of businesses and savings in infastuctre, ‘wor also associated with compactness. However, conclsions emanating from The Compact City and elsewbere wer far from supportive ofthe mode's merits. Research emerged which challenge the fundeventals of the compact city concep. The book concluded tat although the compact cy di offer sme benefits, such as opportunites for public transport and land saving, these were not as straightforward as ad previously been thought. Furthermore, there were consideable costs involved which had not been foreseen by the advocates ofthe model. Texe wee mainly associated with environmental quality and aceptbility. Many ofthe contributars the book ‘wer also at pins to point out the relative merits of eter urban forms, and to broaden the portfolio of options for future growth Hence, the conclusion othe book was that instead of Searching for one definitive sustainable form, the emphasis shoud be ab how to determine ‘which forms ae suitable in any given locality. This idea was beginning to emerge elsewhere. Breheny and Rookwood (1993, p.156) advocated a‘MulipliCiy’ approach o susnability hich they reasoned could only be achieved by considering development a the sale ofthe Achieving Sustainable Urban Form: An Introduction “Soci City Region. They propose that. variety of approaches be considered to suit patil setement pes. Tae approsch tke inthis book leads dirty fom the conclusions ftom The Compact City and tier wor, such as Brceny and Reskcwod', which pus the emphasis on nding soins appropri for diferent scales and locaons of development ky im st reveal what various form, in adit othe eompt city, havea fe, anda begin o develop a more sophisticated understanding ote impleatons fossa of arangoof element. Thsmeans adress tony compaction ~ although hiss given cosienble tention by several authors ~ but lio sz, mit of tie, block site and oon. Another gol i 0 broaden the rage of sus which are eacompase by the ssinabl ran form debate ‘Until note weghtof research as been nthe implication fr waeland fu consumption, butte fects of urban forms on cology, willie, natural resources, socal condions, behaviourand economic welF eng are equally important susinabiliy, nd henoeinluded in his book. Similarly, coneningsnlelyon urban sel otions only ofers a partial ‘undestanding So difeent sae, rom th house, ough othe Black, he neighbourhood, the distri, cand region areal considered. By aking this incasiv approach the danger of developing sustainable ‘lands within ‘seas of sustainability is avoided However, concealing oly on thnezl modelo he mt unable fms i of lite practical use, One ofthe key conclusions rom The Compact ly wa tha Tub form. hs any role to play in a susiable Ft, the it has to be not only teareically vali btachivabe nr tems’ Jenks eral, 196,94). The mponence ofthe pracialty of various solutions shoud ot be underestimate. The sop for wholesale change in the built environment in developed nations i contained by many fats, not least space, cost and scepailiy Likes te sop forcompletly new element finite. Hence, much tention sped in this book tothe sosainaility ofaleraatve growth scenarios which fer porns for increment change. Some definitions Its perbapsasefl at his point clarify how tbe em ‘ustinable urban form is used throsghout the book. Some ofthe authors develop their ov defnon, but these are usually refinement of the definitions given lw. “Asanyone familie with research this ed wilkoow, sustainable isan overused but convenient term. To eipundestan what sustainable urban form might, itis ist bef to unersund the concept of susiabl development, and then leis a speifially tun coe The mos widely cited definitn of sustinable developmen i that of TWCED (1987 wich describes its development which iscapable of meeting today's needs without compromising he ability offre generations © mex thet ness, This dfn contains vonceps of iner-geneational equity and social use, os well s environmental awareness Haughton and Hunter, 1994) also implies that global perspective is necessary and that ros boundary impsts shod be considered. Alough tee is some agreement about these principles, theres consensus on how they canbe asad into development “onthe ground Sera commentators kavecome caso oprtonaising such eintons by developing chareteritions of sstnale cites or ‘sustaiablewrbn developmen (Lef, 1980; Elkin eral, 191; WHO, 1992), Such descriptions rly nlae principles that surtainable urban form shoal adhere. For example Ekinet al (191, p12). tinablewban development must imo produce atta is “wserndly" and rsourcfa, in ems not only of form and exerey-efiency, bat abo its Faction, ple fo Ting’. Breeny Katie Wilias,Ezbeth Burton and Mike Jenks (1992.1 suggests that sustinable urban development requires the achievement of urban evelopment aspirations, saeco conditions concerning inter-andinte-geerational equity, dha the stock of natural eoures should note depleted beyond is regenerative capac Smith eta. (1998) draw up a list of principles fora sustainable bul environment which include: living off environmental “interes rather than ‘capital’; not breaching erie! ‘envionment esol; developing sen: of equity and social ustie; and forming nese procedures for decision making. Based on these descriptions, it appears posible to define Fustanabl urban form trough certain basi characteristics that it should possess. In his book, a form isken tbe sustainable iit enables the city to function within snarl and ‘manmade carying capitis; is ‘wer rend forts occupants; and promotes socal equity. "The criteria tat it should come about through inclusive decision making processes aso included. Even this definition i dificult to conceptualise it doesnot immediately suggest one periular form, or even a preference for high or low densities, dispersed or centralised development or small or large setements. This is because polcy makers and researchers are sill undecided abou the implications of different development sategies, Nevertheless, the definition canbe used asa benchrack for asesing the qualities which sustainable urban form should ave, and is usefil eferene point when reading the proceeding chapters 'A checklist ofthe componens or ‘building blocs’ ofsustanableurban form isso worth cetablishing. These are the morphological atbutes ofan urban area at al sales above the architectural detail ofthe individual building (sustainable architecture is dealt with ‘comprehensively elsewhere, so Farmer, 1996 and Papanek, 1995) Thus, issues of urban size, shape, ensiy snd compactness, urban bloc layout and sie, housing type, greenspace distibution and vatou growth opons sch s imensifcation, extension, decentralisation and new towns, ae explored. In ain, a key elemeat which may or may not be elated to plysicel conditions, bat does appear to fet sustainability, is mix of uses, so this to i investigated. A able containing all the element of urban form tue inthis bok, and their pets, canbe found inthe conclusions. ‘Thestructre ofthe book “Thebook has four pars which respond tothe two key questions outline atte begining of this introduction: what s sustainable urban form?, and how can tbe achieved? Pars 1 and adres the frst question, pars 3 andthe second Pat L, Defining Sustainable Urban Form, presents research which ets different urban frms or future development scenarios against ‘erious aspects of susinaily. The chapters offer insights into whieh forms may be more sustainable fr issues such as urban ecology, socal equity, land conservation, greenhouse as ‘missions and environmental quality. Inso doing urban villages, the compact ity, mixed-use and single-use neighbourhoods, and edge, corridor and fringe city modes are explored. Part 2, Urban Form and Transport: New Dimensions, continues to question the sustainability of various forms, but fom the perspective of travel patter and behaviour Since this issahas been dominant in policy and research it seemed appropri o consider it in some depth hee, Te chapters compare diferent urban forms fr their effects on travel behaviour, but begin to refine previous research findings and assumption. For example, he relationship between urtan density and travel behaviour is addressed, but is superimposed with detailed information about how socio-economic characteristics affect travel pater, how people make their ravel mode choices, and whic types of densification hep reduce car travel. Silay simplistic asumptions about the mmpact of various housing location strategies se unraveled, and research is presented which showsbow important the regional contexts Acieving Sustainable Urban Farm: An Introduction in making such strategies work. Taken togeter, the chapters offer some evidence ofthe benef of ferent urban forms, but they ls show how some assumptions made inthe pst have oversimplified causal relationships. nat, Approaches and Strategies for Achieving Sustainable Urban Form, the authors present esearch and theory on how to move towards more sustaiable urban forms. Some ‘chapter offer broad strategic thinking about the ways in which future forms ean be conceptualised and then developed. The values of advances such as ‘sustainable urban ‘management systems’ and deronstation projets are reviewed. Other eubors concern themselves with overcoming problems such 25 the acceptability of certin urban forms to Toca resideats, and cont elated to environmental pollution, Some worked examples of specific stateges created by locl authorities and goverament agencies to move policy and practice towards more ustainble forms are then presented. Part gives examples of builtor planned sustainable urban forms. As the pars tie, Bul Form and Design Soltions, sugges, the chapers outline schemes and projects which have ‘ben worked trough tothe dew design stage, The projects vary from the ele of completly new setlement to individual buildings. Hence, solutions as varied asthe urban village, & “sustainable city implantation’ anda large infil project ae presented alongside chapters concentrating on sustainable urban blocks, social housing and non-residential buildings r- ‘sed for housing This part demonstrates that change is happening onthe ground, and that ‘some ofthe theory is being translated into ation, Finally, some conclusions ae drawn about how fre findings hve helped develop an understanding of what wstainable urban form is, and whether it canbe achieved Part 1 Defining Sustainable Urban Form Introduction ‘A prerequisite to acioving sustainable urban form is knowing what iti, To realise the ‘sustainable city" there has tobe a clear and common-held concept of what it wl lok Hike, how it wil fneton, and how it wil changeover time. Uni fail recently, there was some conseosus~ although thre was also considerable scepticism ~ tat compact urban forms offered the most sustsnable future, Subsequently, much resarch bas focused on compact vers dispersed setlement paiems. However ths ater research gave rise o questions about lhe complesites aed inpacts of whol ange of wb frns fn prssring their Finding researchers argued that relationships previously assumed to exist between urban form and 2 umber of sustainability benefits were ether unsubstantiated by fat or dependenton range of intervening variables ~ some of which were far more significant than wiban frm. ‘The chaptesin Part | are examples ofthis second wave of esearch, Many of them refer topreviouresearch and ue the invaluable knowledge it provides asthe basis of new studies. ‘The chapters advance te debate by offering more sophisticated analyses and testing ofthe key elemens of urban form: density, compactness, concentration, disprsl, mix af use, housing type and soon. They offer iter new evidence which sheds lghton aspects of ban sustainability or they offer alternative views of what sustainable urban form might be. ‘Thefirstchaper, by Gy and Marvin, questions whether theres such thing a ‘sustsinable urban form. The authors take as their stating point the conclusions of the previous volume, The Compact ip: A Sustainable Urban Form?, which tated that "The search forte ukimate sstunable urban form perbaps now needs to be reoriented to the search fora number of saslainable urban fom which respond othe variety of existing setlment pattems and contexts that have been identified’. The argument that such multiple outcomes could, and shold, be pursued is developed. Instead of concentrating on finding one solution, thse involved in

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