12th

Chemistry
Preparation Tips

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Chemistry Section I
Unit No. Unit Max. Marks Marks with Option 6 7 8 7 6 5

01 02 03 04 05 06

Solid State Solutions and Colligative Properties Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetics Electrochemistry Chemical Kinetics General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements P Block Elements Total

4 5 6 5 4 3

07

8 35

10 49

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Chemistry Section II
Unit No. 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 d & f Block Elements Co-ordination Compounds Halogen Derivatives of Alkanes ( & Arenes) Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic acids Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Biomolecules Polymers Chemistry in Everyday Life Total Unit Max. Marks 5 3 4 4 5 4 4 3 3 35 Marks with Option 6 4 6 6 7 6 6 4 4 49

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Paper Format for Section I & II [ 35 marks each ]

Q 1 ] Select and write most appropriate answer from the given

alternative for each sub question.

Q 2 ] Answer any six [ out of eight ] of the following

[7]
[ 12 ]

Q 3 ] Answer any three [ out of four ] of the following

Q 4 ] Answer any one [ out of two ] of the following

[9]
[7]

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1 Mark Questions Definition / Statement / Objective Questions

2 Mark Questions
Big structures of last two topics Two step conversion, Polymerization processes Difference - 4 points ( example No Mark ) / Distinguish by reaction Short Notes, Salient Features of Theory ( 4 points ) Relation between H & U etc Derivations / Laws of electrolysis Structures of oxides of Nitrogen /

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2 Mark Questions
Mfg. Processes ( Habers Process for ammonia/ Contact Process) Allotropes of P or S Oxy acids of chlorine Defects in crystal / limitations / Raults law / Diagrams Resonating structures / Electronic Configurations 2 point answers / Isomerism, Naming of co ordination compounds Numericals

3 Mark Questions
ABC type crystal structures Laws and Derivations Daniel, Cell SHE, Calomel Electrode, Lead Accumulator 3 point answers / Reaction mechanism / SN1, SN2, Optical activity Multi step reactions ( balancing not required ) / Methods of preparation Numericals - Calculations in same units throughout www . ednexa . com

12th Chemistry
8 ] d - f Block

Elements

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d Block Elements :- The atoms of the elements in which the last electron enters the d orbital of penultimate ( last but one ) energy level are known as d block elements. This indicates that in these elements, last two shells are incompletely filled.

Electronic Configuration of first ( 3d ) Transition Series ( 21 Sc 30 Zn ) [ Ar ] 3d 1 10 4 s 1 2

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Oxidation States of first transition series

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Electronic configuration of lanthanides :-

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Electronic configuration of lanthanides :-

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Lanthanide contraction : - Lanthanide contraction is a term used in chemistry to describe different but closely related concepts associated with smaller than expected atomic radii of the elements in the lanthanide series. Definition :- The decrease in the atomic and ionic radii of the lanthanide elements with increasing atomic number is known as lanthanide contraction. Thus, the first element lanthanum has the largest, while the last element lutetium has the smallest radius among these elements.

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12th Chemistry
9 ] Co - ordination Compounds

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Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

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Stereoisomerism in metal complexes with coordination number 6. Stereoisomerism in metal complexes with coordination number 6 ( octahedral complex ) of the type [ M a4 b2 ] n

Stereoisomerism in metal complexes with coordination number 6. Stereoisomerism in metal complexes with coordination number 6 ( octahedral complex ) of the type [ M a3 b3 ] n

Stereoisomerism in metal complexes with coordination number 6. Stereoisomerism in metal complexes with coordination number 6 ( octahedral complex ) of the type [ M a3 b3 ] n For example, consider a complex [ Cr ( NH3 ) 3 Cl 3 ]. The structures of cis and trans isomers are

Structure of complex compounds based on valence bond theory E ] Structure of Hexaamminecobalt (III) ion, [ CO ( NH3 ) 6 ] 3 + 1.Hexaamminecobalt ( III ) ion, [ CO ( NH3 ) 6 ] 3 + is a cationic complex, oxidation state of Co is +3 and CN = 6 Electronic configuration : 27Co [ Ar ] 3 d7 4 s2 Electronic configuration : Co 3 + [ Ar ] 3 d6 4s0 4p0

NH3 is a strong ligand, due to spin pairing effect, all the four unpaired electrons in 3d orbital are paired giving two vacant 3d orbitals.

Structure of complex compounds based on valence bond theory E ] Structure of Hexaamminecobalt (III) ion, [ CO ( NH3 ) 6 ] 3 +

The coordination number is 6, Co 3 + ion gets six vacant orbitals by hybridisation of two 3d vacant orbitals, one 4s and three 4p orbitals forming six d2sp3 hybrid orbitals giving octahedral geometry. It is an inner complex.

6 lone pairs of electrons from 6NH3 ligands are accommodated in the six vacant d2sp3 hybrid orbitals.

The six hybrid orbitals of Co 3 + overlap with filled orbitals of NH3 forming 6 coordinate bonds giving octahedral geometry to the complex.

Structure of complex compounds based on valence bond theory E ] Structure of Hexaamminecobalt (III) ion, [ CO ( NH3 ) 6 ] 3 +

Geometry of complex : Hexaamminecobalt ( III ) ion has a octahedral geometry due to d2sp3 hybridisation. Magnetic property : Hexaamminecobalt ( III ) ion has no unpaired electrons. Hence the complex is diamagnetic. (Magnetic moment, = 0 ) Effect of ligands : Ammonia ligands causes 3d electrons to be shifted to 3d orbitals so that all the ten electrons are paired up in 3d orbitals.

12th
Chemistry 10 ] Halogen Derivatives 11 ] Alcohol Phenol Ether 12 ] Aldehyde Ketone

Carboxylic Acid
13 ] Compounds containing Nitrogen

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12th Chemistry
Nomenclature : Common IUPAC Methods of preparation / Name Reactions Chemical Properties / Action of different reagents Physical Properties Reaction Mechanism / Effect of Substituent

Resonating Structures
Intext & Exercise Question - MCQS Exceptional Questions

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Exceptional Questions
What is hydride shift ? Consider the following reaction : 3 methylbutan 2 ol heated with Hi to form 2 iodo 2 methylbutane ( and not 2 iodo 3 methylbutane ). This can be explained on the basis of hydride shift.

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Exceptional Questions
What is hydride shift ?

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Exceptional Questions
Secondary carbocation rearranges to a more stable tertiary carbocation by a hydride ion shift. Nucleophile P ion attacks tertiary carbocation to give tertiary alkyl iodide.

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Exceptional Questions Phenol is therefore ortho and para directing.

These resonance structures (canonical forms) have negative charge at ortho and para positions as shown above. Hence phenol gives electrophilic substitution reactions at ortho or para or at both the positions but never at meta positions. Phenol is therefore ortho and para directing. www . ednexa . com

Exceptional Questions
The ortho and para nitrophenol can be separated by steam distillation. O nitrophenol is steam volatile due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding while p nitrophenol is less volatile due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding which causes the association of molecules.

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12th
Chemistry

14 ] Biomolecules
15 ] Polymers 16 ] Chemistry in

Every Day Life

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12th Chemistry
Classification of carbohydrates, Theory, Definitions, Structures Different classes of drugs, Uses, Side effects Polymers, Classification, Methods of preparation, Uses Reaction of glucose, Pyranose, Fructanose Structures. Intext & Exercise Question - MCQS

Exceptional Questions

Structure of Cellobiose The celloboise contains 1 4 glycoside bond.

Peptide linkage formation

The structure of proteins show that large number of - amino acid molecules are linked to one another through peptide ( CO NH ) linkage. The peptide linkage is formed by elimination of water molecule from the amino ( NH2 ) group of one ammo acid molecule and the carboxylic ( COOH ) group of the next neighbouring - amino acid molecule. These carboxylic ( COOH ) and amino ( NH2 ) groups undergo condensation with other amino acids. Many peptide linkages thus formed are called polypeptide. If the molecular weight of such peptides is up to 10,000 then, it is known as polypeptide and those having molecular weight above 10,000 are known as protein.

Vitamins
Some important Vitamins, their Sources and their Deficiency Diseases No . 1. Name of Vitamines Vitamin A Sources Fish liver oil, carrots, butter and milk Deficiency diseases Xerophthalmia ( hardening of cornea of eye ) Night blindness

2.
3.

Vitamin B1 ( Thiamine )
Vitamin B2 ( Riboflavin ) Vitamin B6 ( Pyridoxine ) Vitamin B12 Vitamin C ( Ascorbic acid ) Vitamin D

Yeast, milk, green vegetables and cereals

Milk, eggwhite, liver, kidney Yeast, milk, egg yolk, cereals and grams Meat, fish, egg and curd Citrus fruits, amla and green leafy vegetables Exposure to sunlight, fish and egg yolk Vegetable oils like wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, etc. Green leafy vegetables

Beri beri ( loss of appetite, retarded growth )

Cheilosis ( fissuring at corners of mouth and lips ), digestive disorders and burning sensation of the skin. Convulsions Pernicious anaemia ( RBC deficient in haemoglobin ) Scurvy ( bleeding gums ) Rickets (bone deformities in children ) And osteomalacia ( soft bones and joint pain in adults ) Increased fragility of RBCs and muscular weakness Increased blood clotting time

4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

Vitamin E Vitamin K

Preparation of some important addition polymers

Polyacrylonitrile ( PAN or Orlon ) : The addition polymerization of acrylonitrile in presence of a peroxide catalyst leads to the formation of polyacrylonitrile. Polyacrylonitrile is used as a substitute for wool in making commercial fibres as orlon or acrilan.

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Antiseptics : The chemical substances which either kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms are called antiseptics. They are safe to be applied on to the living

tissues. e.g. Dettol, iodine, iodoform, boric acid etc.

General uses of antiseptics :

These are not harmful to living tissues and can be safely

applied to wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces These are used to reduce odors, resulting from bacterial decomposition of the body or in mouth. Therefore they are mixed with face powders, deodorants

and breath purifiers.

These are used in antiseptic cream like soframycin and furacin.

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Examples of Antiseptics
Phenol : They are used for dressing of small wounds. It causes severe burns,
hence other phenolic compounds are used. Dettol : It is solution of chloro - xylenol is

used in antiseptic cream and for disinfecting

surgical instruments. Bithional : It is a bacteriostatic agent (inhibits the growth of micro organisms), used as an agricultural fungicide. It is used as an anti-infective in deodorants, shampoos & surgical soaps. lt can cause skin allergy when exposed sunlight hence not used in cosmetics.

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Examples of Antiseptics
Iodine ( I2) : Tincture of iodine is used as a topical antiseptic to kill bacteria. It is

also used in cleaning wounds and sterilizing skin before surgery. It is also used for
disinfection of water, air and sanitization of food utensils. Iodoform ( CHI3 ): It is used as an external antiseptic for wounds. Boric acid ( H3BO3 ) : It is a mild antiseptic, used by swimmers as ear drops to destroy fungal growth. It is also used for eyewash and also as a food preservative

Hydrogen peroxide : It is used as a mild antiseptic, for cleaning ears, sterilizing

surgical or medical instruments. It is also used in treating skin spots, killing the fungus, dental hygiene and for avoiding contagious diseases. It is used as germicidal due to release or nascent oxygen.

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Cleansing agents : Soaps and detergents.

Mechanism of cleansing action of soaps and detergents : Soap and detergents have two parts, a long chain of hydrocarbon tail soluble in oil and other part (head) soluble in water. When soap is added to an oily part of cloth or vessel, the hydrocarbon part of soap dissolves in oil and ionic end of soap dissolves in water. The soap molecules form micelles where one of the molecules is towards the oil droplet while ionic end faces out side. This results in an emulsion in water. The soap micelle assist in dissolving the dirt in water, thus we can wash our clothes.

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Tranquilizers

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