ENGINEERING DRAWING

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

THE STANDARDS
The standard for Engineering is AS1100. It relates to the Specification for defining, specifying and graphically representing products.

STRUCTURE FOR DOCUMENT CONTROL

The original drawing documents need to be controlled. This is to insure that the drawing stay valid and undamaged. Originals are kept in libraries and only copies are allowed to leave the these libraries to be used by other departments.

TYPES OF PROJECTIONS
There are two main types of projection: perspective and parallel. These are broken down into subtypes, as shown below:

PRINCIPLES OF FIRST ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

First angle projection is widely used throughout Europe and is sometime referred to as European projection. The symbol below determines that the drawing would be a first angle projection
Object Image

First Angle

PRINCIPLES OF THIRD ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Third angle projection is widely used throughout North America and is sometime referred to as American projection. The symbol below determines that the drawing would be a Third angle projection

Image

Object

The Picture below is of an object in an isometric view, we are going to demonstrate how this object should look in first and third angle.

Object A

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the

projection plane
Object views from top

2 5 3

3 4

4 Projection plane

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object

to the line of sight.

Rotate

Two dimensions of an object is shown.

More than one view is needed to represent the object.

Tilt

Multiview drawing Three dimensions of an object is shown. Axonometric drawing

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
NOTES
Orthographic projection technique can produce either 1. Multiview drawing that each view show an object in two dimensions. 2. Axonometric drawing that show all three dimensions of an object in one view. Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for

communication.

Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing

Advantage Disadvantage Example
Easy to understand Shape and angle distortion

Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing

Circular hole becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

Multiview Drawing
Advantage
It represents accurate shape and size.

Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading. Example

Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)

DRAWING STANDARD

INTRODUCTION
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey the same meaning to everyone who reads them.

Standard Code
Country
USA Japan UK Australia Code ANSI JIS BS AS DIN ISO Full name American National Standard Institute Japanese Industrial Standard British Standard Australian Standard Deutsches Institut fr Normung International Standards Organization

Germany

Partial List of Drawing Standards

Code number
JIS Z 8311 JIS Z 8312 JIS Z 8313 JIS Z 8314 JIS Z 8315 JIS Z 8316 JIS Z 8317

Contents
Sizes and Format of Drawings Line Conventions Lettering Scales Projection methods Presentation of Views and Sections Dimensioning

DRAWING SHEET
Trimmed paper of a size A0 ~ A4. Standard sheet size (JIS) A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 210 x 297 297 x 420 420 x 594 594 x 841 841 x 1189
A4 A3 A2

A1

(Dimensions in millimeters)

A0

Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) c 2. Type Y (A4 only) d d Border lines
Drawing space

c Title block

Drawing space

Title block

Sheet size A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

c (min) d (min) 10 25 10 25 10 25 20 25 20 25

Drawing Scales
Length, size

Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element

of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear

dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word SCALE

followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales SCALE 1:X for reduction scales

DRAWING SCALE
Drawing scale is the reduction or enlargement of the drawn object relative to the real object

Reduced and Enlarged Scale. Many drawings must be shown at reduced scale for the object to fit on the paper.

SPECIFYING THE SCALE ON A DRAWING

For a part that is shown on the paper at half its actual size, the scale is listed in one of these three ways:
SCALE: 1:2 SCALE: 1/2 SCALE: .5

List the predominant drawing scale in the title block. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)

Basic Line Types

Types of Lines Continuous thick line Continuous thin line Appearance Name according to application Visible line Dimension line Extension line Leader line Dash thick line Chain thin line
NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.

Hidden line Center line

STANDARD SHEETS
There are ANSI/ASME standards for international and U.S. sheet sizes. Note that drawing sheet size is given as height width. Most standard sheets use what is called a landscape orientation.

* May also be used as a vertical sheet size at 11" tall by 8.5" wide.

TYPICAL SHEET SIZES AND BORDERS

Margins and Borders Zones

TITLE BLOCK
The title block is located in the lower right corner of the format. Standard areas in the title block provide the information as shown below.