1.

Diketahui : Sebuah PLTU berbahan bakar batu bara Tekanan uap super heat = 98 bar Temp uap superheat = 540 oC Produksi uap = 150 ton/jam Temp feed water = 215 oC Fuel firing rate = 27200 kg/jam Temp flue gas = 145 OC Temp permukaan boiler = 75 OC Teperatur udara ambient = 32 OC Humidity ratio udara ambient = 0,0204 kg/kg dry air Kecepatan udara sekeliling boiler = 3 m/s Luas permukaan total boiler = 1600 m2 Ratio bottom ash to fly ash = 85 : 15 Kandungan CO2 dalam flue gas = 14 %

Kandungan CO dalam flue gas = 0,6 % Kandungan abu = 3,3 % Moisture dalam batu bara = 35 % Carbon content = 45 % Hydrogen content = 3 % Nitrogen content = 0,7 % Oxygen content = 12,9 % GCV batu bara = 4100 kCal/kg GCV bottom ash = 800 kCal/kg GCV fly ash = 452,5 kCal/kg

Ditanya : 1. Efisiensi dengan direct method (apakah 91%) 2. Efisiensi dengan indirect method

2. Diketahui : Sebuah PLTU berbahan bakar minyak Ultimate analysis : Carbon = 84,8 % Hydrogen = 11, 8 % Nitrogen = 0,42 % Oxygen = 1,3 % Sulphur = 1,2 % Moisture = 0,48 % GCV = = 10500 kCal/kg

Flue gas analysis : Temperatur flue gas keluar boiler = 192 OC Kandungan CO2 dalam flue gas = 10,6 % Kandungan O2 dalam flue gas = 7,5 %

Temp udara ambient = 32 OC Humidity ratio udara ambient = 0,0204 kg/kg dry air Kecepatan udara di sekeliling boiler = 3 m/s Temp permukaan boiler = 80 oC Luas permukaan total boiler = 1600 m2

Ditanya : 1. Laju bahan bakar bila diinginkan eff boiler 91 % 2. Efisiensi boiler dengan menggunakan indirect method Jawab : 1. Effisiensi boiler batu bara Boiler efficiency = (Q x (H-h) x100) / (q x GCV) Q = 150000 kg/jam H = 830,594 kCal/kg h = 220,008 kCal/kg q = 27200 kg/jam GCV = 4100 kCal/kg

Boiler efficiency = 82 %

Jadi Efisiensi boiler dengan direct method tidak sesuai dengan yang diklaim oleh pembuat boiler.

2. Effisiensi boiler berbahan bakar minyak : Boiler efficiency = (Q x (H-h) x100) / (q x GCV) Boliler eff = 91 % Q = 150000 kg/jam H = 830,594 kCal/kg h = 220,008 kCal/kg GCV = 10500 kCal/kg

q = 9585,34 kg/jam = 9,58534 ton/jam

Perhitungan menggunakan indirect method :

Perhitungan stoichiometric (berlaku juga untuk soal no.2) 1. Theoretical air required for combustion n o 1 2 C (%) 45 84,8 H (%) 3 11,8 O (%) 12,9 1,3 S (%) 1,2
Theoriti cal air

5,70 13,94

C = Carbon content (%) H = Hydrogen content (%) O = Oxygen content (%) S = Sulphur content (%) Theoretical air = Theoretical air required for combustion (kg/kg of fuel) 2. Theoretical CO %
Wt N in theo air Wt N in fuel Mol wt of N

no

Moles of N

Moles of C

CO theo

4,389

0,007

28

0,157

0,45

0,0375

0,1928 02

Wt N in theo air = Weight of Nitrogen in theoretical air Wt N in fuel = weight of Nitrogen in fuel Mol wt of N = Molecular weight of Nitrogen Moles of N = Mol of Nitrogen C (%) = Carbon content in fuel analysis Moles of C = Mol of Carbon % CO theo = Theoretical Carbondioxide 3. Excess air supplied

no 1 2

% CO t 19,28

% CO a 14

EA 36,91

no 1 2

% O

EA

7,5

55,56

EA = Excess air supplied (%) % CO t = Theoretical of CO (%) % CO a = Percent of CO in flue gas 4. Actual mass of air supplied no 1 2 EA 36,91 55,56
Theorit ical air Act mass supp

5,7 13,94

7,80 21,68

EA = Excess air supplied Act mass supp = actual mass of air supplied 5. Mass of dry flue gas
Mass of CO Mass of N
Mass of N in

no 1

Mass of O

Mass of dry flue gas

1,65
Mass of CO

0,007
Mass of N

6,006
Mass of SO

0,483
Mass of O

8,146
Mass of N on air supp Mass of dry flue gas

no 2

3,11

0,024

0,004 2

1,725

16,69

21,56

 Perhitungan heat losses L1-L8 1. Heat loss due to dry flue gas

no 1 2

m (kg/k g) 8,146 21,56

Cp (kCal/kg C) 0,26 0,26

Tf( C) 145 192

Ta(C ) 32 32

GCV of Fuel 4100 10500

L1 5,84 8,54

where : L1 = % Heat loss due to dry flue gas m = Mass of dry flue gas in kg/kg of fuel Cp = Specific heat of flue gas in kCal/kgC Tf = Flue gas temperature in C Ta = Ambient temperature in C 2. Heat loss due to evaporation of water formed due to H in fuel (%) n o 1 2 H (kg) 0,03 0,12 Cp (kCal/kg C) 0,6 0,6 Tf( C) 145 192 Ta( C ) 32 32 GCV of Fuel 4100 10500 L2 4,2 9 6,9 9

H = kg of hydrogen present in fuel on 1 kg basis Cp = Specific heat of superheated steam in kCal/kgC Tf = Flue gas temperature in C Ta = Ambient temperature in C

584 = Latent heat corresponding to partial pressure of water vapour 3. Heat loss due to moisture present in fuel n o 1 2 Ta( C) 32 32 GCV of Fuel 4100 10500

M (kg) 0,35 0,0048

Cp (kCal/kg C) 0,6 0,6

Tf( C) 145 192

L3 5,56 0,03

M = kg of moisture present in fuel on 1 kg basis Cp = Specific heat of superheated steam in kCal/kgC Tf = Flue gas temperature in C Ta = Ambient temperature in C 584 = Latent heat corresponding to partial pressure of water vapour 4. Heat loss due to moisture present in air n o 1 2 AAS (kg) 7,8 21,68 Humidity Factor 0,0204 0,0204 Cp (kCal/kg C) 0,6 0,6 Ta( C ) 32 32 GCV of Fuel 4100 10500

Tf( C) 145 192

L4 0,26 0,40

AAS = actual mass of air supplied per kg of fuel Cp = Specific heat of superheated steam in kCal/kgC Tf = Flue gas temperature Ta = Ambient temperature Humidity Factor = kg of water/kg of dry air 5. Heat loss due to incomplete

combustion n o 1 % CO 0,6 % CO 14 C 0,45 GCV of Fuel 4100 L5 2,59

CO = volume of CO in flue gas leaving economizer (%) CO = actual volume of CO in flue gas(%) C= carboncontentkg/kgoffu el

6. Heat loss due to radiation and covection n o 1 2 Ts (K) 348,15 353,15 Ta (K) 305,15 305,15 Vm (m/s) 3 3 L6 (W/m) 1013,161 1161,056

L6 = Radiation loss in W/m Vm = Wind velocity in m/s Ts = Surface temperature (K) Ta = Ambienttemperature(K) Perhitungan L7 dan L8 hanya berlaku pada soal 1 (bahan bakar batu bara) 7. Heat loss due to unburnt in fly ash (%) Total ash collecte d 0,033

n o 1

fuel burnt 0,15

GCV of fly ash 452,5

GCV of Fuel 4100

L5 0,05

Total ash = Total ash collected in kg Fuel burnt = Fuel burnt in kg GCV of fly ash = Gross calorific value of fly ash GCV of fuel = Gross calorific value of fuel

8. Heat loss due to unburnt in bottom ash (%) Total ash collecte d GCV of bottom ash

n o

fuel burnt

GCV of Fuel

L5

0,033

0,85

800

4100

0,55

Total ash = Total ash collected in kg Fuel burnt = Fuel burnt in kg GCV of bottom = Gross calorific value of bottom ash GCV of fuel = Gross calorific value of fuel

 Summary Heat Balance

1. Boiler berbahan bakar batu bara : Input/Output Parameter Heat Input Loses in boiler 1. Dry flue gas (L1) 2. Loss due to hydrogen fuel (L2) 3. Loss due to moisture in fuel (L3) 4. Loss due to moisture in air (L4) 5. Partial combustion of C to CO (L5) 6. Surface heat losses (L6) 7. Loss due to unburnt in fly ash (L7) 8. Loss due to unburnt in bottom ash (L8) Boiler Efficiency 2. Boiler berbahan bakar minyak : Input/Output Parameter Heat Input Loses in boiler 1. Dry flue gas (L1) 2. Loss due to hydrogen fuel (L2) 3. Loss due to moisture in fuel (L3) 4. Loss due to moisture in air (L4) 5. Partial combustion of C to CO (L5) 6. Surface heat losses (L6) 7. Loss due to unburnt in fly ash (L7) 8. Loss due to unburnt in bottom ash (L8) Boiler Efficiency = kCal/k g of fuel 10500 89689, 60 73395, 00 315,00 4200,0 0 0,00 16695, 00 0,00 0,00 % loss 100,00 0 = kCal/k g of fuel 4100 23944, 00 17589, 00 22796, 00 1066,0 0 10619, 00 5125,0 0 205,00 2255,0 0 % loss 100

= = = = = = = =

5,84 4,29 5,56 0,26 2,59 1,25 0,05 0,55 79,61

= = = = = = = =

8,542 6,990 0,030 0,400 0,000 1,590 0,000 0,000 82,448