Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy transfers is heat transfer

Thermodynamics - amount of heat transfer and no indication about how long the process will take

Application areas of heat transfer

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Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Three modes of Heat transfer

Conduction Convection Radiation

Conduction

Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles.

Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases. In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the molecules moving in random 2/7/13

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Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Conduction

The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the geometry of the medium, its thickness, and the material of the medium, as well as the temperature difference across the medium

where the constant of proportionality k is the thermal conductivity of the material, which is a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat

In the limiting case

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Conduction
Thermal conductivities in solid liquids and gease

In solids, heat conduction is due to two effects:

the lattice vibrational waves induced by the vibrational motions of the molecules at lattices

(Energy transported via the free flow of electrons in the solid)

In gases and liquids, the conduction is mainly due to molecular collision and moelcular diffusion

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Conduction
is the temperature gradient

The heat transfer area A is always normal to the direction of heat transfer

Thermal Conductivity

Unit of thermal conductivity is W/m oC

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Conduction
Thermal Diffusivity

Thermal diffusivity represents how fast heat diffuses through a material

Unit of thermal diffusivity is m2/s Thermal conductivity k represents how well a material conducts heat, and the heat capacity represents how much energy a material stores per unit volume

Thermal diffusivity of a material can be viewed as the ratio of the heat conducted through the material to the heat stored per 2/7/13 66 unit volume