Scilab Решение инженерных и математических задач Е.Р.Алексеев и др М. ALT Linux БИНОМ 2010-260с,

:
ALT Linux
Scilab

. . ,
. . ,
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ALT Linux; .
2008
004.67
22.1
47
47
. .
Scilab: / . . ,
. . , . . . . : ALT Linux ; .
, 2008. 260 . : . ; 8 . . . ( ALT Linux).
ISBN 978-5-94774-890-1

Scilab. (
), . ( ,
, , , :
, , , ).
Live CD ALTLinux 4.0 Junior, Scilab 4.1.1.
: http://books.altlinux.ru/altlibrary/scilab
.
004.67
22.1
:
.
(499) 157-52-72. E-mail: binom@Lbz.ru
http://www.Lbz.ru
, , GNU
FDL. , :
ALT Linux. : Scilab: .
. . ALT Linux ALT Linux. Linux .
.
ISBN 978-5-94774-890-1
. ., . .,
. ., 2008
ALT Linux, 2008
. , 2008
1.1
1.2
1.3
1. Scilab.
Scilab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scilab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scilab . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.1
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2.5
2. Scilab
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Scilab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Scilab.

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plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

plot2d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5.1
5.2
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5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5. Scilab
plot3d plot3d1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
meshgrid, surf mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
plot3d2 plot3d3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
param3d param3d1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
contourf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hist3d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scilab
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.
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7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
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4.7
4.8
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SCILAB
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9. Scilab
sci- . . . . .
Scilab
Scilab . . . . . . .
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10. Scilab
10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 .
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163
164
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11.
11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.
12.1
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12.2
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12.3
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13.1
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234
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237
238
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14. Scilab
Scilab . . . . . .
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Scilab.
Scilab .
Scilab Mathcad, MATLAB.
Scilab ,
. Scilab : Linux, Windows ( MS
Windows Vista) MacOS.
4.1.1. .
www.scilab.org.
, Scilab. , . .
, Scilab:
http://scilab.land.ru, http://teacher.dn-ua.com,
x odt 1
pdf .
. . http://www.csa.ru/~zebra/my_scilab/index.html,
, , .
Scilab http://www.scilab.org/publications/index_
publications.php?page=books.html.
Scilab
, .
1 odt Open
Document, , OpenOce.org (http://ru.openoffice.org).

Scilab. .
Scilab. ,
, Scilab 4.1.1 .
, .
Scilab.
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Scilab, Scilab .
Scilab.

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Scilab.
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Scilab.
Scilab .
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CD .
ALT Linux
, Scilab.
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1
Scilab.
Scilab ,
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1.1. Scilab
1.1
Scilab

www.scilab.org.
Scilab Windows Linux.
, .
1.1.1
Scilab Windows
Windows. , Scilab-4.1.1 , , . ( ) OK .
. , Scilab 4.1.1
.
Next. (I accept the agreement) Next . .
C:\Program Files\scilab-4.1.1 .
Browse. . . . ,
, . Next , . 1.1.
:
(Installation Default);
(Full installation);
(Compact installation);
(Custom installation).
, .
Next.
, ,
Scilab. scilab-4.1.1. Browse. . . .
10
1. Scilab.
. 1.1. Scilab
Next , , .
Next.
. Install . Scilab . . .
Next ,
Launch scilab.
, Scilab Finish,
( scilab-4.1.1)
(. 1.2).
. 1.2. Scilab
1.2. Scilab
1.1.2
11
Scilab Linux
Scilab , ALT Linux 4.0 Mandrivia

2007. Debian Ubuntu. Linux Scilab http://www.scilab.org, (
/usr/lib ) , Scilab root, make . /usr/lib/Scilab 4/bin/scilab
.
1.2
Scilab
Scilab .
, . ,
,
-->, () .
.
Scilab . Enter
(. 1.3).
. 1.3. Scilab
, . , ,
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Page Up, Page Down.
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1. Scilab.
12
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. :
; ; Home ; End ; Del
; Backspace .
, . ;,
. , ;, ( 1.1).
1.1. Scilab
-->2.7*3+3.14/2
ans =
9.67
-->2.7*3+3.14/2;
-->
, Scilab, , , . , , ,
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1.3
Scilab
,
, ,
. , , , - Scilab,
.
1.3. Scilab
1.3.1
13
File . 1 :
New Scilab Scilab,
;
Exec. . . Scilab- (
sce sci );
Open ,
;
Load , ; ;
Save sav bin ;
Change Directory , ;
Get Change Directory ;
Print Setup. . . ;
Print ;
Exit Scilab.
1.3.2
Edit :
Select All ;
Copy ;
Paste ;
Empty Clipboard ;
History ,
.
1 Windows, Linux File File Operations.
1. Scilab.
14
1.3.3
Preferences:
Language (,
);
Colors (Text), (Background)
, (Default System Colors);
Toolbar (F3) ;
Files Association ;
Choose Font (, , );
Clear History ;
Clear Command Window (F2) ;
Consol (F12) .
1.3.4
? Scilab.
, , , , .
Scilab Demos .
1.3.5
- Scilab, . , - SciPad, , Editor.

-. Untitled1.sce .
- , .. , , , .
- ,
Scilab. . 1.4 3x2 + 5x + 4 = 0. ,
; , .
File
Save . ,
Save le As. . . . File Name Save
1.3. Scilab
15
. 1.4. - Scilab
, . .sce .
File Open.
- :
SciPad Execute Load into Scilab;
Scilab Exec .
- (. 1.4).
, SciPad
( Windows), ( Edit) ( Search). , SciPad ( Options),
( Help)
, ( Debug).
, SciPad
File Exit.
2
Scilab
2.1
Scilab , //.
, -. // ,
Enter :
2.1.
-->//6+8
-->
2.2
Scilab
: + , - , * , /
, \ , .
,
Enter. :
2.2.
--> 2.35*(1.8-0.25)+1.34^2/3.12
ans =
4.2180
2.3. Scilab
17
,
Enter .
:
2.3. ,
--> 1+2+3+4+5+6....
7+8+9+10+....
+11+12+13+14+15
ans =
120
; ,
, :
2.4. ;
--> 1+2;
--> 1+2
ans =
3
2.3
Scilab
Scilab ,
. .
, = .
, . ..,

_ = _
, ,
, .
, 24 . . .. ABC, abc, Abc,
aBc . , ,
. ,
.
; , . ;
18
2. Scilab
.
:
2.5.
-->//------------------------------------------------->// b
--> a=2.3
a =
2.3000
--> b=-34.7
b =
-34.7000
-->// x y,
-->// z
--> x=1;y=2; z=(x+y)-a/b
z =
3.0663
-->//
--> c+3/2
??? Undefined function or variable c.
-->//------------------------------------------------->//
--> c=a
c =
a
-->//
--> h=
h =

clear _;
.
:
2.6. clear
-->// x y
--> x=3; y=-1;
-->// x
--> clear x
-->// x
--> x
??? Undefined function or variable x.
2.4. Scilab
19
-->// y
--> y
y =
-1
-->// a b
-->a=1;b=2;
-->// a b
-->clear;
-->// a b
-->a
!--error 4
undefined variable : a
-->b
!--error 4
undefined variable : b
2.4
Scilab
, ans.
, , ans
:
2.7. ans
--> 25.7-3.14
ans =
22.5600
--> // 22.5600
--> 2*ans
ans =
45.1200
--> //
--> x=ans^0.3
x =
3.1355
--> ans
ans =
45.1200
--> //
--> // 45.1200

ans. Scilab %:
2. Scilab
20
%i ( 1);
%pi = 3.141592653589793;
%e e = 2.7182818;
%inf ();
%NaN (0/0,/ . .);

%eps %eps=2.220-16.
:
2.8.
-->a=5.4;b=0.1;
-->F=cos(%pi/3)+(a-b)*%e^2
F =
39.661997
:
2.9. %pi
-->sin(pi/2)
!--error 4
undefined variable : pi
2.5
(,
3.2-6, 6.42+2) (, 4.12, 6.05, 17.5489) .
mEp, m ( ),
p ( ). ,
, .
,
-6.42+2 = 6.42 102 = 642
3.2E-6 = 3.2 106 = 0.0000032

. :
2.5.
21
2.10.
-->0.123
ans =
0.123
-->-6.42e+2
ans =
- 642.
-->3.2e-6
ans =
0.0000032

q, :
2.11.
-->%pi
%pi =
3.1415927
-->q=0123.4567890123456
q =
123.45679
, Scilab
. .
, , printf , ,
:
2.12.
printf
-->printf("%1.12f",%pi)
3.141592653590
-->printf("%1.15f",%pi)
3.141592653589793
-->printf("%1.2f",q)
123.46
-->printf("%1.10f",q)
123.4567890123
-->// 6
-->printf("%f",q)
123.456789
2. Scilab
22
2.6
Scilab
, Scilab, :
;
.
Scilab :
_ = _(1 [,2, ...])
_ , ; , , , ans;
_ ;
1, 2, ... .
2.6.1
Scilab
, .
,
(. 2.1).
2.1.

sin(x)
x
cos(x)
x
tan(x)
x
cotg(x)
x
asin(x)
x
acos(x)
x
atan(x)
x
exp(x)
x
log(x)
x
sqrt(x)
x
abs(x)
x
log10(x)
x
log2(x)
x
2.6. Scilab
23
x xy
e :
z = sin
y
2.13.
-->x=1.2;y=0.3;
-->z=sqrt(abs(sin(x/y)))*exp(x^y)
z =
2.5015073
2.6.2
-
, .
, ..
, .
, , ,
. Scilab.
deff, :
deff([1,...,N] = _(_1,...,_M),
1=1;...;N=N)
1,...,N , , ,
_ ,
_1,...,_M .
deff.
,

s
xy
x
e ( z = sin
y
2.13):
2.14.
deff
-->deff(z=fun1(x,y),z=sqrt(abs(sin(x/y)))*exp(x^y));
-->x=1.2;y=0.3;z=fun1(x,y)
z = 2.5015073
2. Scilab
24
,
a, b c
S=
p (p a) (p b) (p c) , p =
a+b+c
.
2
2.15. ,
-->deff(S=G(a,b,c),p=(a+b+c)/2;S=sqrt((p-a)*(p-b)*(p-c)));
-->G(2,3,3)
ans = 1.4142136
,

D
b
ax2 + bx + c = 0 D = b2 4ac; x1,2 =

a:
2
2.16.
-->deff([x1,x2]=korni(a,b,c),d=b^2-4*a*c;
x1=(-b+sqrt(d))/2/a;x2=(-b-sqrt(d))/2/a);
-->[x1,x2]=korni(-2,-3,5)
x2 = 1.
x1 = 2.5
:
function[1,...,N]=_(_1,...,_M)

endfunction
1,...,N , ,
; _
, _1, ...,_M .
,
, ..
.
, Scilab . .
. - sci sce .
, , .. . ,
, , , exec(_)
File Exec. . . , , , .
2.6. Scilab
25
.
2.1.
.

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
(2.1)
a :
x3 + rx2 + sx + t = 0 ,
c
b
,
s= ,
a
a
(2.2)
t=
r=
(2.2)
d
.
a
r
3
:
x=y
y 3 + py + q = 0 ,
(2.3)
(3s r2 )
r3
rs
,
q=2
+ t.
3
27
3
(2.3)
p 3 q 3
D =
+
(. 2.2).
3
2
p=
2.2.
D>0
D<0

1
3
:
y1 = u+v,
y2 =
(u + v) (u v)
+
i 3,
2
2
y3 =
(u + v) (u v)
i 3 . (2.4)
2
2
r
q p
q p
v= 3
u=
+ (D),
(D) .
2
2
, :
r
3
26
2. Scilab
2.17.
function [x1,x2,x3]=cub(a,b,c,d)
r=b/a;
s=c/a;
t=d/a;
p=(3*s-r^2)/3;
q=2*r^3/27-r*s/3+t;
D=(p/3)^3+(q/2)^2;
u=(-q/2+sqrt(D))^(1/3);
v=(-q/2-sqrt(D))^(1/3);
y1=u+v;
y2=-(u+v)/2+(u-v)/2*%i*sqrt(3);
y3=-(u+v)/2-(u-v)/2*%i*sqrt(3);
x1=y1-r/3;
x2=y2-r/3;
x3=y3-r/3;
endfunction
// :
-->exec(C:\Scilab\scilab-4.1.1\cub.sce);
-->disp(exec done);
Warning :redefining function: cub
exec done
-->[x1,x2,x3]=cub(3,-20,-3,4)
x3 =
0.3880206
x2 =
- 0.5064407
x1 =
6.7850868
3
Scilab.

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Scilab .
.
3. Scilab.
28
3.1
Scilab :
name=Xn:dX:Xk
name , ,
Xn , Xk , dX ,
, .. Xn+dX, Xn+ dX+dX
Xk.
dX , ,
, , ..
:
name=Xn:Xk
, ,
. :
3.1.
--> Xn=-3.5;dX=1.5;Xk=4.5;
--> X=Xn:dX:Xk
X =
-3.5000 -2.0000 -0.5000 1.0000 2.5000 4.0000
--> Y=sin(X/2)
Y =
-0.9840
-0.8415
-0.2474
0.4794
0.9490
0.9093
--> A=0:5
A =
0 1 2 3 4 5
--> 0:5
ans =
0 1 2 3 4 5
--> ans/2+%pi
ans =
3.1416
3.6416
4.1416
4.6416
5.1416
5.6416
Scilab
.
, - ,
, ,
:
name=[x1 x2 ... xn]
name=[x1, x2, ..., xn]
3.1.
29
-:
3.2. -
--> V=[1 2 3 4 5]
V =
1 2 3 4 5
--> W=[1.1,2.3,-0.1,5.88]
W =
1.1000 2.3000 -0.1000 5.8800
- :
name=[x1; x2; ...; xn]
-:
3.3. -
--> X=[1;2;3]
X =
1
2
3
,
:
name()
:
3.4.
--> W=[1.1,2.3,-0.1,5.88];
--> W(1)+2*W(3)
ans = 0.9000
,
,
:
name=[x11, x12, ..., x1n; x21, x22, ..., x2n; ...;
xm1, xm2, ..., xmn;]
, , , :
name(1, 2)
30
3. Scilab.
:
3.5.
--> A=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9]
A =
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
--> A(1,2)^A(2,2)/A(3,3)
ans = 3.5556
, ,
:
3.6.
--> v1=[1 2 3]; v2=[4 5 6]; v3=[7 8 9];
--> // -:
--> V=[v1 v2 v3]
V = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-->// -,
-->// :
--> V=[v1; v2; v3]
V =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
-->// :
--> M=[V V V]
M =
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 6
7 8 9 7 8 9 7 8 9
-->// :
--> M=[V;V]
M =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
3.1.
31
:.
,
. :
3.7. :
-->//
--> A=[5 7 6 5; 7 10 8 7;6 8 10 9;5 7 9 10]
--> //
--> A(:,2)
ans =
7
10
8
7
--> //
--> A(3,:)
ans = 6 8 10 9
--> //
--> M=A(3:4,2:3)
M =
8 10
7 9
--> //
--> A(:,2)=[]
A =
5 8 10
7 7 9
6 10 9
5 9 10
--> //
--> A(3,:)=[]
A =
5 8 10
7 7 9
5 9 10
--> // -
--> v=M(:)
v =
8
7
10
9
--> // v
32
3. Scilab.
--> b=v(2:4)
b =
7
10
9
--> // b
--> b(2)=[];
3.2
Scilab
:
+ ;
- 1 ;
2 ;
* 3 ;
* ;
4 ;
\ 5 ;
/ 6 ;
.* ;
.
.\ ;
./ .
1
, .. () -, -
.
2 ,
.
3 , -, -. ,
. , .
4 n- n . , .
,
, .
5 (A\B) (A1 B),
A X = B, X .
6 (B/A) (B A1 ), X A = B.
3.2.
33
:
3.8.
-->A=[1 2 0;-1 3 1;4 -2 5];
-->B=[-1 0 1;2 1 1;3 -1 -1];
-->// (AT+B)2 - 2A(0.5BT-A)
-->(A+B)^2-2*A*(1/2*B-A)
ans =
10.
8.
24.
11.
20.
35.
63. - 30.
68.
--> // = A=B.
-->A=[3 2;4 3];
-->B=[-1 7;3 5];
-->// AX=B:
-->X=A\B
X =
- 9.
11.
13. - 13.
-->// XA=B:
-->X=B/A
X =
- 31.
23.
- 11.
9.
-->//
-->X*A-B
ans =
0.
0.
0.
0.
,
,
,
:
3.9.
--> x=[0.1 -2.2 3.14 0 -1];
--> sin(x)
ans =
0.0998 -0.8085 0.0016 0 -0.8415
3. Scilab.
34
3.3
Scilab . .
:
matrix(A [,n,m]) A ;
3.10. matrix
-->D=[1 2;3 4;5 6];
-->matrix(D,2,3)
ans =
1. 5. 4.
3. 2. 6.
-->matrix(D,3,2)
ans =
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
-->matrix(D,1,6)
ans =
1. 3. 5. 2. 4. 6.
-->matrix(D,6,1)
ans =
1.
3.
5.
2.
4.
6.
ones(m,n) m n 1 ;
3.11. ones
-->ones(1,3) // -
ans =
1. 1. 1.
-->ones(2,2) //
ans =
1. 1.
1. 1.
-->m=3; n=2;
1
ones(n1,n2...,nn) .
3.3.
35
-->X=ones(m,n) // m n
X =
1. 1.
1. 1.
1. 1.
-->M=[1 2 3;4 5 6]
M =
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
-->// Y, ,
-->// , M
-->Y=ones(M)
Y =
1. 1. 1.
1. 1. 1.
zeros(m,n) 1 m n 2 ;
3.12. zeros
-->zeros(3,2)
ans =
0. 0.
0. 0.
0. 0.
-->M=[1 2 3 4 5];
-->Z=zeros(M)
Z =
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
eye(m,n) 3 m n ;
3.13. eye
-->eye(3,3)
ans =
1. 0. 0.
0. 1. 0.
0. 0. 1.
-->eye(5,1)
ans =
1
.
zeros(n1,n2...,nn) .
3 ,
.
2
36
3. Scilab.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
-->m=3; n=4;
-->E=eye(m,n)
E =
1. 0. 0. 0.
0. 1. 0. 0.
0. 0. 1. 0.
-->M=[0 1;2 3];
-->// E
-->// , M
-->E=eye(M)
E =
1. 0.
0. 1.
-->// eye().
-->//
-->//,
-->// , , .
-->M=[1 2;3 4;5 6]; E=eye();
-->A=E+M
A =
2. 2.
3. 5.
5. 6.
-->M-E
ans =
0. 2.
3. 3.
5. 6.
rand(n1,n2,...nn[,fl])
. p , (uniform , normal ); rand(m,n) m n ; rand(M)
, ; rand() ;
3.3.
37
3.14. rand
-->rand(2,2)// 2 2
ans =
0.2113249 0.0002211
0.7560439 0.3303271
--> R=rand(2,2,2)//
R(:,:,1) =
0.9355 0.4103
0.9169 0.8936
R(:,:,2) =
0.0579 0.8132
0.3529 0.0099
-->rand()//
ans =
0.6653811
sparse([i1 j1;i2 j2;...;in jn],[n1,n2,...,nn]) 1 .
[i1 j1,i2 j2,...,in jn], [n1,n2,...,nn].
, ,
, .

,
;
full(M) ;
3.15. sparse full
-->A=sparse([1 3;3 2;3 5],[4,5,6])
A =
(
3,
5) sparse matrix
(
1,
3)
4.
(
3,
2)
5.
(
3,
5)
6.
-->full(A)
ans =
0. 0. 4. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 5. 0. 0. 6.
1
, .
3. Scilab.
38
hypermat(D[,V]) , D , V ( V );
3.16. hypermat
-->// ,
-->// ,
-->// -
-->// 0 11.
-->M=hypermat([2 2 3],0:11)
M =
(:,:,1)
0. 2.
1. 3.
(:,:,2)
4. 6.
5. 7.
(:,:,3)
8. 10.
9. 11.
diag(V[,k]) V
k- 1 ; diag(A[,k]), A
, -, k- ;
3.17. diag
--> V=[1,2,3];
--> diag(V)// , V
ans = 1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 3
-->// ,
-->//V ( )
--> diag(V,1)
ans = 0 1 0 0
0 0 2 0
0 0 0 3
0 0 0 0
-->// ,
-->//V ( )
1
, .
3.3.
39
--> diag(V,-1)
ans = 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 2 0 0
0 0 3 0
--> A=[-1 2 0 ;2 1 -1 ;2 1 3]
A =
-1 2 0
2 1 -1
2 1 3
--> diag(A) //
ans =
-1
1
3
cat(n, A, B, [C, ...])
, n=1 , n=2 ; [A; B]
[A, B];
3.18. cat
-->
-->
ans
1 2
3 4
-->
ans
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
A=[1 2;3 4]; B=[5 6 ;7 8];

cat(2,A,B)//
=
5 6
7 8
cat(1,A,B) //
=
tril(A[,k]) 1 ,
k- ;
3.19. tril
--> A=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9]
A =
1 2 3
4 5 6
1 , , , .
40
3. Scilab.
7 8 9
-->// ,
--> tril(A)
ans =
1 0 0
4 5 0
7 8 9
--> tril(A,0)// tril(A)
ans =
1 0 0
4 5 0
7 8 9
--> tril(A,1)// ,
--> // ( )
ans =
1 2 0
4 5 6
7 8 9
--> tril(A,-2) )// ,
--> // ( )
ans =
0 0 0
0 0 0
7 0 0
triu(A[,k]) 1 ,
k- ;
3.20. triu
-->
-->
ans
1 2
0 5
0 0
-->
-->
ans
0 0
0 0
0 0
A=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9];

triu(A)//
=
3
6
9
triu(A,2) )// ,
// ( )
=
3
0
0
1 , , , .
3.3.
-->
-->
ans
1 2
4 5
0 8
41
triu(A,-1) )// ,
// ( )
=
3
6
9
sort(X) X; X , ;
3.21. sort
-->b=[2 0 1]; sort(b) //
ans =
2.
1.
0.
-->-sort(-b) //
ans =
0.
1.
2.
-->A=[1 2 0;-1 3 1;4 -2 5];
-->sort(A) //
ans =
5.
2.
0.
4.
1. - 1.
3.
1. - 2.
:
size(V[,fl]) V; V , size(V,1) size(V,r) V,
size(V,2) size(V,c) ;
3.22. size
-->M=[1 2;3 4;5 6;7 8];
-->[n,m]=size(M)
m =
2.
n =
4.
-->size(M,1)
ans =
4.
-->size(M,2)
ans =
2.
42
3. Scilab.
length(X) X; X ,
; X , ;
3.23. length
--> V=[-1 0 3 -2 1 -1 1];//-
--> length(V)//
ans =
7
-->[1 2 3;4 5 6];//
-->length(ans)//
ans =
6.
sum(X[,fl]) X, fl. fl , sum(X) , . fl=r
fl=1, , ,
X. fl= fl=2,
-, X. sum
1 ;
3.24. sum
-->M=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9];
-->Y=sum(M) //
Y = 45.
-->S1=sum(M,1) //
S1 =
12 15 18
-->S2=sum(M,2) //
S2 =
6
15
24
--> V=[-1 0 3 -2 1 -1 1];
--> sum(V) //
ans = 1
-->// .
--> a=[1 2 3];b=[2 0 1];
--> sum(a.*b)
ans = 5
1
~a ~b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + + an bn .
3.3.
43
prod(X[,fl]) X,
sum;
3.25. prod
-->prod(M)
ans = 362880.
-->p1=prod(M,1)
p1 =
28 80 162
-->p2=prod(M,2)
p2 =
6
120
504
--> V=[1,2,3];
--> prod(V) //
ans = 6
max(M[,fl]) M, fl. fl , max(M)
M; fl=r,
M; fl=,
-, M.
[x, nom]=max(M[,fl])
x nom;
3.26. max
-->M=[5 0 3;2 7 1;0 4 9];
-->max(M)
ans =
9.
-->max(M,r)
ans =
5.
7.
9.
-->max(M,c)
ans =
5.
7.
9.
-->[x,nom]=max(M)
nom =
44
3. Scilab.
x
9.
3.
=
3.
min(M[,fl]) M, max;
3.27. min
-->A=[5 10 3 2 7 1 25 4 0];
-->[x,nom]=min(A)
nom =
7.
x =
25.
mean(M[,fl]) M; M
, mean(M,1) mean(M,r)
M, mean(M,2) mean(M,c) ;
3.28. mean
-->mean(M)
ans =
3.4444444
-->mean(M,1)
ans =
2.3333333
-->mean(M,2)
ans =
2.6666667
3.3333333
4.3333333
3.6666667
4.3333333
median(M[,fl]) 1 M,
mean;
3.29. median
-->M=[5 0 3;2 7 1;0 4 9];
-->median(M)
ans = 3.
-->median(M,1)
ans =
1 ,
3.3.
2.
4.
-->median(M,2)
ans =
3.
2.
4.
45
3.
det(M) ;
3.30. det
-->M=[1 0 2;3 2 1;0 3 1];
-->det(M)
ans = 17.
-->Z=[1 2 2;0 1 3;2 4 4];
-->det(Z)
ans = 0.
rank(M[,tol]) M1 tol.
3.31. rank
-->M=[1 0 2;3 2 1;0 3 1];
-->rank(M)
ans = 3.
-->Z=[1 2 2;0 1 3;2 4 4];
-->rank(Z)
ans = 2.
norm(M[,fl]) ;
fl,
fl=2. norm(M) norm(M,2)
2 . 3 norm(M,1).
norm(M,inf) norm(M,fro) 4 5 . V ,
norm(V,1) V. norm(V,2) V6 .
norm(V,inf) ;
1
.
.
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
2
3. Scilab.
46
3.32. norm
-->M=[1 0 2;3 2 1;0 3 1];
-->norm(M,1)
ans = 5.
-->norm(M,2)
ans =
4.5806705
-->norm(M,inf)
ans = 6.
-->norm(M,fro)
ans = 5.3851648
-->X=[5 -3 4 -1 2];
-->norm(X,1)
ans = 15.
-->sum(abs(X))// , norm(X,1)
ans = 15.
-->norm(X,2)
ans = 7.4161985
-->sqrt(sum(X^2)) // , norm(X,2)
ans = 7.4161985
-->norm(X,inf)
ans =
5.
-->max(abs(X))// , norm(X,inf)
ans =
5.
ond(M) 1 ;
3.33. cond
-->A=[5 7 6 5;7 10 8 7;6 8 10 9;5 7 9 10];
-->cond(A)
ans =
2984.0927
3.3.
47
, :
spec(M) 1 M.
3.34. spec
-->M=[3 -2;-4 1]
M =
3. - 2.
- 4. 1.
-->spec(M) //
ans =
- 1.
5.
// - ,
--> Y.
-->[X,Y]=spec(M)
Y =
! - 1.
0 !
!
0
5. !
X =
!
0.4472136 - 0.7071068 !
!
0.8944272
0.7071068 !
inv(A) , 2 A3 ;
3.35. inv
-->// .
-->A=[1 2 3 5;0 1 3 2;4 2 1 1;2 3 0 1];
-->inv(A)
ans =
!
0.0285714 - 0.1428571
0.3428571 - 0.2 !
! - 0.1428571
0.2142857 - 0.2142857
0.5 !
! - 0.2
0.5
0.1
- 0.1 !
!
0.3714286 - 0.3571429 - 0.0428571 - 0.1 !
1 x, ,
Ax = Lx, L , A;
L .
2 ,
, ,
. .. inv(A) .
3 LU-.
48
3. Scilab.
-->// ,
-->// , .
-->inv(A)*A
ans =
1. - 1.110D-16 0. 0.
0.
1.
- 5.551D-17 5.551D-17
0.
0. 1. 1.388D-17
0.
0. 6.939D-17 1.
-->//
-->//( )
-->// .
-->B=[1 2 3;1 4 5;1 6 7];
-->inv(B)
!--error
19
Problem is singular
pinv(A[,tol]) 1 A
tol ( );
3.36. pinv
-->pinv(A)
ans =
0.0285714 - 0.1428571
0.3428571 - 0.2
- 0.1428571
0.2142857 - 0.2142857
0.5
- 0.2
0.5
0.1 - 0.1
0.3714286 - 0.3571429 - 0.0428571 - 0.1
linsolve(A,b) A ~x ~b = 0.
3.37. linsolve
-->//
-->//{x1+2x2-7=0; x1+x2-6=0}.
-->// -
-->// .
-->A=[1 2;1 1];b=[-7;-6];
-->x=linsolve(A,b)
x =
5.
1.
1 pinv(A[,tol])= A**=, **=, *

A* , .
, , tol, .
3.3.
49
-->// A*x+b ,
-->// , , .
-->A*x+b
ans =
1.0D-14 *
- 0.6217249
0.0888178
-->// {x1+x2-1=0; x1+x2-3=0}
-->A=[1 1;1 1]; b=[-1;-3];
-->// :
-->linsolve(A,b)
WARNING:Conflicting linear constraints!
ans =
[]
-->// {3x1-x2-1=0; 6x1-2x2-2=0}.
-->// ,
-->// , SCILAB .
-->A=[3 -1;6 -2];
-->b=[-1;-2];
-->x=linsolve(A,b)
x =
0.3
- 0.1
-->//
-->A*x+b
ans =
1.0D-15 *
- 0.1110223
- 0.2220446
rref(A) A , ;
3.38. rref
--> A=[3 -2 1 5;6 -4 2 7;9 -6 3 12]
A =
3 -2 1 5
6 -4 2 7
9 -6 3 12
--> rref(A)
ans =
1.0000 -0.6667 0.3333 0
0
0 0 1.0000
0
0 0 0
50
3. Scilab.
lu() M1 ;
3.39. lu
-->A=[2 -1 5;3 2 -5;1 1 -2]
A =
2. - 1. 5.
3.
2.
- 5.
1.
1.
- 2.
-->[L,U]=lu(A)
U =
3.
2. - 5.
0. - 2.3333333
8.3333333 !
0.
0.
0.8571429 !
L =
0.6666667 1. 0.
1. 0. 0.
0.3333333
- 0.1428571 1.
-->LU=L*U
LU =
2. - 1. 5.
3.
2.
- 5.
1. 1. - 2.
qr() 2
;
3.40. qr
-->[Q,R]=qr(A)
R =
- 3.7416574 - 1.3363062
0.
- 2.0528726
0.
0.
Q =
- 0.5345225
0.8350668
- 0.8017837 - 0.4523279
0.2672612 - 0.3131501
1.8708287
7.0632734
0.7811335
0.1301889
- 0.3905667
0.9113224
-->Q*R
ans =
1 M = C L U, L U ,
. LU-.
2 M = Q R, Q , R .
QR-.
3.3.
2.
3.
1.
- 1.
2.
1.
51
5.
- 5.
- 2.
svd() 1 nm;
, ,
;
3.41. svd
-->[U,S,V]=svd(A)
V =
- 0.1725618
0.9641403
- 0.3059444
0.1421160
0.9362801
0.2241352
S =
7.8003308
0.
0.
3.6207331
0.
0.
U =
0.5951314
0.8028320
- 0.7449652
0.5678344
- 0.3014060
0.1817273
-->U*S*V
ans =
2. - 1.
5.
3.
2. - 5.
1.
1. - 2.
-->s=svd(A)
s =
7.8003308
3.6207331
0.2124427
- 0.2016333
0.9413825
0.2704496
0.
0.
0.2124427
0.0357682
- 0.3501300
0.9360180
kernel([,tol[,fl]]) 2 , tol
fl . , qr
svd.
1M
= U S VT , U V m m n n , S ,
M
2 X.
AX = 0. X=kernel(A)
X , AX = 0.
52
3. Scilab.
3.42. kernel
-->A=[4 1 -3 -1;2
A =
4.
1. - 3. 2.
3.
1. 1. - 2. - 2.
-->X=kernel(A)
X =
0.3464102
0.5773503
0.4618802
0.5773503
3.4
3 1 -5;1 -2 -2 3]
1.
5.
3.
Scilab , ,
. ,
.
3.43.
-->M=[a b;c d]
M =
a b
c d
-->P=[1 2;3 4]
P =
1 2
3 4
( ) :
3.44.
-->M+P
ans =
a1 b2
c3 d4
-->M
ans =
a c
b d
3.5.
53
, addf(a,b)
mulf(a,b):
3.45. addf mulf
-->addf(M(1,1),P(2,2))
ans =
a+4
-->mulf(M(1,2),P(2,1))
ans =
b*3
3.5
m n :
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = b1 ,
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + + a2n xn = b2 ,
..................................
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + + amn xn = bm
(), xj
, aij , bi (i = 1 . . . m, j = 1 . . . n). m n
: A x = b, x , A , b
.
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
.
3.1.
:
2x1 + x2 5x3 + x4 = 8 ,
x1 3x2 6x4 = 9 ,
2x2 x3 + 2x4 = 5 ,
x1 + 4x2 7x3 + 6x4 = 0 .
. = det A
n n A x = b ,
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ,
: xi = i /, i ,
A i- b. :
54
3. Scilab.
3.46. -
// :
A=[2 1 -5 1;1 -3 0 -6;0 2 -1 2;1 4 -7 6];
b=[8;9;-5;0]; //
A1=A;A1(:,1)=b; //
A2=A;A2(:,2)=b; //
A3=A;A3(:,3)=b; //
A4=A;A4(:,4)=b; //
D=det(A); //
// :
d(1)=det(A1); d(2)=det(A2); d(3)=det(A3); d(4)=det(A4);
x=d/D //
P=A*x-b //
-:
3.47. -
-->exec(C:\scilab-4.1.1\kramer.sce);disp(exec done);
x =
3.
- 4.
- 1.
1.
P = 1.0D-14 *
0.1776357
0.
- 0.0888178
0.1554312
exec done
3.2.
3.1 .
: n n A x = b, , A ,
x = A1 b.
- :
3.48. inv
// :
A=[2 1 -5 1;1 -3 0 -6;0 2 -1 2;1 4 -7 6];b=[8;9;-5;0];
3.5.
55
x=inv(A)*b //
// -:
--> x =
3.
- 4.
- 1.
1.
3.3.
:
2x1 x2 + 5x3 = 0 ,
3x1 + 2x2 5x3 = 1 ,
x1 + x2 2x3 = 4 .
, ,
, .
. , ( , ,
, ) .
( ) ,
n . , n + 1
.
- :
3.49. rref
// :
A=[2 -1 1;3 2 -5;1 3 -2]; b=[0;1;4];
// :
C=rref([A b]);
// :
[n,m]=size(C); //m-
// :
x=C(:,m) //x -
// :
--> x =
0.4642857
1.6785714
0.75
Scilab
. , .
4.1
plot
y = f (x),
Scilab plot.
Scilab ( Scilab ) plot
y = f (x). :
plot(x,y,[xcap,ycap,caption])
x ; y ; xcap, ycap, caption
X, Y .
4.1.
y = sin(cos(x)) plot.
x [2; 2] 0,1.
X. y = sin(cos(x))
X, Y . plot(x,y) X, Y,
plot function y=sin(cos(x)) (. 4.1, . 4.1).
4.1. plot
57
4.1. y = sin(cos(x))
plot
x=-2*%pi:0.1:2*%pi;
y=sin(cos(x));
plot(x,y,X,Y,plot function y=sin(cos(x)));
plot function y=sin(cos(x))
Y
0.9
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0.5
0.3
0.1
-0.1
-0.3
-0.5
-0.7
-0.9
-7
-5
-3
-1
. 4.1. y = sin(cos(x))
plot(y),
y. 4.2
. 4.2 y = f (i).
4.2. y = f (i), j
y
y=[1 2 3 -2 4 5 -1 6 9 11 0 -2 5];
plot(y);
plot .
4.2.
y = sin(cos(x)), z = cos(sin(x)), v = esin(x) ,
t = ecos(x) .
4.
58
12
10
-2
1
11
13
. 4.2. y = f (i)
, x [2; 2] 0,1.
X. x , plot .
.
,

(. 4.3 4.3).
4.3. plot Scilab 3
x=-2*%pi:0.1:2*%pi;
plot([sin(cos(x));cos(sin(x));exp(sin(x));exp(cos(x))]);
. 4.3, plot Scilab 3 . Scilab 4

, .
plot plot(x,y).
4.2.
59
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1.0
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20
40
60
80
100
120
140
. 4.3. Scilab 3
4.2
plot(x,y)
Scilab Graphic (0), y(x)
. plot,
, .
plot :
plot(x1,y1,x2,y2,...xn,yn)
x1, y1 ;
x2, y2 ;
...
xn, yn n- .
4.3.
y = sin( x2 ), z =
cos(x) v = exp(cos(x)).
4.
60
x [-6,28;6,28], 0,02. Y , Z, V .

plot , , ,
. .
plot plot(x,y,x,z,x,v) ( 4.4 . 4.4).
4.4. plot Scilab 4
x=-6.28:0.02:6.28;y=sin(x/2);
z=cos(x);v=exp(cos(x));
plot(x,y,x,z,x,v);
3.0
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1.5
1.0
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8
. 4.4. plot

plot(x,y), plot(x2,y2),
plot(x3,y3), ..., plot(xn,yn) mtlb_hold(on), .
4.4.
y = sin( x2 ), z =
cos(x) v = exp(cos(x)) , mtlb_hold(on).
4.2.
61
, x [-6,28;6,28], 0,02 Y , Z, V .
plot plot(x,y), , .
, plot
, mtlb_hold(on)
( 4.5 . 4.5).
4.5. mtlb_hold(on)
x=-6.28:0.02:6.28;
y=sin(x/2); z=cos(x); v=exp(cos(x));
plot(x,y);
mtlb_hold( on);
plot(x,z);
mtlb_hold( on);
mtlb_hold( on);
plot(x,v);
3.0
2.5
2.0
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1.0
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0.0
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1.0
8
. 4.5. mtlb_hold(on)
, (. 4.3) Scilab ,
.
62
4.3
4.
Scilab 4 ,
. , 4 , 4 ,
.
plotframe:
plotframe(rect, tics [,grid, title, x-leg, y-leg, x, y, w, h])
rect [xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax], x y- ;
tics [nx, mx, ny, my],
X (mx) Y (my), nx ny X Y ;
grid , (%t) (%f). , , [%t,%t];
bound , true tics(2) tics(4).
title , ;
x-leg, y-leg X Y ;
x, y , w , h . x, y, w, h
[0, 1].

plot.
4.5.
y = sin(2x), z = cos(3x), u = cos(sin(2x)), v =
sin(cos(3x)) , .
, x [10 : 10] 0,01. Y , Z, U , V .
rect , . X
x (
), Y y -1 1.
4.3.
63
tics , , , 11 2 ,
5 10 .

plotframe : (%t) (%f), , ,
, .

plotframe plot(x,y) ( 4.6 . 4.6).
4.6. ,
plotframe
x=[-10:0.01:10];
y=sin(2*x); z=cos(3*x); u=cos(sin(2*x)); v=sin(cos(3*x));
rect=[min(x),-1,max(x),1];
tics=[2,11,10,5];
plotframe(rect,tics,[%t,%t],["Function y=sin(2x)",...
"X","Y"], [0,0,0.5,0.5]);
plot(x,y);
plotframe(rect,tics,[%f,%f],["Function y=cos(3x)",...
"X","Y"], [0.5,0,0.5,0.5]);
plot(x,z);
plotframe(rect,tics,[%f,%f],["Function y=cos(sin(2x))",...
X","Y"], [0,0.5,0.5,0.5]);
plot(x,u);
plotframe(rect,tics,[%t,%t],["Function y=sin(cos(3x))",...
"X","Y"], [0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5]);
plot(x,v);
subplot.
, , ,
. :
subplot(m,n,p) subplot(mnp)
,
m n ,
p.
4.
64
. 4.6.
4.6.
y = sin(x), z = cos(x), u = cos(sin(x)), v =
sin(cos(x)), w = exp(sin(x)) r = exp(cos(x)) ,
, subplot.
x [10 : 10] 0,01. Y , Z, U , V , W , R.
C subplot . ,
3, 2 .
subplot ,
( ) , plot(x,y) ( 4.7 . 4.7).
4.7. ,
subplot
x=[-10:0.01:10];
y=sin(x); z=cos(x);
u=cos(sin(x)); v=sin(cos(x));
w=exp(sin(x)); r=exp(cos(x));
subplot(3,2,1);
4.4. plot2d
65
plot(x,y);
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(x,z);
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(x,u);
subplot(3,2,4);
plot(x,v);
subplot(3,2,5);
plot(x,w);
subplot(3,2,6);
plot(x,r);
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10 8
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10
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10
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10 8
10
10
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6
10
0.0
10 8
. 4.7.
4.4
plot2d
,
, plot2d.
:
plot2d([logflag],x,y,[key1=value1,key2=value2,...,keyn=valuen]
logflag ,
(n , l ), nn;
4.
66
x ;
y , ,
y1, y2, ..., yn,
x. x y . x y ,
y
x;
keyi=valuei
key1=value1, key2=value2, ..., keyn=valuen,
. .
, plot2d . , plot.
4.7.
y = sin(x).
, x [2; 2] 0,1.
X. Y ,
plot2d (. 4.8
. 4.8).
4.8. plot2d

x=[-2*%pi:0.1:2*%pi];
plot2d(sin(x));
plot2d,
.
4.8.
y = sin(x), y1 = sin(2x), y2 = sin(3x)
.
X, , [0; 2]
0,1.
plot2d(x,y). Y
,
(. 4.9 . 4.9).
4.5. plot
67
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
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1.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
. 4.8. y = sin(x)
4.9. plot2d
x=[0:0.1:2*%pi];
plot2d(x,[sin(x) sin(2*x) sin(3*x)]);
4.5
plot
,
plot:
plot(x1, y1, s1, x2, y2, s2, ..., xn, yn, sn)
x1, x2, ..., xn ;
y1, y2, ..., yn ;
s1, s2, ..., sn , , , (. . 4.1
4.3), , .
4.
68
1.0
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0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
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1.0
0
. 4.9. y = sin(x), y = sin(2x), y = sin(3x)
4.1. ,
y
m
r
g
b
w
k
4.5. plot
69
4.2. ,
.
o
+
*
s
d
v
^
<
>
p
4.3. ,
:
-.
--
( )
,
,
y = sin( x2 ), z = cos(x) v =
e
. y = sin( x2 ) , z = cos(x)
, , v = exp(cos(x)) , , (. 4.10 . 4.10).
(cos(x))
4.10. , ,
() plot
x=-6.28:0.2:6.28;
y=sin(x/2);
z=cos(x);
v=exp(cos(x));
plot(x,y,--);
mtlb_hold(on);
plot(x,z,k*);
mtlb_hold(on);
plot(x,v,r.--);
4.
70
3.0
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2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
8
. 4.10. plot
,
X Y . Scilab
xgrid(color), color id . , .

,
(. 4.11 . 4.11).
4.11. xgrid
x=-10:0.01:10;
y=sin(cos(x));
z=cos(sin(x));
plot(x,y,r,x,z,b);
xgrid();
, plot,
xtitle:
xtitle(title, xstr, ystr)
title ;
xstr X;
ystr Y .
4.5. plot
71
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0.6
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1.0
10
10
. 4.11. xgrid

Grafic y=f(x) X Y (. 4.12
. 4.12).
4.12.
xtitle
x=-10:0.01:10;
y=sin(cos(x));
z=cos(sin(x));
plot(x,y,r,x,z,b);
xgrid();
xtitle(Grafic y=f(x),X,Y);
,
, , . legend:
legend(leg1, leg2, ..., legn, [pos], [boxed])
leg1 , leg2 , legn n-
;
4.
72
Grafic y=f(x)
1.0
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10
10
. 4.12. xtitle
pos : 1 ( ),
2 , 3 , 4
, 5 ;
boxed , , (
%t) ( %f) .
,
(. 4.13 . 4.13).
4.13. legend
x=-10:0.01:10;
y=sin(cos(x)); z=cos(sin(x));
plot(x,y,r,x,z,b);
xgrid();
xtitle(Grafic y=f(x),X,Y);
legend(sin(cos(x)),cos(sin(x)),3,%f);
4.6. plot2d
73
Grafic y=f(x)
1.0
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sin(cos(x))
cos(sin(x))
1.0
10
10
. 4.13. legend
4.6
plot2d
4.4 ,
plot2d
keyn=valuen.
, plot2d :
plot2d([logflag],x,y,[key1=value1,key2=value2,...,keyn=valuen]
keyn=valuen:
style . .
color, (color("
")) rgb (color(r,g,b)) id ()
.
RGBid Scilab Color_list.
, id- 0..
y = sin(x) y = cos(x), style
(red), id
(0,176,0) (. 4.14).
4.
74
. 4.14.
4.14. style plot2d
x=[-2*%pi:0.1:2*%pi];
y=[sin(x);cos(x)];
plot2d(x,y,style=[color("red"),color(0,176,0)]);
1.0
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0.4
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1.0
8
. 4.14. style plot2d
rect keyn=valuen plot2d

[xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax], .
xmin, ymin ;
xmax ;
ymax .
rect , [-8,-2,8,2] (. 4.15 . 4.15). ,
Y [-1:1] [-2:2], X ,
, Y .
4.6. plot2d
75
4.15. rect plot2d

x=[-2*%pi:0.1:2*%pi];
y=[sin(x);cos(x)];
plot2d(x,y,style=[color("red"),color(0,176,0)],
rect=[-8,-2,8,2]);
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
8
. 4.15. rect plot2d

axesflag keyn=valuen plot2d . :
0 ;
1 , y ( );
3 , y ;
5 , (0,0).
4.9.
y = sin(x) y1 = cos(x), 4
axesflag,
subplot.
4.
76
, subplot
,
(. 4.3).
4 . axesflag=0
, axesflag=1 ,
axesflag=3 , axesflag=5 (. 4.16 . 4.16).
4.16. axesflag
plot2d
x=[-2*%pi:0.1:2*%pi];
y=[sin(x); cos(x)];
subplot(2,2,1)
plot2d(x,y,style=[color("red"),
subplot(2,2,2)
subplot(2,2,3)
subplot(2,2,4)
color("blue")], axesflag=0);
1.0
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. 4.16. axesflag plot2d
4.6. plot2d
77
,
, Scilab nax.
axesflag=1 ( ), : [nx, Nx,
ny, Ny].
Nx (Ny) c X (Y );
nx (ny) .
4.10.
y = sin(x) y1 = cos(x).
.
X, , x [-8:8]
0,1,
: y=[sin(x); cos(x)].
plot2d y = sin(x) y1 =
cos(x), nax=[4,9,3,6]. ,
X 9 (),
4 , Y 6 3 (. 4.17
. 4.17).
1.0
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.6
1.0
8
. 4.17. nax plot2d
4.
78
4.17.
nax
plot2d
x=[-8:0.1:8];
y=[sin(x); cos(x)];
plot2d(x,y,style=[color("red"),color("blue")],axesflag=1,...
nax=[4,9,3,6]);
leg keyn=valuen plot2d , :
"leg1@leg2@leg3@...@legn"
leg1 ,
..., legn n- .
.
y = sin(x) y1 = cos(x) X Y (0,0)
axesflag=5,
(. 4.18 . 4.18).
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
sin(x)
cos(x)
. 4.18. leg plot2d
4.7.
79
4.18. leg
plot2d
x=[-2*%pi:0.1:2*%pi];
y=[sin(x); cos(x)];
plot2d(x,y,axesflag=5, leg="sin(x)@cos(x)");
4.7
plot2d .
:
plot2d(x,y,d)
d , (. . 4.4).
4.4. ,
-0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
,

,
4.11.
y = sin(x) ,
.
x, X Y .
plot2d -8,
, (. 4.19
. 4.19).
4.
80
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0.0
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0.4
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0.8
1.0
8
. 4.19. y = sin(x)
4.19. Scilab
x=[-2*%pi:0.25:2*%pi];
y=sin(x);
plot2d(x,y,-8);
4.8
Scilab
plot2d2(x,y).
plot2d. , X Y
, , X Y
.
4.12.

1947 2006 , . . , 1947, 1958, 1970, 1980, 1999 2006
.
X Y plot2d2(x,y)
(. 4.20 . 4.20).
4.9.
81
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
. 4.20.
plot2d2
4.20. Scilab
x=[1947 1958 1970 1980 1999 2006];
y=[2.003 3.1 3.6 4.7 5.2 5.4];
plot2d2(x,y);
4.9
O
, ,
O, OX .
M = OM ( ), ,
XOM ( ).
Scilab ,
polarplot:
polarplot(fi,ro,[key1=value1,key2=value2,...,keyn=valuen]),
fi ;
ro ;
4.
82
keyn=valuen ( . 4.4).
4.13.
= 3 cos(5) 1 = 3 cos(3).
,
fi, ro.
polarplot,
ro ,
ro1 (c. 4.21, . 4.21).
4.21.
fi=0:0.01:2*%pi;
ro=3*cos(5*fi);ro1=3*cos(3*fi);
polarplot(fi,ro,style=color("red"));
polarplot(fi,ro1,style=color("blue"));
90
3
120
60
2.4
1.8
150
30
1.2
0.6
180
210
330
240
300
270
. 4.21. = 3 cos(5), 1 = 3 cos(3)
4.10. ,
4.10
83
y(x) x = f (t) y = g(t)

, t .
, ,
t, x = f (t), y = g(t) y(x), plot(x,y) plot2d(x,y).
4.14.
.
, , :
x2 (a + x) = y 2 (a x)
t:
(t2 1)
X(t) = 2
(t + 1)
t (t2 1)
Y (t) =
(t2 + 1)
(4.1)
(4.2)
t, x y plot(x,y)
(. 4.22, . 4.22).
t=-5:0.01:5;
x=(t.^2-1)./(t.^2+1);
y=t.*(t.^2-1)./(t.^2+1);
plot(x,y);
4.22. plot
4.15.
.
, :
y m = A + Bx + Cx2 + . . . + N xn
:
x(t) = 0.5t2
y(t) = 0.3t3
(4.3)
(4.4)
4.
84
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
1.0
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. 4.22.
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.0
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1.0
1.5
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3.5
4.0
. 4.23.
4.5
4.11.
85
, t- , x y
.
plot2d(x,y) (. 4.23, . 4.23).
4.23. plot2d
t=-3:0.01:3;
x=0.5*t.^2;
y=0.3*t.^3;
plot2d(x,y);
4.11
Scilab , , .
Edit Figure properties .
y1 = sin(2x) y2 = sin(3x) [0; 2] 0,1. x plot2d (. 4.24, . 4.24).
1.0
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0.2
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0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
. 4.24. y1 = sin(2x) y2 = sin(3x)
4.
86
4.24. y1 =
y2 = sin(3x) plot2d
sin(2x)
x=[0:0.1:2*%pi];
plot2d(x,[sin(2*x) sin(3*x)]);
Edit Figure properties

Figure Editor (. . 4.25).
. 4.25. Figure Editor
Object Browser , . Figure(1) ( ) , Object Properties

, .
Object Browser :
Figure ( ) Axes ().
, .
4.11.
87
. 4.26. Object Browser
Axes ( ),
Compound(1) () . Compound(1)
y1 = sin(2x) y2 =
sin(3x) Polyline(2) Polyline(1) (. . 4.26).
4.11.1
Figure ( )
, Figure o ,
. Figure(1) Object Browser .
. 4.26 Style Figure Editor
Figure(1). :
Visibility ( ) , on o. on .
88
4.
Figure name ( ) , . Scilab Graphic (%d), %d

(Figure id). Figure id
0, 1, 2 . .
. , Scilab Graphic (%d) Grac y=f(x)
Enter. (. . 4.27).
. 4.27.
X position, Y position
.
[0;0] .
X size, Y size .
X axis size, Y axis size X Y .
Back. color ( )
(RGB-id). 35 ( -2 32 ).
4.11.
89
. 4.28. Figure Editor
15.
(. . 4.28).
Colormap
(. . 4.29).
(RED), (GREEN )
(BLUE) , , . , [0 0 0] ,
[0.230 0.230 0.250] , [0.85 0.107 0.47] .
Colormap (Nx3 double array) RGB-id .
RGBid Scilab Color_list.
, id- 0..
Mode Object Properties Figure
(. . 4.30) :
Auto resize , .
( on ),
, ,
, .
(. . 4.31).
90
4.
. 4.29. Colormap Figure Editor
. 4.30. Mode Figure Editor
4.11.
91
. 4.31. Auto resize
Pixmap . (
) .
( on)

show_pixmap(). , Pixmap .
Pixel drawing mode ,
. copy.
. ,
. : clear, and, andReverse, andInverted,
noop, xor, or, nor, equiv, invert, orReverse, copyInverted,
orInverted, nand, set.
invert Pixel drawing mode
. 4.32.
4.
92
. 4.32. invert Pixel drawing mode Mode
Rotation style . unary , multiple .
4.11.2
Axes ( )
Axes ( )
Object Browser . Object Properties .
X, Y Z , , X, Y Z.
X (. . 4.33).
X : Label Options (C ) Axis Options ( ). Label Options
:
4.11.
93
. 4.33. X Axes
Label ;
Visibility , on o.
( on).
Fill mode , on
o ( ). , , on.
Auto position .
on ,
. , Position [x, y].
Auto position o.
Auto Rotation . ( o).
94
4.
Font angle . : 0, 90, 180 270 ,

(. . 4.33).
Fore/Back colors
, . 35 . . 4.6.
Font size , 0 6.
1.
Font style .
Helvetica ().
Axis Options :
Location . X : bottom , top , middle ;
Y : left , right , middle .
Grid color , .
-1 , 0 , 32 . , X Y ,
Grid color X, Y.
Data bounds . , ,
.
Scale . : lin () log (). Ticks () Edit Axes Ticks.
. 4.34.
:
Visibility , on
o.
( on).
Auto ticks ,
( on). , ,
Steb by Enter. Auto ticks o.
4.11.
95
. 4.34. Edit Axes Ticks
Sub ticks . , .
, .
Edit Axes Ticks ( Sub ticks). Locations ,
Labels .
Insert,
Delete, Apply, Quit. Insert ( ) . . Delete
, , . Apply , Quit
Edit Axes Ticks.
96
4.
. 4.35. Title Axes Editor
X Reverse. on, Y .
Y,
X.
Title Axes Editor
. Label
Options, Label Options X, Y Z (. . 4.35).
X, Y, Title Axes Editor.
y1 = sin(2x) y2 =
sin(3x) [0; 2] 0,1.
X os absciss Y os ordinat, Helvetica Bold 3.
Grid Color 1.
X middle, Y
Reverse. Grafic y=f(x),
4.11.
97
. 4.36. X, Y, Title
Helvetica Bold, 4. ,
( 7).
, . 4.36.
Style Axes Editor (. . 4.37)

:
Visibility , on (
) o. o .
Font style . Helvetica.
Font color ,
. -1 .
Font size , 0
6. 1.
98
4.
. 4.37. Style Axes Editor
Fore. color , . -1
.
Back. color ,
. -2 .
Thickness , 1 30.
1.
Line style . 6 : solid
, .
Style.
Helvetica Bold, 2, ( Back. color 12) 2.
4.11.
99
. 4.38. Style
, . 4.38.
Aspect Axes Editor (. . 4.39)
:
Auto clear on,
. ( ),
Auto
scale.
Auto scale . on ( )
, ,
, . Auto scale
, , .
4.
100
. 4.39. Aspect Axes Editor
Auto scale. y = sin(x) y1 = cos(x)

(2; 2), y2 = sin(3x) (0; 2).
, .
Auto scale , , (. 4.25, . 4.40).
4.25. Auto scale
x=[-2*%pi:0.1:2*%pi];
y=[sin(x); cos(x)];
plot2d(x,y);
x=[0:0.1:2*%pi];
plot2d(sin(3*x));
4.11.
101
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
. 4.40. Auto scale
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
8
. 4.41. Auto scale
4.
102
, Auto scale, . (. 4.26, . 4.41).

4.26. Auto scale
x=[-2*%pi:0.1:2*%pi];
y=[sin(x); cos(x)];
plot2d(x,y);
// Auto scale
x=[0:0.1:2*%pi];
plot2d(sin(3*x));
Boxed Aspect Axes Editor
, ( on
) ( o).
Isoview ,
. o.
Tight limits , , Data bounds
X, Y Z. o ( ) ,
.
Cube scaling . on ,
1. 3D- , .
o.
lip state () . : o , ; clipgrf ( ) , ; on , ,
lip box.
lip box ,
. X Y (upper-left point coordinates),
W H.
4.11.
103
Margins : Left ( ), Right (), Top (),

Bottom (). [0 : 1].
0.125.
Axes bounds ,
. Left Up ,
Width Height .
[0 : 1].
[0 0 1 1].
View Point Axes Editor
(. . 4.42) ,
. (Rotation angles) 0 270.
. 4.42. View Point Axes Editor
104
4.11.3
4.
Polyline ( )

Polyline Object Browser Polyline Editor. Object Properties
: Style, Data, Clipping.
Style Polyline Editor (. . 4.43)
:
. 4.43. Style Polyline Editor
Visibility , on (
) o. o
.
Fill mode , on
o ( ). , , , on.
4.11.
105
Closed , .
Polyline style . : interpolated ; staircase ; barplot ; arrowed , , Arrow
size; lled ; bar , (. . 4.44).
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
. 4.44. y = sin(3x).
bar
Line . 6 : solid ,
. : 1 30.
Foreground Background ,
, ,
Fill mode on.
. 4.45 y = sin(3x)
Foreground 1, Background 6, Fill mode Closed.
Interp color vector , .
Mark mode , ( on). .
106
4.
. 4.45. Foreground, Background Closed
Mark style : dot ;

plus ; cross ; star , ; lled diamond ; diamond ; triangle up
; triangle down ;
diamond plus , ; circle ; asterisk ; square ; triangle right ; triangle
left ; pentagram .
Mark size
0 30pt.
Mark foreground , .
. 4.46 y = sin(3x)
lled diamond, 1, Mark
foreground 5.
Data Polyline Editor , . Data eld
, 2 Double,
63 [63x2 double array] (. . 4.47).
Edit data
.
4.11.
. 4.46. y = sin(3x)
. 4.47. Data Polyline Editor
107
108
4.
. 4.48. Clipping Polyline Editor
Clipping () Polyline Editor

Clip box (), (. . 4.48).
, X Y x, y , W, H . Clip state
: o ,
; clipgrf ( )
, ; on , , lip box.
5
Scilab
Scilab . ,
.
Z(x, y)
:
1. .
, xi yj ,
xn x0
, i = 0, 1, . . . , n ,
xi = x0 + ih, h =
n
yk y0
yj = y0 + jh, h =
, j = 0, 1, . . . , k .
k
2. zij = f (xi , yj ) .
3. .
5.1
plot3d plot3d1
Scilab plot3d
plot3d1. , plot3d
, plot3d1 , , (. . I).
:
plot3d(x,y,z,[theta,alpha,leg,flag,ebox][keyn=valuen]),
plot3d1(x,y,z,[theta,alpha,leg,flag,ebox][keyn=valuen]),
5. Scilab
110
x - ;
y - ;
z ;
theta, alpha , . , ,
;
leg , @. , X@Y@Z.
flag , : [mode,type,box].
mode (. . 5.1).
2 , .
5.1. mode
>0
0
<0
mode,
, (
)
mode,
type (. . 5.2), 2;
5.2. type
0
1
2
ebox

box
(. . 5.3). 4.
5.1. plot3d plot3d1
111
5.3. box
01
2
3
4

,

,
ebox , ,
[xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, zmin, zmax].
type=1.
keyn=valuen
, , ,
. (. 4.6).
, plot3d (plot3d1)
.
5.1.
Z = sin(t) cos(t).
t. Z.
, plot3d X Y , , t,
sin, cos t (. 5.1, . 5.1).
5.1. Z = sin(t) cos(t) plot3d
t=[0:0.3:2*%pi];
Z=sin(t)*cos(t);
plot3d(t,t,Z);
. ,
.
5.2.
Z = 5y 2 x2 .
112
5. Scilab
. 5.1. Z = sin(t) cos(t)

X Y .
Z(xi , yj ),
for. i ,
X, j , X Y .
, Z Y ( )
X. X . .
, length X (Y )
(. 2).
, plot3d1 (. 5.2, . II).
5.2.
Z = 5y 2 x2 length plot3d
x=[-2:0.1:2];
y=[-3:0.1:3];
for i=1:length(x)
for j=1:length(y)
z(i,j)=5*y(j)^2-x(i)^2;
end
end
5.1. plot3d plot3d1
113
plot3d1(x,y,z,-125,51);
colorbar(-3,3)
, plot3d , ,
. Scilab , genfac3d eval3dp.
genfac3d:
[xx,yy,zz]=genfac3d(x,y,z)
xx, yy, zz (4, n 1 m 1),
xx(:,i), yy(:,i) zz(:,i) ;
x x- m;
y y- n;
z (m, n) Z(xi , yj ).
5.3.
Z = sin(t) cos(t).
t Z = sin(t)
cos(t). genfac3d (. 5.3).
5.3.
genfac3d plot3d
t=[0:0.3:2*%pi];
z=sin(t)*cos(t);
[xx,yy,zz]=genfac3d(t,t,z);
plot3d(xx,yy,zz);
plot3d (. . 5.1).
genfac3d , -
plot3d, . eval3dp:
[Xf,Yf,Zf]=eval3dp(fun,p1,p2)
Xf,Yf,Zf (4, n 1 m 1), xx(:,i),
yy(:,i) zz(:,i) ;
fun , , ;
5. Scilab
114
p1 m;
p2 n.
eval3dp .
5.4.
, : x = p1 sin(p1 )
cos(p2 ), y = p1 cos(p1 ) cos(p2 ), z = p1 sin(p2 ).
, p1 p2 . scp, .
, Scilab deff:
deff([s1,s2,...]=newfunction(e1,e2,...)
s1,s2,... , .. ,
;
newfunction , ;
e1,e2,... .
, deff
(. 5.4).
5.4.
eval3dp plot3d
p1=linspace(0,2*%pi,10);
p2=linspace(0,2*%pi,10);
deff("[x,y,z]=scp(p1,p2)",["x=p1.*sin(p1).*cos(p2)";
"y=p1.*cos(p1).*cos(p2)";
"z=p1.*sin(p2)"]);
[Xf,Yf,Zf]=eval3dp(scp,p1,p2);
plot3d(Xf,Yf,Zf);
eval3dp , plot3d (. . III).
Scilab . Matlab, , , plot3d.
5.2. meshgrid, surf mesh
5.2
115
meshgrid, surf mesh
Scilab 4.0
meshgrid. :
[X, Y [Z]] = meshgrid(x, y [z])
(x, y [z]) 2 (3) X, Y (Z),
;
[X, Y [Z]] 2 3 .
surf mesh. , plot3d plot3d1,
surf , ,
, mesh .
, mesh surf
olor mode= olor
flag=0.
:
surf([X,Y],Z,[color,keyn=valuen])
mesh([X,Y],Z,[color,])
X,Y , ;
Z ;
color , ;
keyn=valuen
(. 4.6).
, ,
meshgrid, X,Y .
surf surf(z).
5.5.
Z = 5y 2 x2 mesh.
C meshgrid . 2 : 2
, X, 3 : 3 Y .
Z
mesh (. 5.5, . 5.2).
5. Scilab
116
5.5.
meshgrid mesh
[x y]=meshgrid(-2:2,-3:3);
z=5*y.^2-x.^2;
mesh(x,y,z);
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
3
2
1
0
1
Y
2
3
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
. 5.2. Z = 5y 2 x2 , mesh
5.2, , 1, ,
. meshgrid.
5.6.
Z = 5y 2 x2 surf.
meshgrid , ,
0,1
. , ,
.
Z surf (. 5.6, . IV).
5.2. meshgrid, surf mesh
117
5.6.
meshgrid surf
[x y]=meshgrid(-2:0.1:2,-3:0.1:3);
z=5*y.^2-x.^2;
surf(x,y,z)
, Z = 5y 2 x2 plot3d1
surf (. . II . IV). .
surf
Cube scaling (. . 5.3). , surf
, plot3d (. . V).
. 5.3. Cube scaling Axes Editor

Scilab , , ,
mtlb_hold(on),
surf mesh.
118
5. Scilab
5.7.

z(x, y) = (3x2 + 4y 2 ) 1 ,
z1 (x, y) = (3x2 + 4y 2 ) 1 .
meshgrid.
z(x, y) = (3x2 +4y 2 )1 z1 (x, y) = (3x2 +4y 2 )1.
.
Z = +(3x2 +4y 2 )1 surf,
, .
mtlb_hold(on),
, mesh Z1 =
(3x2 +4y 2 )1 Z = +(3x2 +4y 2 )1,
, (. 5.7,
. VI).
5.7. mtlb_hold(on)
[x y]=meshgrid(-2:0.2:2,-2:0.2:2);
z=3*x.^2+4*y.^2-1;
z1=-3*x.^2-4*y.^2-1;
surf(x,y,z);
mtlb_hold(on);
mesh(x,y,z1);
5.3
plot3d2 plot3d3
plot3d2 plot3d3 plot3d,

:
plot3d2(x,y,z,[theta,alpha,leg,flag,ebox][keyn=valuen]),
plot3d3(x,y,z,[theta,alpha,leg,flag,ebox][keyn=valuen])
,
. . . plot3d , plot3d2 (plot3d3)
.
plot3d2 plot3d3
plot3d plot3d1, surf mesh. Plot3d2 ,
, .
5.3. plot3d2 plot3d3
119
Plot3d , (. .
)
5.8.

x(u, v) = cos(u) cos(v) ,

y(u, v) = cos(u) sin(v) ,
z(u, v) = sin(u)
plot3d2.
, x(u, v),
y(u, v) z(u, v) X, Y Z . u v .
x, y z :
1. x, y z f (u) g(v),
X, Y Z
f (u) g(v).
2. x, y z f (u) g(v),
X, Y Z f (u) ones(size(v)) g(v)
ones(size(u)) .
, linspace , . ,
u=linspace(-%pi/2,%pi/2,40) , u [2; 2]. 40 ,
40 , 100 (. 5.8).
5.8. plot3d2
u = linspace(-%pi/2,%pi/2,40);
v = linspace(0,2*%pi,20);
X = cos(u)*cos(v);
Y = cos(u)*sin(v);
Z = sin(u)*ones(v);
plot3d2(X,Y,Z);
plot3d2 . 5.4.
, plot3d.
5. Scilab
120
. 5.4. , plot3d2
5.9.


z(u, v) = sin(u)
plot3d.
u v, x, y, z, (. 5.9).
plot3d. (. . VII).
5.9. plot3d
X = cos(u)*cos(v);
Y = cos(u)*sin(v);
Z = sin(u)*ones(v);
plot3d(X,Y,Z);
plot3d3 .
5.3. plot3d2 plot3d3

5.10.

121

z(u, v) = sin(u)
plot3d3.
u v, , u 40 20
.
x, y, z
plot3d3 (. 5.10). ,
(. . 5.5).
5.10. plot3d3
X = cos(u)*cos(v);
Y = cos(u)*sin(v);
Z = sin(u)*ones(v);
plot3d3(X,Y,Z);
. 5.5. , plot3d3
122
5.4
5. Scilab
param3d param3d1
Scilab
param3d:
param3d(x,y,z,[theta,alpha,leg,flag,ebox]).
param3d .
5.11.
, :
y = sin(t) ,
y1 = cos(t) ,
y2 = t .
7
, t.
param3d,
y, y1 y2 , ,
45 35 (. 5.11, . 5.6).
5.11. , , param3d
t=[0:0.1:10*%pi];
param3d(sin(t),cos(t),t/7,45,35);
5.12.
, :
x = t sin(t) ;
y = t cos(t) ;
t |t|
.
z=
(50 )
t, X, Y Z .
param3d, 45 60 . (. 5.12, . 5.7).
5.4. param3d param3d1
123
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
Z
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.0
. 5.6. , param3d
5.12. , , param3d
t=-50*%pi:0.1:50*%pi;
x=t.*sin(t);
y=t.*cos(t);
z=t.*abs(t)/(50*%pi);
param3d(x,y,z,45,60);
Scilab param3d1.
:
param3d1(x,y,list(z,colors),[theta,alpha,leg,flag,ebox])

list(z,colors), Z- , .
.
5. Scilab
124
200
150
100
50
0
50
100
150
200
200
200
100
100
0
0
100
100
200
200
. 5.7. , param3d
5.13.
, :
x = sin(t) ;
x = cos(t) ;
y = sin(2t) ;
y = cos(2t) ;
z = t/10 .
z = sin(t) .
t.

param3d1. X Y , .
list Z- (9), (5). 35 45 . X@Y@Z
(. 5.13, . VIII).
5.13. list param3d
t=[0:0.1:5*%pi];
param3d1([sin(t),sin(2*t)],[cos(t),cos(2*t)],...
list([t/10,sin(t)],[9,5]),35,45,"X@Y@Z");
5.5. contour
125
5.4. mode
0
1
2
5.5
Z(x, y)
,
Z = zlev

contour
Scilab, , . , X,
Y - ,
Z- .
.
Scilab contour.
:
contour(x,y,z,nz[theta,alpha,leg,flag,ebox,zlev])
x, y ;
z , Z(x, y);
nz , . nz
,
Z(x, y) nz .
nz ,
;
theta, alpha , . ,
, ;
leg , @. , X@Y@Z.
flag , : [mode,type,box].
mode
(. . 5.4).
126
5. Scilab
type (. . 5.2), 2;
box
(. . 5.3). 4;
ebox , ,
[xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,zmin,zmax]. type=1;
zlev , ( ) . , ,
.
, contour Z(x, y) , .
, Scilab deff:
deff([s1,s2,...]=newfunction(e1,e2,...)
s1,s2,... , .. ,
;
newfunction , ;
e1,e2,... .
- :
function <lhs_arguments>=<function_name><rhs_arguments>
<_>
endfunction
lhs_arguments ;
function_name ;
rhs_arguments .
5.14.
Z = x sin(x)2 cos(y).
5.5. contour
127
t .
function my_surface x, y
z. ,
.
contour (. 5.14,
. IX).
5.14. Z = x sin(x)2 cos(y)
contour
t=linspace(-%pi,%pi,30);
function z=my_surface(x,y)
z=x*sin(x)^2*cos(y)
endfunction
contour(t,t,my_surface,10);
, contour . , .
.
5.15.
Z = sin(x) cos(y) .
, t .
Surf, deff.
rect
, ,
.
, Z(x, y)
plot3d For,
zij = f (xi , yj ). ,
feval.
plot3d Z = sin(x)
cos(y), , .
flag [2,1,4]: 2 , 1 ( rect,
), 4 .
, contour, , , 10 flag [1,1,4]: 1 , ,
(Z = sin(x) cos(y)), 1
128
5. Scilab
( rect, ), 4 . 5
5 .
xtitle (. 5.15,
. X).
5.15. Z = sin(x) cos(y) (
plot3d) ( contour)
rect
t=%pi*(-10:10)/10;
deff([z]=Surf(x,y),z=sin(x)*cos(y));
rect=[-%pi,%pi,-%pi,%pi,-5,1];
z=feval(t,t,Surf);
plot3d(t,t,z,35,45,X@Y@Z,[2,1,4],rect);
contour(t,t,z,10,35,45,X@Y@Z,[1,1,4],rect, -5);
xtitle(plot3d and contour);

. .
5.16.
Z = sin(x) cos(y) .
, t, Surf, rect,
Z = sin(x) cos(y), feval.
,
( 75 45)
( mode flag 19
).
contour location 5 mode
flag 0
Z = sin(x) cos(y).
xtitle (. 5.16, . XI).
5.16.
t=%pi*(-10:10)/10; deff([z]=Surf(x,y),z=sin(x)*cos(y));
rect=[-%pi,%pi,-%pi,%pi,-1,1];
z=feval(t,t,Surf);
5.6. contourf
129
plot3d(t,t,z,35,45,X@Y@Z,[-19,1,4],rect);
contour(t,t,z+0.1,10,35,45,X@Y@Z,[0,1,4],rect); ...
xtitle(plot3d and contour);
5.6
contourf
Scilab contourf, ,
, .
:
contourf (x,y,z,nz,[style,strf,leg,rect,nax])
x, y ;
z , Z(x, y);
nz , . nz
,
Z(x, y) nz .
nz ,
;
style , nz
;
strf , sa. (Captions) (. . 5.5); s (Scaling)
(. . 5.6); a (Axes)
(. . 5.7).
leg , , @. .
rect [xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax], x y ;
5.5. (Captions) strf
0
1

, leg
5. Scilab
130
5.6. s (Scaling) strf
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

rect

,
rect
,
,
rect
,
5.7. a (Axes) strf
0
1
2
3
4
5

, Y

, Y

,
(0; 0).
nax [nx, Nx, ny, Ny],

. Nx
(Ny) c X (Y ); nx (ny)
.
5.17.
Z = sin(x) cos(y)
contourf.
t ,
deff surf.
Z = sin(x) cos(y), plot3d1, , contourf, . -
5.7. hist3d
131
subplot,
.
feval, Z = sin(x) cos(y)
plot3d1, 80 15,
, xtitle, plot3d1.
contourf. X, Y Z, (10), 10 : 20 ,
, strf="121" (1
; 2 ; 1 ,
Y ).
, . . Scilab
colorbar (n, m), n ,m .
contourf
xtitle (. 5.17, . XII).
5.17. Z = sin(x) cos(y) (
plot3d) (
contourf)
t=-%pi:0.2:%pi;
deff([z]=Surf(x,y),z=sin(x)*cos(y));
subplot(121);
z=feval(t,t,Surf);
plot3d1(t,t,z,80,15);
xtitle(plot3d1);
subplot(122);
contourf(t,t,z,10,10:20,strf="121");
colorbar(-%pi,%pi);
xtitle(contourf,X,Y);
5.7
hist3d
Scilab
hist3d:
hist3d(f,[theta,alpha,leg,flag,ebox])
f (m : n), f (i, j) = F (x(i), y(j)).
theta,alpha,leg,flag,ebox ,
plot3d.
5. Scilab
132
5.18.
.
rand.
, (m,n),
rand(m,n) (. 5.18).
5.18.
hist3d
hist3d(9.7*rand(10,10),20,35);
. 5.8.
10
8
0
1
6
2
4
3
4
2
5
0
6
0
7
2
5
Y
9
7
10
10
. 5.8. , hist3d
5.8

Scilab
Scilab.
, .
5.19.
Z = sin(t) cos(t), ,
|Z| > 0.5.
5.8. Scilab
133
t, Z =
sin(t) cos(t) Z.
Z1 find Z, 0,5.
%inf. , z(z1)=%inf*z1
, %inf*z1 Z,
Z1 , .

, Z, , , , plot3d1
. ,
Z = sin(t) cos(t) (. 5.19, . XIII).
5.19.
t=linspace(-%pi,%pi,40);
z=sin(t)*cos(t);
z1=find(abs(z)>0.5);
z(z1)=%inf*z1;
plot3d1(t,t,z);
, Z
, Z
0.5 0.5.
: ,
.
5.20.
.
, deff sph, X, Y , Z. ,
sph (. 5.20):
deff([x,y,z]=sph(alp,tet),[x=r*cos(alp).*cos(tet)+...
orig(1)*ones(tet);
y=r*cos(alp).*sin(tet)+orig(2)*ones(tet);
z=r*sin(alp)+orig(3)*ones(tet)]);
r, - orig, x y.
, %inf, x (5 : 8) (30 : 35).
134
5. Scilab
,
, , (. . XIV). , , ,
.
eval3dp plot3d1,

35 15.
5.20.
deff([x,y,z]=sph(alp,tet),[x=r*cos(alp).*cos(tet)+orig(1)*...
ones(tet);
y=r*cos(alp).*sin(tet)+orig(2)*ones(tet);
z=r*sin(alp)+orig(3)*ones(tet)]);
r=1;orig=[0 0 0];
x=linspace(-%pi/2,%pi/2,40);
y=linspace(0,%pi*2,20);
x(5:8)=%inf*ones(5:8);
x(30:35)=%inf*ones(30:35);
[x1,y1,z1]=eval3dp(sph,x,y);
plot3d1(x1,y1,z1,35,15);
plot3d2. .
5.21.
.
:
(v)
;
x = cos(u) u 1 + cos
u
y = sin(v) ;
2
(v)
.
z = (sin(u) u) 1 + cos
2
u, v.
x, y, z (. 5.21). plot3d2, ,
. XV.
5.21.
u = linspace(0,2*%pi,40);
5.8. Scilab
135
x= (cos(u).*u)*(1+cos(v)/2);
y= (u/2)*sin(v);
z= (sin(u).*u)*(1+cos(v)/2);
plot3d2(x,y,z);
5.22.
plot3d2.
.
, .
:
u
v
x(u,
v)
=
1
+
cos(u) ,
cos
u2
v
y(u, v) = 1 + cos
sin(u) ,
2 2
v
u
z(u, v) = sin
.
2
2
u [0; 2], v [1; 1].

1, 1, xy (0, 0, 0). u ,
v .
5.22 ,
. 5.25.
5.22.
plot3d2
t=linspace(-1,1,20);
x=linspace(0,%pi,40);
factor=2+t*cos(x);
X=factor*diag(cos(2*x));
Y=factor*diag(sin(2*x));
Z=t*sin(x);
plot3d2(X,Y,Z);
5.23.
plot3d2.
,
,
. :
x(u, v) = (R + r cos(u) cos(v)) ,

y(u, v) = (R + r cos(u) sin(v)) ,
z(u, v) = r sin(u) ,
136
5. Scilab
u, v [0; 2], R
, r .
5.23 , . 5.26.
5.23. plot3d2
x=linspace(0,2*%pi,40);
y=linspace(0,2*%pi,20);
fact=1.5+cos(y)*(cos(x)/2+0.6);
X=fact*diag(cos(x));
Y=fact*diag(sin(x));
Z=sin(y)*(cos(x)/2+0.6);
plot3d2(X,Y,Z,);
. 5.9.
5.24.
plot3d2.
5.24 plot3d2, . 5.27.
5.8. Scilab
5.24.
plot3d2
x=linspace(0,2*%pi,40);
y=linspace(0,2*%pi,20);
factor=1.5+cos(y);
X=factor*cos(x);
Y=factor*sin(x);
Z=sin(y)*ones(x)+ ones(y)*cos(2*x);
plot3d2(X,Y,Z);
. 5.10.
137
6

SCILAB
,
. , Scilab
.
6.1
P (x) = 0, P (x) , ,
.
x a0 xn +a1 xn1 + +an1 x+an =
0, a0 6= 0, n > 1 ai n .
, ,
, .
Scilab . P (x) poly, ,
roots.
, Scilab
poly(a, "x ["fl"]),
a , x , fl , . fl roots
coeff ( r c). fl=c, , a. fl=r,
6.1.
139
a , . fl=r.
p, , f 3.
6.1.
-->p=poly(3,x,r);
-->f=poly(3,x,c);
-->p
p =
- 3 + x
-->f
f =
3
.
6.2. poly
-->// 1, 0 2
-->poly([1 0 2],x)
ans =
2
3
2x - 3x + x
-->// 1, 0 2
-->poly([1 0 2],x,c)
ans =
2
1 + 2x
:
6.3.
-->p1=poly([-1 2],x,c)
p1 =
- 1 + 2x
-->p2=poly([3 -7 2],x,c)
p2 =
2
3 - 7x + 2x
-->p1+p2 //
ans =
2
2 - 5x + 2x
6. SCILAB
140
-->p1-p2 //
ans =
2
4 + 9x - 2x
-->p1*p2 //
ans =
2
3
- 3 + 13x - 16x + 4x
-->p1/p2 //
ans =
1
----- 3 + x
-->p1^2 //
ans =
2
1 - 4x + 4x
-->p2^(-1) //
ans =
1
----------2
3 - 7x + 2x
roots(p)
. p ,
poly
P (x) = 0.
.
6.1.
2x4 8x3 + 8x2 1 = 0.
p. poly, V . , x ,
, :
6.1.
141
6.4.
-->V=[-1 0 8 -8 2];
-->p=poly(V,x,c)
p =
2
3
4
1 + 8x - 8x + 2x
:
6.5. roots
-->X=roots(p)
X =
!
0.4588039
! - 0.3065630
!
1.5411961
!
2.306563
!
!
!
!
1 , . 6.1, ,
.
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
. 6.1. 6.1
6.2.
x3 + 0.4x2 + 0.6x 1 = 0.
,
:
1 f (x) = 0 f (x)
.
6. SCILAB
142
6.6. 6.2
-->roots(poly([-1 0.6 0.4 1],x,c))
ans =
!
0.7153636
!
! - 0.5576818 + 1.0425361i !
! - 0.5576818 - 1.0425361i !
, (. 6.2)
.
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
. 6.2. 6.2
6.3.
y(x) = 0, y(x) = x4 18x2 + 6.
6.7 .
. 6.3.
6.7. 6.3
-->x=poly(0,x);
-->y=x^4-18*x^2+.6;
-->roots(y)
ans =
!
0.1827438 !
! - 0.1827438 !
! - 4.2387032 !
!
4.2387032 !
6.2.
143
200
150
100
50
0
6
50
100
. 6.3. 6.3
6.2
f (x) = 0, , .
, . f (x) = 0
.
.
.
, .. , .
, , f (x) 1 . ,
, , .
Scilab
fsolve(x0,f)
x0 , f , y(x) = 0.
.
6.4.
p
3
3 (x 1)2 x2 = 0.
1 :
f (x) [a, b] , .. f (a) f (b) < 0,
.
6. SCILAB
144
.
. , , f (x) g(x) = 0,

f (x)
g(x) .
p
3
3
2
f (x) = (x 1) , g(x) = x2 . . 6.4 ,
[0; 1].
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
. 6.4. 6.4
, , :
6.8. 6.4
-->deff([y]=f1(x),y1=((x-1)^2)^(1/3),y2=(x^2)^(1/3),y=y1-y2)
-->fsolve(0,f1)
ans =
0.5
6.5.
f (x) = ex /5 2(x 1)2 .
. 6.5 , f (x) ,
.. .
fsolve , :
6.9. 6.5
-->deff([y]=f(x),y=exp(x)/5-2*(x-1)^2)
-->x(1)=fsolve(0,f);x(2)=fsolve(2,f);x(3)=fsolve(5,f);
-->x
6.2.
145
10
0
1
. 6.5. 6.5
= !
!
!
0.5778406 !
1.7638701 !
5.1476865 !
, ,
:
6.10. 6.5 ( )
-->fsolve([0;2;5],f)
ans = !
0.5778406 !
!
1.7638701 !
!
5.1476865 !
6.6.
sin(x) 0.4x = 0 [5; 5].
6.11.
6.11. 6.6
-->deff([y]=fff(x),y=-0.4+sin(x))
-->V=[-5*%pi:%pi:5*%pi]; X=fsolve(V,fff);
-->X //
X = !-16.11948 -12.154854 -9.8362948 -5.8716685 -3.5531095
0.4115168 2.7300758 6.6947022 9.0132611 12.977887 15.296446!
6.7.
y(x) = 0, y(x) = x5 x3 + 1.
6. SCILAB
146
, , (. 6.6) 2 1.
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1
2
3
4
. 6.6. 6.7
fsolve:
6.12. 6.7
-->deff([f]=y(x),f=x^5-x^3+1)
-->X=fsolve(-2,y)
X = 1.2365057
roots:
6.13. 6.7 roots
-->roots(poly([1 0 0 -1 0 1],x,c))
ans =
!
0.9590477 + 0.4283660i !
!
0.9590477 - 0.4283660i !
! - 0.3407949 + 0.7854231i !
! - 0.3407949 - 0.7854231i !
! - 1.2365057
!
, , ( 6.12),
( 6.13).
roots.
6.3.
6.3
147
m n n , m , . Scilab
fsolve(x0,f).
6.8.
: {x2 + y 2 = 1 ; x3 1 = 0}.
(. 6.7) ,
.
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
. 6.7.
[0.8; 0.6] [0.8; 0.6].
.
fsolve, :
6.14. 6.8
function [y]=fun(x)
y(1)=x(1)^2+x(2)^2-1;
y(2)=x(1)^3-x(2);
endfunction
-->exec(C:\fun.sce); disp(exec done); exec done
-->fsolve([0.5 0.5],fun)
ans = 0.8260314
0.5636242
-->fsolve([-0.5 -0.5],fun)
ans = - 0.8260314 - 0.5636242
148
6. SCILAB
6.9.

:
6.15. 6.9
function [y]=fun(x)
y(1)=x(1)^2+x(2)^2+x(3)^2-1
y(2)=2*x(1)^2+x(2)^2-4*x(3)
y(3)=3*x(1)^2-4*x(2)+x(3)^2
endfunction
-->exec(D:\scilab 3\fun);disp(exec done); exec done
-->fsolve([0.5 0.5 0.5],fun)//
ans = !
0.7851969
0.4966114
0.3699228 !
Scilab .
7.1
Scilab inttrap([x,]y).
y(x), (x, y). x . inttrap(y) x
y.
7.1.

Z13
5
2x 1 dx.
Z13
5
2x 1 dx =
p
(2x 1)3
, 3
1 :
1
-:
Zb
a
f (x) = F (b) F (a) .
150
7.
7.1. 7.1
-->a=5;b=13;
-->I=1/3*(2*b-1)^(3/2)-1/3*(2*a-1)^(3/2)
I = 32.666667

1 . .
,
0.5 0.1. , ,
:
7.2. 7.1
inttrap
-->x=a:b;y=sqrt(2*x-1);
-->inttrap(x,y)
ans =
32.655571
-->h=0.5; x=a:h:b; y=sqrt(2*x-1);
-->inttrap(x,y)
ans =
32.66389
-->h=0.1; x=a:h:b; y=sqrt(2*x-1);
-->inttrap(x,y)
ans =
32.666556
7.3 inttrap . , ,
, , inttrap(x,y) [5; 13] 1. .. h = 1 ,
y. , , . , ,
0.1, x y, inttrap(y)
h = 1
, y. ,
.
1 ,
.
7.2.
151
7.3. inttrap
-->x=a:b;y=sqrt(2*x-1);
-->inttrap(y)
ans =
32.655571
-->h=0.1;x=a:h:b;y=sqrt(2*x-1);
-->inttrap(y)
ans =
326.66556
7.2
, , ,
Zb
y dy = (b a)
n
X
Hi y i
(7.1)
i=0
Hi , .
(7.1) n = 1, , n = 2
. . n > 2
. Scilab
:
integrate(fun, x, a, b, [,er1 [,er2]])
fun , ;
x , ; a, b , ; er1 er2 ,
( ).
7.2.
7.1
7.4.
7.4. integrate
-->integrate((2*x-1)^0.5,x,5,13)
ans =
32.666667
7.
152
7.3
Scilab :
[I,err]=intg(a, b, name [,er1 [,er2]])
name , (
( )
); a b ; er1 er2
( ).
7.3.
7.1
7.5.
7.5. intg
-->deff(y=G(x),y=sqrt(2*x-1)); intg(5,13,G)
ans =
32.666667
7.4.

t2
p
(3 + sin(t))
dt.
7.6.
7.6. 7.4
-->function y=f(t),y=t^2/sqrt(3+sin(t)),endfunction;
-->[I,er]=intg(0,1,f)
er = 1.933D-15
I =
0.1741192
7.4
, y(x),
xi (i = 0, 1, . . . , n) [a, b] yi = f (xi ),
, x0 , x1 , . . . , xk (k 6 n),
y = f (x), y = f (x) . .
2 y0
3 y0
4 y0
5 y0
1
y0
+
+
... ,
(7.2)
y (x0 ) =
h
2!
3!
4!
5!
7.4.
153

, .
Scilab
dy=diff(y[,n]), y y(x) , n .
dy, n
y, 2 y, . . . , k y.
.
7.5.
y (50) y = lg(x), .
7.7.
7.7. diff
-->h=5;x=50:5:65;
-->y=log10(x)
y = 1.69897
1.7403627
1.7781513
1.8129134
-->dy=diff(y)
dy = 0.0413927
0.0377886
0.0347621
-->dy2=diff(y,2)
dy2 = - 0.0036041 - 0.0030265
-->dy3=diff(y,3)
dy3 = 0.0005777
-->// y(50) (7.2)
-->Y=(dy(1)-dy2(1)/2+dy3(1)/3)/h
Y = 0.0086775
-->// y(50) lg(x)=1/ln(10)/x
-->1/log(10)/x(1)
ans =
0.0086859
-->// y(x), x=50,55,60 (7.2)
-->Y=(dy-dy2(1:$-1)/2+dy3(1:$-2)/3)/h
Y =
0.0086389
0.0079181
0.0073128
-->// y(x), x=50,55,60, lg(x)=1/ln(10)/x
-->(1/log(10))./x(1:$-1)
ans = 0.0086859
0.0078963
0.0072382
7.
154
7.5

g=numdiff(fun,x)
fun , . y=fun(x [, p1, p2,..., pn]), x , . p1, p2,
. . . , pn ,
, , : g=numdiff(list(fun,p1,p2,...pn),x).
dfi
.
gij = dx
j
.
7.6.
f (1), f (x) = (x + 2)3 + 5x.
7.8 .
7.8. 7.6
-->function f=my(x), f=(x+2)^3+5*x, endfunction;
-->numdiff(my,1)
ans = 32.
-->x=1;3*(x+2)^2+5
ans = 32.
7.7.
f (x) 0, 1, 2, 3 f (x) = (x + 2)3 + 5x.
:
7.9. 7.7
-->v=0:3;
-->numdiff(my,v)
ans =
17.
0.
0.
0.
0.
32.
0.
0.
0.
0.
52.999999
0.
0.
0.
0.
80.000002
-->function f1=my1(x), f1=3*(x+2)^2+5, endfunction;
-->my1(v)
ans =
17.
32.
53.
80.
7.5.
155
7.8.
y(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x1 xx2 3 + x21 x3 .
dy
dy
dy
,
,
(1, 2, 3).
dx1 dx2 dx3
7.10.
7.10. 7.8
-->function [Y]=f(X), Y=X(1)*X(2)^X(3)+X(1)^2*X(3),endfunction
-->X=[1 2 3];
-->numdiff(f,X)
ans =
14.
12.
6.5451775
-->//--------------------------------->function [Y]=f1(X),
Y(1)=X(2)^X(3)+2*X(1)*X(3),
Y(2)=X(1)*X(3)*X(2)^(X(3)-1),
Y(3)=x(1)*X(2)^X(3)*log(X(2))+X(1)^2,
endfunction
-->f1(X)
ans =
14.
12.
6.5451774
n-
H(t, x, x , x , ..., x(n) ) = 0
(8.1)
x(t), .
n-
:
x1 = f1 (t, x1, x2 , . . . , xn )
x2 = f2 (t, x1, x2 , . . . , xn )
(8.2)
xn = fn (t, x1, x2 , . . . , xn )
, (8.2)
:
x1 (t)
x2 (t)
x(t) = .
(8.3)
..
xn (t)
, .
. .
8.
157
: ( ) ; .
. , ,
. .
, .
Scilab
[y,w,iw]=ode([type],y0,t0,t [,rtol [,atol]],f [,jac] [,w,iw])

: y0 ; t0 ; t , ; f ,
(8.2); y
(8.3).
, dy

= f (t, y), y(t0 ) = y0 ,
dt
y=ode(y0,t0,t,f).
ode:
type ,
, : adams
-
; stiff ; rk

; rkf ; fix ,
;
rtol, atol , , y,
rtol=0.00001, atol=0.0000001, rkf fix
- rtol=0.001, atol=0.0001;
jac ,
,
J=jak(t,y);
w, iw ,
, , .
8.
158
.
8.1.

dx
dt
+ x = sin(xt), x(0) = 1.5.
dx
:
= x + sin(xt), x(0) = 1.5.
dt
, , , . 8.1
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
. 8.1. 8.1

y=ode(x0,t0,t,f), :
f f (t, x);
t ;
x0, t0 x(0) = 1.5;
y .
8.1. 8.1
-->function yd=f(t,x),yd=-x+sin(t*x),endfunction;
-->x0=1.5;t0=0;t=0:1:35;
-->y=ode(x0,t0,t,f);
-->plot(t,y)
8.
159
8.2.

x = cos(xy) ,
y = sin(x + ty) ,
x(0) = 0, y(0) = 0.
[0; 10].
,
, Scilab, (. 8.2).
8.2. 8.2
//,
function dy=syst(t,y)
dy=zeros(2,1);
dy(1)=cos(y(1)*y(2));
dy(2)=sin(y(1)+y(2)*t);
endfunction
//
x0=[0;0];t0=0;t=0:*0.1*:10;y=ode(x0,t0,t,syst);
//
plot(t,y)
1
0
. 8.2. 8.2
10
8.
160
8.3.
:

1
119.46
185.38
126.88 121.03
1
10.395 10.136 3.636
dX
8.577
X(0) =
=
1 .
53.302 85.932 63.182 54.211 X;
dt
1
115.58 181.75 112.8
199
:
8.3. 8.3
-->B=[119.46 185.38 126.88 121.03;-10.395 -10.136 -3.636 8.577;
-->-53.302 -85.932 -63.182 -54.211;-115.58 -181.75 -112.8 -199];
-->function dx=syst1(t,x), dx=B*x,endfunction
-->function J=Jac(t,y),J=B,endfunction
-->x0=[1;1;1;1]; t0=0; t=0:0.01:5;
-->y=ode("stiff",x0,t0,t,syst1,Jac);
-->plot(t,y); xgrid();
. 8.3.
20
15
10
10
15
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
. 8.3. 8.3
5.0
8.
161
8.4.
:
dx1
= 7x1 + 7x2
1
dt
dx2
X(0) = 0 .
= 157x1 1.15x2 x3 ,
dt
dx3 = 0.96x1 x2 8.36x3
dt
. 8.4 [0; 2].
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
50
100
150
200
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
. 8.4. 8.4
Scilab, :
8.4. 8.4
function dx=syst2(t,x) //
dx=zeros(3,1);
dx(1)=-7*x(1)+7*x(2);
dx(2)=157*x(1)+x(2)-1.15*x(1)*x(3);
dx(3)=0.96*x(1)*x(2)-8.36*x(3);
endfunction
-->>//
-->x0=[-1;0;1]; t0=0; t=0:0.01:2;y=ode("stiff",x0,t0,t,syst2);
162
8.
8.5.
[0.25; 2]:
d2 x
dx
+4
+ 13 = esin(t) ,
dt2
dt
x (0.25) = 1.
x(0.25) = 1,
, y =
dx
= y,
dt
dy
= 4y 13x + esin(t) ,
dt
dx
:
dt
y(0.25) = 1,
:
8.5. 8.5
function F=FF(t,x)
F=[-4*x(1)-13*x(2)+exp(t);x(1)];
endfunction
-->//
-->X0=[1;-1];t0=0.25;t=0.25:0.05:2;
-->y=ode("stiff",X0,t0,t,FF);
-->//
. 8.5.
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
. 8.5. 8.5
2.0
x(0.25) = 1.
9
Scilab
Scilab .
, Scilab.
, Scilab , .
, ( Scilab
) :
1. Editor (. . 9.1).
2. Scipad .
3. File Save
sce , , file.sce .
4. , exec, , exec("file.sce"). File Exec. . . , Scipad, Execute Load into Scilab (Ctrl+L ).
,
.
,
Scilab ( Scilab sci).
9. Scilab
164
. 9.1. Scipad
9.1
sci-
sci- -.
9.1.1
- Scilab
Scilab
x=input(title);
x=x_dialog(title, stroka);
input Scilab title ,
,
. x_dialog
title, OK, stroka
x, stroka,
9.1. sci-
165
x. 9.2 , x=x_dialog(Input X,
5).
. 9.2.
input , x_dialog . x_dialog
evstr.
x_dialog :
x=evstr(x_dialog(title,stroka));
disp :
disp(b)
b .
9.1.2

a=b
a , b .
a
b.
9.1.3
, , if.
if Scilab. if
9. Scilab
166
if
1
else
2
end
, 1, 2
Scilab . if
: , 1,
2.
Scilab : &, and ( ), |, or ( ), , not (
) : < (), > (), == (), =, <>
( ), <= ( ), >= ( ).

. , , else
if,
if.
if 1
1
elseif 2
2 elseif 3
3
...
elseif n
n
else
end
if : 1 , 1, 2, , 2, 3 . .
else elseif ,
else.
9.1.
ax4 + bx2 + c = 0.
y = x2
.
y.
9.1. sci-
167
a, b, c. x1 , x2 , x3 , x4
, .
:
1. a, b c;
2. d;
3. d < 0, y1 y2 ,
.
4. y1 < 0 y2 < 0 , .
5. y1 > 0 y2 > 0, y1 ,
y2 .
6. 4) 5) , y1 .
7. y1 , y1 ,
y2 .
sci- 9.1, 9.2.
9.1.
// .
a=input(a=);
b=input(b=);
c=input(c=);
// .
d=b*b-4*a*c;
// ,
if d<0
// ,
disp(Real roots are not present);
else
//
// .
x1=(-b+sqrt(d))/2/a;
x2=(-b-sqrt(d))/2/a;
// ,
if (x1<0)&(x2<0)
// .
disp(Real roots are not present);
//, ,
elseif (x1>=0)&(x2>=0)
168
9. Scilab
// .
disp(Four real roots);
y1=sqrt(x1);
y2=-y1;
y3=sqrt(x2);
y4=-y2;
disp(y1,y2,y3,y4);
//, (x1<0)&(x2<0) (x1>=0)&(x2>=0)
// ,
else
//
disp(Two real roots);
// x1.
if x1>=0
// x1 ,
// x1,
y1=sqrt(x1);
y2=-y1;
disp(y1);
disp(y2);
// ( - x2 ),
//
// x2.
else
y1=sqrt(x2); y2=-y1;
disp(y1); disp(y2);
end
end end
9.2.
-->exec("G:/Lecture Scilab EG/2/l1.sci");
a=-->-6
b=-->9
c=-->-1
Four real roots
0.3476307
1.1743734
- 0.3476307
0.3476307
if, , Scilab (. 9.3).
9.1. sci-
169
9.3.
a=input(a=);
b=input(b=);
c=input(c=);
d=b*b-4*a*c;
y1=sqrt(x1);
y2=-y1;
y3=sqrt(x2);
y4=-y3;
disp(y1,y2,y3,y4);
, 9.3
(. 9.4).
9.4.
-->a=3
-->b=8
-->c=-1
-1.6692213i
1.6692213i
-0.3458800
0.3458800
9.1.4
select :
select
case 1 then 1
case 2 then 2
...
else
end
select :
1, 1, ,
2, 2. ,
3, 3 . .
case,
, else.
170
9. Scilab
,
select, if, select .
select
.
9.2.
,
D, , 31 1- .
, 1- .
D
, , , . x k x int(x/k) x.
, .
,
(. 9.5). 9.6.
9.5. 9.2
D=input(Enter a number from 1 to 31);
// D 7,
// 0 6.
select D-int(D/7)*7
case 1 then disp(Monday);
case 2 then disp(Tuesday);
case 3 then disp(Wednesday);
case 4 then disp(Thursday);
case 5 then disp(Friday);
case 6 then disp(Saturday);
else
disp(Sunday);
end
9.6. 9.2
-->exec(G:\Lecture Scilab EG\2\l2.sci);disp(exec done);
Enter a number from 1 to 31-->19
Friday
Scilab. sci- : while for.
9.2. Scilab
9.1.5
171
while
while
while
end
; , .
while , , . for .
9.1.6
for
for
for x=xn:hx:xk
end
x , xn , xk , hx .
1, hx , for
.
for x=xn:xk
end

(x = xn). , (x > xk). x > xk, ,
. x 6 xk, ( ).
hx (x = x + hx).
, .
9.2
Scilab
sci- . (, ) sci-
( ), Scilab
.
9. Scilab
172

sci-.
9.2.1
. 9.7 9.8 sci.

9.7.
N=input(N=);
disp(Vvod massiva x);
for i=1:N
x(i)=input(X=);
end
disp(x);
9.8.
N=input(N=);
M=input(M=);
disp(Vvod matrici);
for i=1:N
for j=1:M
a(i,j)=input();
end
end
disp(a);
()
disp () 1 .
9.2.2

()
, : 0 (s = 0), s
s, s
s s .
.
1 , ()
, () Scilab.
9.2. Scilab
173
:
1 (p = 1). p
, p . . 9.99.12
, .
9.9.
// s 0.
s=0;
//
for i=1:length(x)
//
s=s+x(i);
end
9.10.
p=1;
for i=1:length(x)
p=p*x(i);
end
9.11.
s=0;
// N M A.
[N,M]=size(A);
for i=1:N
for j=1:M
s=s+a(i,j);
end
end
disp(s);
9.12.
// (p) 1.
p=1;
// N M A.
[N,M]=size(A);
// .
for i=1:N
// .
174
9. Scilab
for j=1:M
// p .
p=p*a(i,j);
end
end
9.2.3
()
()
. Max
, Nmax . ,

Max, Nmax (1). , , .
, Max, Nmax i. 9.13
.
9.13.
// Max .
Max=a(1);
// Nmax
//, 1.
Nmax=1;
// , .
for i=2:N
// Max,
if x(i)>Max
// ,
Max=x(i);
// i.
Nmax=i;
end;
end;
, if > <.
9.14
: Nmin , Lmin .
, ()
i j 1. ,
9.2. Scilab
175

ai,j min.
9.14.

// Min a(1,1), Nmin Lmin 1.
Min=a(1,1); Nmin=1; Lmin=1;
for i=1:N
for j=1:M
// Min,
if a(i,j)<Min
// ,
Min=a(i,j);
// i j.
Nmin=i;
Lmin=j;
end;
end;
end;
9.2.4

. , X n
1 ,
X[1] 6 X[2] 6 6 X[n] ,

,
X[1] > X[2] > > X[n] .
.
, , . ,
, . . . , i- (i + 1)-, . . . , (n 1)- n- . (n-) .
, (n-) , .
(n 1)- ,
, .
1
9. Scilab
176
> <. 9.15

sci-, .
9.15.
x=[-3 5 7 49 -8 11 -5 32 -11];
for i=1:length(x)-1
for j=1:length(x)-i
// ,
//,
if x(j)>x(j+1)
// .
b=x(j);
x(j)=x(j+1);
x(j+1)=b;
end;
end;
end;
// .
disp(x);
9.2.5
x, n , m-
. (m + 1)-
m, (m + 2)- (m + 1)-, . . . , n- (n 1)-,
n- . 9.16
, .
9.16. m- x(n)
x=[3 2 1 5 4 6 8 7];
disp(x);
n=length(x);
// .
m=input(m=);
// , m- .
for i=m:n-1
x(i)=x(i+1);
end;
// n- .
x(:,n)=[];
// n 1.
n=n-1;
// .
disp(x);
9.3. Scilab
9.3
177
Scilab
Scilab 1 .
9.3.1
mopen
,
. sci- mopen,
:
[fd,err]=mopen(file,mode)
file , ,
mode :
r ,
rb ,
w ,
;
wb ,
;
a , ; , ;
ab , ; , ;
r+ , ;
rb+ , ;
w+
;
wb+
;
a+ ; ,
;
ab+ ; ,
.
1 , sci- .
9. Scilab
178
mopen fd
err. (),
. err
0 . err 6= 0, ,
.
9.3.2
mfprintf
mfprintf
mfprintf(f, s1, s2)
f ( mopen), s1 , s2 .
:
%[][][.][]1
9.1.
, . 9.2.
9.3.3
mfscanf
mfscanf
:
A=mfscanf(f, s1)
f , mopen, s1

%[][.]
mfscanf :
f A s1.
,
, ,
.
,
, meof(f) (f
), , , .
1
9.3. Scilab
179
9.1.
0n
d, i
i
o
u
x, X
f
e
E
g
G
s
h
l
.
. .
+ -
, -
: 0 ,
0 (0) .
. n ,
. .
, n, .

e, E, f n
char, .

int unsigned

int unsigned, a-f, A-F.
[-]dddd.dddd
[-]d.dddde[+|-]ddd
[-]d.ddddE[+|-]ddd
e f

E F

()
d, i, o, u, x, X
d, i, o, u, x, X
9. Scilab
180
9.2.
\b
\n
\r
\t
\
\
\?
9.3.4

,

?
mclose
mclose :
mclose(f)
f .
mclose(all) ,
.
9.17.
9.17.
// abc.txt N M
// A(N,M)
//N - .
N=3;
//M- .
M=4;
A=[2 4 6 7; 6 3 2 1; 11 12 34 10];
// abc.txt .
f=mopen(abc.txt,w);
// abc.txt N M,
//.
mfprintf(f,%d\t%d\n,N,M);
for i=1:N
for j=1:M
// abc.txt A.
mfprintf(f,%g\t,A(i,j));
end
//
9.3. Scilab
181
// << >>.
mfprintf(f,\n);
end
mclose(f);
. 9.3.
. 9.3.
9.18.
9.18.
f=mopen(abc.txt,r);
N=mfscanf(f,%d);
M=mfscanf(f,%d);
for i=1:N
for j=1:M
A(i,j)=mfscanf(f,%g);
end
end
mclose(f);
-, 9.17, 9.19.
9. Scilab
182
9.19. -
N =
3.
M =
4.
A =
! 2. 4. 6. 7. !
! 6. 3. 2. 1. !
! 11. 12. 34. 10. !
9.4
Scilab
sci- .
9.3.
Y X, X , .
9.20.
min1 , Scilab
min. min min.
9.20. 9.3
// y.
N=input(N=);
disp(Vvod massiva Y);
// y.
for i=1:N
y(i)=input(Y=);
end
disp(y);
// k
// y, , x.
// k=0.
k=0;
// y.
for i=1:N
// ,
if y(i)>0
// k 1,
k=k+1;
9.4. Scilab
// y x.
x(k)=y(i);
end;
end;
// x.
disp(x);
// s x,
// min1 - x, Nmin
//- x.
s=x(1);
min1=x(1);
Nmin=1;
// x.
for i=2:k
// .
s=s+x(i);
// .
if x(i)<min1
min1=x(i);
Nmin=i;
end;
end;
// , ,
//
i=Nmin;
while i<=k
// ,
if x(i)<s/k
// . ,
// 1 ,
// i 1
//.
for j=i:k-1
x(j)=x(j+1);
end;
// 1.
x(k)=[];
k=k-1;
else
// ,
// .
i=i+1;
end;
end;
disp(x);
183
9. Scilab
184
9.5
Scilab
Scilab .
Scilab :
function [y1,y2,...,yn]=ff(x1,x2,...,xm)
endfunction
x1, x2, . . . , xm ; y1, y2, . . . , yn
, ff .
, ,
exec .
exec(file,-1).
file , .
.
9.4.
A(N, N ) ,
, , . N A primer.txt
(. . 9.4).
(summa), (maximum) (kolichestvo) , :
function [summa, maximum, kolichestvo]=matrica_A(N,N)
9.21.
9.21. matrica_A
function [summa, maximum, kolichestvo]=matrica_A(A,N)
summa=0;
for i=1:N
// , A(i,i)
// A(i,N+1-i)
summa=summa+A(i,i)+A(i,N+1-i);
end
// , ,
//
//, :
//, ,
// .
9.5. Scilab
185
. 9.4. primer.txt
if (N-int(N/2)*2)==1
summa=summa-A(int(N/2)*2+1,int(N/2)*2+1);
end
// A(1,1) ,
// 1.
maximum=A(1,1);kolichestvo=1;
for i=1:N
for j=1:N
// A(i,j) ,
// , 1.
if A(i,j)>maximum
maximum=A(i,j);
kolichestvo=1;
// ,
// 1.
elseif A(i,j)==maximum
kolichestvo=kolichestvo+1;
end
end
end
endfunction
9. Scilab
186
,
matrica_A, 9.22, 9.23.
9.22. matrica_A
f=mopen(G:\primer.txt,r);
N=mfscanf(f,%d);
for i=1:N
for j=1:N
B(i,j)=mfscanf(f,%g);
end
end
mclose(f);
[s,m,k]=matrica_A(B,N);
9.23.
-->exec("matrica_2.sci");
-->s
s =
21.
-->m
m =
67.
-->k
k =
4.

Scilab. .
10

Scilab
Scilab
, , Scilab.
Scilab .
10.1
figure.
F=figure();

objgure1. objgure1,
objgure2 . . 1
F.
position,[x y dx dy],
x, y (
) ;
dx ( ) ;
dy ( ) .
1 , .
188
10. Scilab
.
1. .
gure
F=figure(1, 1, 2,
2, ..., n, n)
1 , 1 , 2 , 21
. .
,
F=figure(position, [10 100 300 200]);
, . 10.1.
. 10.1.
2.
set(f,,)
; f
, , .
(. 10.2).
f=figure();
set(f,position,[20,40,600,450])
1 i , ,
, .
10.1.
189
. 10.2.
figure_name,
name, (name). 10.1 FIRST WINDOWS (. . 10.3).
10.1. FIRST WINDOW
f=figure();
set(f,position,[20,40,600,450]);
set(f,figure_name,FIRST WINDOW);

f=figure(position,[20,40,600,450],figure_name,FIRST WINDOW);

close(f),
f .

delete(f),
f .
190
10. Scilab
. 10.3. FIRST WINDOW
10.2
Scilab . ,
( ) (, ,
. .) .

uicontrol,
:
C=uicontrol(F, Style, _, _1,
_1, _2, _2,...,
_k,_k);
C ;
F , (
); uicontrol
, , () ;
10.2.
191
Style Style, ( );
_ ,
, PushButton, Radiobutton, dit, StaticText,
Slider, Panel, Button Group, Listbox , ;
_k, _k , .
set:
set(C,_1,_1, _2, _2, ...,
_k, _k)
C , . C ,
set C(i);
_k, _k .
get
:
get(C,)
C , ;
, .
.
.
10.2.1
PushButton
uicontrol, Style
pushbutton. , ,
String (. 10.2 . 10.4).
192
10. Scilab
10.2.
//
d=figure();
// , Style.
dbt=uicontrol(d,Style,pushbutton);
// YES
set(dbt,String,YES);
. 10.4. YES
,
:
;
;
.
10.3, . 10.5 ,
.
10.3.
// .
f=figure();
// .
set(f,position,[0,0,250,100])
// () .
set(f,figure_name, );
// (style - pushbutton), //, position.
Button=uicontrol(style,pushbutton,string,,...
position,[50,50,100,20]);
10.2.
193
. 10.5.
, , . ,
. , .
CallBack,
uicontrol. CallBack
, .
uicontrol
Button=uicontrol(style, pushbutton, string, Button,
CallBack, Function);
Function CallBack .
, y = sin(x) (. 10.4). , . 10.6,
Button gr_sin,
, . 10.7.
10.4. CallBack
f=figure();
set(f,figure_name,Grafik);
// ,
// gr_sin.
Button=uicontrol(style,pushbutton,string,Button,...
position,[50,50,100,20],CallBack,gr_sin);
function y=gr_sin()
x=-5:0.2:5;
y=sin(x);
plot(x,y);
xgrid();
endfunction
10. Scilab
194
. 10.6.
. 10.7. y = sin(x)
10.2.2

. Style uicontrol
text. ( ). String
.
()
uicontrol (. 10.5 . 10.8):
10.2.
195
10.5.
f=figure();
uicontrol(Style,text,Position,[10,130,150,20],String,...
Metka);
. 10.8.

, HorizontalAlignment. :
left ;
center ( );
right .
, 4 HorizontalAlignment.
10.6, . 10.9.
10.6.
hFig=figure();
set(hFig,Position,[50,50,300,200]);
hSt1=uicontrol(Style,text,Position,[30,30,150,20],...
String, Metka 1);
set(hSt1,BackgroundColor,[1 1 1]);
set(hSt1,HorizontalAlignment,left);
hSt2=uicontrol(Style, text, Position, [30,60,150,20],...
HorizontalAlignment, center, BackgroundColor, [1 1 1],...
String, Metka 2);
HorizontalAlignment,right,BackgroundColor,[1 1 1],...
10. Scilab
196
String,Metka 3);
BackgroundColor,[1 1 1],String,Metka 4);
. 10.9.
10.2.3
, .
Style checkbox, Style radiobutton.
(Radiobutton), uicontrol. 10.7 . 10.10.
10.7.
hFig=figure();
R=uicontrol(Style,radiobutton,String,name,value,1,...,
Position, [25,150,70,30]);
(
value), ( value 1)
( value 0). value
set. :
set(Rb,value,0)
value get.
CallBack,
. uicontrol:
10.2.
197
. 10.10.
r1=uicontrol(Style,radiobutton,String,sin(x),value,
0,CallBack,F1);
F1 , . , CallBack
, , .
, , Plot
(. 10.8 . 10.11).
10.8.
// .
hFig=figure(Position,[50,50,200,200]);
//
hRb1=uicontrol(Style,radiobutton,String,sin(x),...
value,1, Position,[25,100,60,20]);
hRb2=uicontrol(Style,radiobutton,String,cos(x),...
value,1, Position,[25,140,60,20]);
// Plot,
//Radio
//.
Button=uicontrol(style,pushbutton,string,Plot,...
position,[20,50,80,20],CallBack,Radio);
// Close,
//Final .
Button1=uicontrol(style,pushbutton,string,Close,...
position,[20,25,80,20],CallBack,Final);
// Radio,
function Radio()
198
10. Scilab
newaxes;
x=-2*%pi:0.1:2*%pi;
if get(hRb1,value)==1 // ,
y=sin(x);
plot(x,y,-r); //
xgrid();
end;
if get(hRb2,value)==1 // ,
y=cos(x);
plot(x,y,-b); //
xgrid(); //
end;
endfunction
//, Close .
function Final()
close(hFig);
endfunction
. 10.11.
. 10.11 . Plot ,
(. . 10.12). , Plot .
Close .
.
. CallBack
.
, value 1. .
.
10.2.
199
. 10.12.
10.2.4
(
Style edit)
. , ,
. . , Enter,
CallBack.
String, .

uicontrol. set, get.
,
HorizontalAlignment ( ).
, , String eval
( evstr) (
).
200
10. Scilab
.
10.1.
.
.
10.9.
10.9.
f=figure(); // .
// .
// .
set(f,figure_name,);
//
//.
// A=.
lab_a=uicontrol(f,style,text,string,A=,position,...
[50, 250, 100, 20]);
// B=.
lab_b=uicontrol(f,style,text,string,B=,position,...
[150, 250, 100, 20]);
// C=.
lab_c=uicontrol(f,style,text,string,C=,position,...
[250, 250, 100, 20]);
// a.
edit_a=uicontrol(f,style,edit,string,1,position,...
[50, 230, 100, 20]);
// b.
edit_b=uicontrol(f,style,edit,string,2,position,...
[150, 230, 100, 20]);
// c.
edit_c=uicontrol(f,style,edit,string,1,position,...
[250, 230, 100, 20]);
// , .
textresult=uicontrol(f,style,text,string,,position,...
[5, 80, 650, 20]);
//, .
radio_bikv=uicontrol(style,radiobutton,string,...
?, value,1,position,...
[100,100,300,20]);
10.2.
201
BtSolve=uicontrol(style,pushbutton,string,,...
CallBack, Solve,position,[50,50,120,20]);
BtClose=uicontrol(style,pushbutton,string,,...
CallBack, _Close,position,[300,50,120,20]);
// .
function Solve()
//
// .
a=eval(get(edit_a,string));
b=eval(get(edit_b,string));
c=eval(get(edit_c,string));
d=b*b-4*a*c;
// , ,
if get(radio_bikv,value)==0
// ,
if d<0
set(textresult,string, );
else
set(textresult,string,sprintf
("2 \t x1=%1.2f\tx2=%1.2f",x1,x2));
end;
// ,
else
// .
if d<0
else
y1=(-b+sqrt(d))/2/a;
y2=(-b-sqrt(d))/2/a;
if(y1<0)&(y2<0)
elseif (y1>=0)&(y2>=0)
x1=sqrt(y1);x2=-x1;x3=sqrt(y2);x4=-x3;
set(textresult,string,sprintf("4 ...
\t x1=%1.2f\tx2=%1.2f\tx3=%1.2f\tx4=%1.2f",...
x1,x2,x3,x4));
else
if y1>=0
x1=sqrt(y1);x2=-x1;
else
x1=sqrt(y2);x2=-x1;
end;
10. Scilab
202
set(textresult,string,sprintf
("2 \t x1=%1.2f\tx2=%1.2f",x1,x2));
end;
end;
end
endfunction
// .
function _Close()
close(f)
endfunction
10.13 .
. 10.13.
.
,
Scilab , .
10.2.5
. ,
, .
uicontrol
Style listbox.
(. 10.10 . 10.14).
10.2.
203
10.10.
// .
f=figure();
// listbox
h=uicontrol(f,style,listbox,position, [10 10 150 160]);
// .
set(h, string, " 1| 2| 3");
set(h, value, [1 3]);
// item 1 3 .
. 10.14.
.
, . value CallBack.
1. Ctrl .
, value.

Shift, . value.
Scilab
.
11

11.1
,
, .
, (. 11.1). , .
11.1.
xi
yi
x1
y1
x2
y2
x3
y3
x4
y4
x5
y5
x6
y6
x7
y7
...
...
xn
yn
, Y =
f (x, a0 , a1 , . . . , ak ) ,
yi Yi :
S=
n
X
i=1
(yi f (xi , a0 , a1 , . . . , ak ))2 min
(11.1)
ai (11.1).
Scilab
[a,S]=datafit(F,z,)
11.1.
205
F , ; z ; c ; a ;
S .
datafit .
11.1.

(P , ) (U , )
(. 11.2).
11.2. .
U , 132 140 150 162 170 180 190 200 211 220 232 240 251
P , 330 350 385 425 450 485 540 600 660 730 920 1020 1350
P = a1 + a2 U +
a3 U 2 + a4 U 3 .
.
11.1. 11.1
//,
// .
//
//z=[x;y] - -
// - ,
//
// .
function [zr]=G(c,z)
zr=z(2)-c(1)-c(2)*z(1)-c(3)*z(1)^2-c(4)*z(1)^3
endfunction
//
x=[1.32 1.40 1.50 1.62 1.70 1.80 1.90...
2.00,2.11,2.20,2.32,2.40,2.51];
y=[3.30 3.50 3.85 4.25 4.50 4.85 5.40...
6.00 6.60 7.30 9.20 10.20 13.50];
//
z=[x;y];
//
c=[0;0;0;0];
//
11.
206
[a,err]=datafit(G,z,c)
S =
0.5287901
a =
- 51.576664
95.594671
- 55.695312
11.111453
, datafit
P = 51.577+95.595U 55.695U 2 +11.111U 3 ,
0.529.
(. 11.1):
11.2.
//
plot2d(x,y,-4);
//
t=1.32:0.01:2.51;
Ptc=a(1)+a(2)*t+a(3)*t^2+a(4)*t^3;
plot2d(t,Ptc);
14
12
10
2
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
. 11.1. 11.1
11.2.

Y = a1 xa2 + a3 .
11.1.
207

(. 11.2).
11.3. 11.2
function [zr]=F(c,z)
zr=z(2)-c(1)*z(1)^c(2)-c(3);
endfunction
x=[10.1,10.2,10.3,10.8,10.9,11,11.1,11.4,12.2,13.3,13.8,...
14,14.4,14.5,15,15.6,15.8,17,18.1,19];
y=[24,36,26,45,34,37,55,51,75,84,74,91,85,87,...
94,92,96,97,98,99];
z=[x;y];
c=[0;0;0];
[a,S]=datafit(F,z,c);
t=10:0.01:19;
Yt=a(1)*t^a(2)+*a*(3);
plot2d(x,y,-3);
plot2d(t,Yt);
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
. 11.2. 11.2

, y = a1 + a2 x,
y x. a1 a2 . ,
x y, , :
11.
208
n
X
i=1
(xi Mx ) (yi My )
,
r= v
u n
n
X
uX
t
(xi Mx )2
(yi My )2
i=1
Mx =
n
X
i=1
xi
,
My =
n
X
i=1
yi
(11.2)
i=1
1 6 r 6 1.
r ,
. , , x y
, , , .
r , :
v
u
n
X
u
u
(yi Yi )2
u
u
R = u1 i=1
(11.3)
n
u
X
2
t
(y M )
i
i=1
y , Y , , My y. 0 1.
1. R = 0.
r
, R , .

.
Scilab
a=regress(x,y)
x y , a a1 a2 .
.
11.3.
. .
Na N O3 .
Na N O3 , 100 , . 11.3.
32
.
11.2.
209
11.3. Na N O3
.
0
66.7
4
71.0
10
76.3
15
80.6
21
85.7
29
92.9
36
99.4
51
113.6
68
125.1
:
11.4. 11.3
//
x=[0 4 10 15 21 29 36 51 68];
y=[66.7 71 76.3 80.6 85.7 92.9 99.4 113.6 125.1];
//
a=regress(x,y)
a =
67.507794
0.8706404
// 32
-->t=32;a(1)+a(2)*t
ans = 95.368287
// (11.2)
r=sum((x-mean(x)).*(y-mean(y)))/...
sqrt(sum((x-mean(x))^2)*sum((y-mean(y))^2))
r = 0.9989549
// (11.3)
R=sqrt(1-sum((y-(a(1)+a(2)*x))^2)/sum((y-mean(y))^2))
R = 0.9989549
(. 11.3):
11.5.
t=0:70; Yt=a(1)+a(2)*t;
plot2d(x,y,-5); plot2d(t,Yt);
Scilab a=corr(x,y), x y .
11.2
.
[a; b] x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ( n+1 ),
11.
210
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
. 11.3. 11.3
, f (x) :
f (x0 ) = y0 ,
f (x1 ) = y1 ,
f (x2 ) = y2 ,
...,
f (xn ) = yn .
(11.4)
F (x), ,
f (x):
F (x0 ) = y0 , F (x1 ) = y1 , F (x2 ) = y2 , . . . , F (xn ) = yn .
(11.5)
- ( spline , ). .
, .
Scilab
y=interpln(z,x)
z ; x ; y x.
interpln.
11.1. . 11.5.
11.6. interpln
x=[132 140 150 162 170 180 190 200 211 220 232 240 251];
y=[330 350 385 425 450 485 540 600 660 730 920 1020 1350];
plot2d(x,y,-4);
z=[x;y];
11.2.
211
t=132:5:252; ptd=interpln(z,t);
plot2d(t,ptd);
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
. 11.4. 11.1
Scilab : d=splin(x,y),

y=interp(t,x,y,d).
d=splin(x,y) : x , ; y , x; d , .
y=interp(t,x,y,k) x, y d ,
t , y ,
x.
11.4.

x= 0, 702, x2 =
0, 512, x3 = 0, 608. (. 11.4).
11.4. 11.4
0.43
1.63597
0.48
1.73234
0.55
1.87686
0.62
2.03345
0.7
2.22846
0.75
2.35973
11.
212
11.7. 11.4
x=[0.43 0.48 0.55 0.62 0.7 0.75];
y=[1.63597 1.73234 1.87686 2.03345 2.22846 2.35973];
plot2d(x,y,-4);//
koeff=splin(x,y);
X=[0.702 0.512 0.608];
//
Y=interp(X,x,y,koeff)
Y = 2.2335678
1.7969698
2.0057073
plot2d(X,Y,-3); //
//
t=0.43:0.01:0.75;
ptd=interp(t,x,y,koeff);
plot2d(t,ptd);
. 11.5.
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
. 11.5. 11.4
0.75
12

1 .
x, y, z t.
. Scilab, , . ,
.

, Scilab.
12.1

u(x, y) ( u(x, t))
[1]:
2u
2u
2u
+
2B(x,
y)
+
+
C(x,
y)
x2
xy
y 2
u
u
+ E(x, y)
+ G(x, y)u(x, y) = F (x, y)
+ D(x, y)
x
y
L(u) = A(x, y)
(12.1)
214
12.
u x t, (12.1)
:
L(u) = A(x, t)
2u
2u
2u
+ 2B(x, t)
+ C(x, t) 2 +
2
x
xt
t
u
u
+ E(x, t)
+ G(x, t)u(x, t) = F (x, t)
+ D(x, t)
x
t
(12.2)
F = 0, (12.1)(12.2)
, [2].
B 2 4AC < 0, (12.2)
, B 2 4AC > 0, (12.2) ,
B 2 4AC = 0 . , B 2 4AC
, .
x, y ( x, t) , B = 0. . A C , (12.2)
, , , A C 0,
[2].
[1, 2]:
u = 01 ,
;
u = f , ,
. .;
u + cu = f , .
[3]:
2u
2u
: 2 = a2 2 +f (x, t),
t
x

;
2u 2u
2u
+ 2 + f (x, y, t) 2 = a2
t
x2
y
2 .
2 u RC + LG u RG
1 2u
+
+
u
= 0
t2
LC
t LC
LC x2
u ; L, C, R, G -
u =
2u
2u
+
, u =
2
x
y 2
2u
2u
2u
+
+
.
2
2
x
y
z 2
2 f = 0 .
12.2.
215
, , ,
.
u
= a2 u + f .
t

. ,
t. . , [3]:
u(x,y,z) = (x, y, z),
, , .
u(0, t) = 1 (t), u(L, t) =
2 (t), (0, L) , ;
u
= (x, y, z),

n (x,y,z)
n ;
u
u +
= (x, y, z).
n (x,y,z)
, , , : u(x, t0 ) = (x).
u(x, t0 )
: u(x, t0 ) = 1 (x)
= 2 (x).
t
, ( ), ,
.
.
12.2
1 [1]. ,
1
216
12.
, , t = tj x = xi , xn x0
(. . 12.1), xi = x0 + ih, h =
,
h
tk t0
, j = 0, 1, . . . k. ,
i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n, tj = t0 + j, =
k
, , .

h , h
x t .
,
w(x, t) wij = w(xi , tj ),
h ,
. ,
. h ,

.
Scilab.
.

(12.3):
u
2u
0 6 x 6 L,
06t6T
= a2 2 + f (x, t),
t
t
u(0, t) = (t),
u(L, t) = (t),
06t6T
u(x, 0) = (x),
06x6L
(12.3)

h (. . 12.1). 2u
[1]:

x2
2 u(xi , tj )
ui+1,j 2ui,j + ui1,j
=
.
2
x
h2
(12.4)
ui,j u (xi , tj ), ui+1,j (xi+1 , tj ), ui1,j (xi1 , tj ), ui,j+1

(xi , tj+1 ) ui,j1 (xi , tj1 ).
u

t
[1]:
ui,j+1 ui,j
u(xi , tj )
=
(12.5)
t
ui,j ui,j1
u(xi , tj )
=
t
(12.6)
12.2.
217
. 12.1.
h
, :
ui,0 = (xi ) = i ,
i = 0, 1, . . . n
(12.7)
u0,j = (tj ) = j ,
un,j = (tj ) = j ,
j = 0, 1, . . . , k
(12.8)
(12.3) (12.4) (12.5)

(12.7)(12.8),
u
h:
ui,j+1 = ui,j1 + (1 2)ui,j + ui,j+1 + fi,j
u0,j = j ,
un,j = j ,
ui,0 = i ,
a2
h2
(12.9)
(12.10)
(. . 12.2).
, ( i = 0) ui,0 , ( ,
u0,j , un,j ) , (12.9)
ui,1 , ui,2 ui,k . (12.9)
t x :
6
h2
2a2
(12.11)
218
12.
. 12.2.
.
12.1.
, L, (x). u(0, t) = U1 = const,
u(L, t) = U2 = const.
u
2u
a2 = ,
= a2 2 + f (x, t),
0 < x < L,
0 < t < ,
t
t
c
u(0, t) = U1 = const,
u(L, t) = U2 = const,
0 < t < ,
u(x, 0) = (x),
0 < x < L,
(12.12)
a2 , , c , .
12.1
(12.9)(12.10) Scilab 12.11 .
12.1. 12.1

// .
function y=f(x,t)
y=sin(x*t)
endfunction
//
function y=fi(x)
y=exp(0.15*x)
endfunction
//
function y=myu(t)
y=1
1 12.1 , Scilab 1.
12.2.
219
endfunction
//
function y=nyu(x)
y=2.117
endfunction
function [u,x,t]=parabol(N,K,L,T,a)
//
// . N - ,
// (0,L); K -
//, t (0,T); a // ,
// u x, t
//
h=L/N;
// t
delta=T/K;
// x U
//
for i=1:N+1
x(i)=(i-1)*h;
u(i,1)=fi(x(i));
end
// t,
//
//U
for j=1:K+1
t(j)=(j-1)*delta;
u(1,j)=myu(t(j));
u(N+1,j)=nyu(t(j));
end
gam=a^2*delta/h^2;
// u
//(12.9)
for j=1:K
for i=2:N
u(i,j+1)=gam*u(i-1,j)+(1-2*gam)*u(i,j)+gam*u(i+1,j)+delta*...
f(x(i),t(j));
end
end
end
parabol 12.1 :
N , (0, L); K , (0, T ); L , T
220
12.
, a . : u,
h , x t.
12.2 parabol
12.1 , . 12.3.
12.2. parabol
[U,X,T]=parabol(50,200,5,3,0.4);
surf(X,T,U);
title(PARABOLIC EQUATION);
xlabel(X);
ylabel(T);
PARABOLIC EQUATION
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
T
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
. 12.3. 12.1 f (x, t) = sin(xt)

t, (12.11).
[1].
,
, (12.9). .
(12.3) (12.4), (12.61 ) (12.7)(12.8)
1
(12.5)
12.2.
221
u
h.
ui1,j (1 + 2)ui,j + ui+1,j = ui,j1 fi,j ,
i = 1, 2, . . . , n 1,
j = 1, 2, . . . k
(12.13)
(12.13) (12.10) (. . 12.4). (12.10), (12.13)

, ui,j j , ( [1])
[1]. (12.13) :
ui,j =
ui,j1
(ui1,j + ui+1,j ) +
+
f (xi , tj )
1 + 2
1 + 2
1 + 2
(12.14)
. 12.4.
(12.14) ,
, , ,
.

(c neyavn 12.3.
neyavn : N ,
x (0, L); K , t (0, T ); a ; eps (12.4) 1 .
neyavn u 12.1; x t; r
(12.4) ; k.
1 (12.13)(12.14) .

, .
222
12.
12.3. 12.1 1
// .
function y=f(x,t)
y=sin(x*t)
//y=0;
endfunction
//
function y=fi(x)
y=exp(0.15*x)
endfunction
//
function y=myu(t)
y=1
endfunction
//
function y=nyu(x)
y=2.117
endfunction
function [u,x,t,r,k]=neyavn(N,K,L,T,a,eps)
//
// .
//
h=L/N;
// t
delta=T/K;
// x U
//
for i=1:N+1
x(i)=(i-1)*h;
u(i,1)=fi(x(i));
end
// t,
// U
for j=1:K+1
t(j)=(j-1)*delta;
u(1,j)=myu(t(j));
u(N+1,j)=nyu(t(j));
end
// R
R(N+1,K+1)=0;
1 ,
.
12.2.
223
// gamma
gam=a^2*delta/h^2;
r=1;
k=0;
// while
// (12.14)
// eps
while r>eps
// R
// u
//(12.14)
for i=2:N
for j=2:K+1
R(i,j)=abs(u(i,j)-gam/(1+2*gam)*(u(i-1,j)+u(i+1,j))-u(i,j-1)...
/(1+2*gam)-delta*f(x(i),t(j))/(1+2*gam));
u(i,j)=gam/(1+2*gam)*(u(i-1,j)+u(i+1,j))+u(i,j-1)...
/(1+2*gam)+delta*f(x(i),t(j))/(1+2*gam);
end
end
//
r=R(1,1);
for i=1:N+1
for j=1:K+1
if R(i,j)>r
r=R(i,j);
end
end
end
// .
k=k+1;
end
disp(k)
endfunction
[U,X,T]=neyavn(50,200,5,3,0.4,0.1);
surf(X,T,U);
title(PARABOLIC EQUATION);
xlabel(X);
ylabel(T);
224
12.

.
, , 12.1 12.3, (12.3) f (x, t), (t), (t),
(x).
, f (x, t) 6= 0, .
12.2.
L, f (x).
u(0, t) = U1 = const, u(L, t) = U2 = const. ,
u0 .
- ,
, :
2u
u
= a2 2 h (u u0 ) ,
t
t
p
2
h=
,
0 < x < L,
0 < t < ,
a = ,
c
c
u(0, t) = U1 = const,
u(L, t) = U2 = const,
0 < t < ,
u(x, 0) = (x),
0<x<L
(12.15)
, ,
p .
L
T

, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n), (tj = j, = , j =
h (xi = ihx, h =
h
k
2 u u
0, 1, . . . k).
x2
t
(12.4) (12.6).
(12.16)(12.18):
ui,0 = (xi ),
u0,j = U1 ,
i = 0, 1, . . . , N,
UN,j = U2 ,
j = 0, 1, . . . , K
(12.16)
h
1
ui,j1 +
(ui1,j + ui+1,j ) +
u0,
1 + 2 + h
1 + 2 + h
1 + 2 + h
i = 1, 2, . . . , N 1;
j = 1, 2, . . . , k;
(12.17)
2
=a
(12.18)
hx2
12.2
12.4.
ui,j =
12.2.
225
12.4. neiav 12.2

//
function y=fi(x)
y=exp(0.15*x)
endfunction
function [u,x,t,r,k]=neiav(N,K,L,T,a,h,U1,U2,u0,eps)
//
// .
//N - ,
//(0,L); K - ,
// t (0,T);
//a, h - ;
//eps - (7.17) ;
//U1 - ;
//U2 - ;
// neiav :
//u - , x, t,
//r - (12.17) ,
// - .
//
hx=L/N;
// t
delta=T/K;
// x U
//
for i=1:N+1
x(i)=(i-1)*hx;
u(i,1)=fi(x(i));
end
// t,
// U
for j=1:K+1
t(j)=(j-1)*delta;
u(1,j)=U1;
u(N+1,j)=U2;
end
// R
R(N+1,K+1)=0;
// gamma
gam=a^2*delta/hx^2;
r=1;
k=0;
226
12.
// while
// (12.17) eps
while r>eps
// R
// u
//(12.17)
for j=2:K+1
for i=2:N
V=gam*(u(i-1,j)+u(i+1,j))/(1+2*gam+delta*hx)+u(i,j-1)/...
(1+2*gam+delta*hx)+delta*h*u0/(1+2*gam+delta*hx);
R(i,j)=abs(V-u(i,j));
u(i,j)=V;
end
end
//
r=R(1,1);
for i=1:N+1
for j=1:K+1
if R(i,j)>r
r=R(i,j);
end
end
end
//
k=k+1;
end
endfunction
// 12.2.
[U,X,T,R,K]=neiav(50,200,5,3,0.4,0.5,1,2.117,30,0.001);
//
surf(X,T,U);
title(Example 12.2);
xlabel(X);
ylabel(T);
neiav 12.2
12.4. . 12.5
.
1079 .
. , ,
.
12.3.
227
Example 12.2
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
T
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
2.5
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
. 12.5. 12.2
12.3

.
:
2u
2u
= a2 2 + f (x, t),
0 < x < L,
06t6T
2
t
t
u(0, t) = (t),
u(L, t) = (t),
06t6T
u(x, 0)
= (x),
06x6L
u(x, 0) = (x),
t
(12.19)

h (. . 12.1),
2u
(12.19).
(12.4),
x2
2u
(12.20) [1].
t2
ui,j1 2ui,j + ui,j+1
2 u(xi , tj )
=
t2
2
(12.20)
228
12.
(12.20), (12.4), (12.5) - (12.19), :

ui,j+1 = ui,j1 + (ui1,j + ui+1,j ) = (2 2)ui,j + 2 fi,j
i = 1, 2, . . . , N 1, j = 1, 2, . . . , K 1
ui,1 ui,0
ui,0 = (xi ),
= i ,
i = 0, 1, . . . , N
u0,j = j , uN,j = j ,
j = 0, 1, . . . , K
a2 2
=
h2
(12.21)
< 1 (12.9)(12.10)
Scilab.
- .
12.3.
-
2
2
2
=
a
+ sin(xt),
0 < x < L,
t2
t2
(0, t) = (0),
(L, t) = (L)
(x, 0) = (x),
t (x, 0) = (x)
t > 0,
(12.22)
12.5 ggg (12.22),

. 12.6 . ggg
.
12.5. ggg 12.3

function [u,x,t]=ggg(N,K,L,T,a)
//
// . :
//N - ,
// (0,L); K - ,
// t (0,T); a -
// . :
//u - , x, t,
//
h=L/N;
// t
delta=T/K;
// x, u
//
12.4.
229
for i=1:N+1
x(i)=(i-1)*h;
u(i,1)=fi(x(i));
u(i,2)=u(i,1)+delta*psi(x(i));
end
// t,
//U
for j=1:K+1
t(j)=(j-1)*delta;
end
// U
//
for j=2:K+1
u(1,j)=0;
u(N+1,j)=fi(L);
end
gam=a^2*delta^2/h^2;
// u
//(12.22)
for j=2:K
for i=2:N
u(i,j+1)=-u(i,j-1)+gam*u(i-1,j)+(2-2*gam)*...
u(i,j)+gam*u(i+1,j)+delta^2*f(x(i),t(j));
end
end
end
,
, ,
,
(, ).
12.4
(R b 6 x 6 R + b, a 6 y 6 a)
.
12.4.
2 2 5
+
= 2
x2
y 2
x x
(x,y) = 0
u =
(12.23)
230
12.
Example 12.3
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
T
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
. 12.6. 12.3
hy
hx , ,
2b
y = yj x = xi , xi = R b + i hx, hx = , i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N x, yj = a +
n
2a
j hy, hy =
, j = 0, 1, . . . , N y.
k
:
i1,j 2i,j + i+1,j
2 (xi , yj )
=
x2
hx2
2
i,j1 2i,j + i,j+1
(xi , yj )
=
y 2
hy 2
(12.24)
i,0 = i,N y = 0,
0,j = N x,j = 0,
(12.25)
i = 0, 1, . . . , N x
j = 0, 1, . . . , N y
(12.24)(12.25)
.
1
(Bi i+1,j + Ci i1,j + D(i,j1 + i,j+1 ) + 2)
A
2
2
1
5
1
5
A=
+ 2,
Bi =
+
,
Ci =
,
hx2
hy
hx2
2hx xi
hx2
2hx xi
i = 1, 2, . . . , N x 1;
j = 1, 2, . . . , N y 1
i,0 = i,N y = 0,
i = 0, 1, . . . , N x
0,j = N x,j = 0,
i = 0, 1, . . . , N y
i,j =
D=
1
hy 2
(12.26)
12.4.
231
(
). ,
, ( ). 12.6
(12.23) , . 12.7 .
Example 12.4
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
3
2
1
24
22
20
1
18
16
2
3
14
12
. 12.7. (12.23)
12.6. 12.4
function [psi,x,y,k]=ellip(R,a,b,Nx,Ny,eps)
// ellip 12.4.
// :
//R, a, b - , ,
//Nx - ,
//(R-b,R+b);
//Ny - ,
//y (-a,a);
//eps - (12.26) .
// :
//psi - , x, y,
//k -
//(12.26) .
// y
hy=2*a/Ny;
// x
232
12.
hx=2*b/Nx;
// x,
// psi
for i=1:Nx+1
x(i)=R-b+(i-1)*hx;
psi(i,1)=0;
psi(i,Ny+1)=0;
end;
// y,
// psi
for j=1:Ny+1
y(j)=-a+(j-1)*hy;
psi(1,j)=0;
psi(Nx+1,1)=0;
end;
// (12.26)
A=2/hy^2+2/hx^2;
D=1/hy^2;
for i=2:Nx+1
B(i)=1/hx^2+5/(2*hx*x(i));
C(i)=1/hx^2-5/(2*hx*x(i));
end
// (12.26)
// eps
p=1;
k=0;
while p>eps
for i=2:Nx
for j=2:Ny
V=1/A*(B(i)*psi(i-1,j)+C(i)*psi(i+1,j)+D*(psi(i,j-1)...
+psi(i,j+1))+2);
R(i,j)=abs(V-psi(i,j));
psi(i,j)=V;
end
end
p=R(2,2);
for i=2:Nx
for j=2:Ny
if R(i,j)>p
p=R(i,j);
end
end
end
k=k+1;
12.4.
233
end
endfunction
// 12.4.
[PSI,X,Y,K]=ellip(18,3,6,32,16,0.01);
//
surf(X,Y,PSI);
title(Example 12.4);
xlabel(X);
ylabel(Y);
, ,
(12.23),
.
. ,
, ,
, freefem[4].
13

Scilab .
13.1
.
13.1.
f (x) = x4 + 3x3 13x2 6x + 26.
(. 13.1
. 13.1).
13.1.
x=-5:0.1:1;
y=x.^4+3*x.^3-13*x.^2-6*x+26;
plot(x,y);
xtitle( f(x)=x^4+3*x^3-13*x^2-6*x+26,X,Y);
xgrid();
, -4. Scilab
[f,xopt]=optim(costf,x0),
13.1.
235
Plot function f(x)=x^4+3*x^313*x^26*x+26

40
20
20
40
60
80
100
5
. 13.1. f (x) = x4 + 3x3 13x2 6x + 26

, x0 - n, costf ,
.
(f) , (xopt).
optim costf,
:
function [f,g,ind]=costf(x,ind)
// costf f, g.
//f - ,
f=gg(x);
//g - f ( f x),
g=numdiff(gg,x);
endfunction
f , , g .
costf ind 2,
3 4, costf , . . optim f xopt. ind=1, optim
, ind<0 , f (x)
, ind=0 .
, ind
optim costf, optim ,
ind costf.
13.
236
, optim
costf, f
().
optim f (x) = x4 +
3x3 13x2 6x + 26. (. . 13.1)
xmin 4. optim
f (x) = x4 + 3x3
13x2 6x + 26.
13.2.
// fi, f
// g.
function [f,g,ind]=fi(x,ind)
// f, .
f=x^4+3*x^3-13*x^2-6*x+26
// g - f.
g=4*x^3+9*x^2-26*x-6
endfunction
// .
y0=-2;
// (xmin) (fmin)
// - optim.
[fmin,xmin]=optim(fi,y0);
-->fmin
fmin =
- 95.089413
-->xmin
xmin =
3.8407084
,
. Scilab, .
13.2.
13.2
237
costf
, x ind. costf
, () .
ostf
:
function [f,g,ind]=costf(x,ind)
//f - ,
f=gg(x);
//g - f ( )
g=numdiff(gg,x);
endfunction

f (x, y) = 100(y x2 )2 + (1 x2 )2
. . 13.2.
450
400
350
300
Z
250
200
150
100
50
0
1.0
0.6
0.2
0.2
Y
0.6
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
. 13.2.
, (1, 1), 0.

. optim ( 13.3).
13.
238
13.3.
// x0
x0=[-2;2]
//
function y=gg(x)
// , x - .
y=100*(x(2)-x(1)^2)^2+(1-x(1))^2;
endfunction
// cst,
// .
function [f,g,ind]=cst(x,ind)
f=gg(x);
g=numdiff(gg,x);
endfunction
// optim
[f,xopt]=optim(cst,x0)
optim.
x0 =
-2.
2.
xopt =
0.9999955
0.9999910
f =
2.010D-11
13.3
.
.
. :
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 .
, b1 , b2 , b3
. , 1 a11 , a12 a13 . . (. 13.1).
,
.
13.3.
239
13.1. ,
1
2
3
4
a11
a21
a31
a41
a12
a22
a32
a42
a13
a23
a33
a43
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .

4
X
ci xi
(13.1)
L = c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + c4 x4 =
i=1
,
. 1 a11 , x1
a11 x1 , x2 2 a21 x2
. . ,

P4
j=1 aj1 xj b1 . :
a11 x1 + a21 x2 + a31 x3 + a41 x4 > b1
(13.2)
:
a12 x1 + a22 x2 + a32 x3 + a42 x4 > b2
(13.3)
a13 x1 + a23 x2 + a33 x3 + a43 x4 > b3
(13.4)
, x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ,
:
x1 > 0,
x2 > 0,
x3 > 0,
x4 > 0
(13.5)
, : x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ,
(13.2)(13.5), (13.1) .
, (13.1) , (13.2)(13.5)
.
L .

. x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , (13.6), L (13.7)
() :
13.
240
n
X
aij xj 6 bi ,
i = 1, . . . , m,
xi > 0
(13.6)
j=1
L = c1 x1 + c2 x2 + . . . + cn xn =
n
X
ci xi
(13.7)
i=1
Scilab
linpro :
[x,kl,f]=linpro(,A,b[,ci,cs][,k][,x0])
c (-) , n x.
A ,
m,
n.
b (-), ,
m.
ci (-) n (cij 6 xj ); , [].
cs (-) n,
(csj > xj ); , [].
k , ,
, k
, l , .. m = k + l.
x0 - n.
linpro x,
f kl.
linpro
.
13.3.
241
13.2.
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ,
L
L = x2 2x3 + x4
:
3x1 x2 6 2
x2 2x3 6 1
4x3 x4 6 3
5x1 + x4 > 6
x1 0, x2 > 0,
x3 > 0,
x4 > 0
, >.
(13.1) -1. 13.2 13.4.
13.4. 13.2
c=[0;-1;-2;1];
A=[3 -1 0 0;0 1 -2 0; 0 0 4 -1; -5 0 0 -1];
b=[2;-1;3;-6];
ci=[0;0;0;0];
[x,kl,f]=linpro(p,A,b,ai,[])
13.5.
13.5. 13.2
f=
2.
kl=
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.0909091
1.0909091
0.5454545
0.4545455
x=
1.
1.
1.
1
13.
242
.
13.3.

, 200 150 . , .
,
, 70 ,
- 180, 110 .
13.2.
13.2.
1
2
5
10

6
12

20
5
:
x1 , ;
x2 , ;
x3 , ;
x4 , ;
x5 , ;
x6 , .
, :
Z = 5x1 + 6x2 + 20x3 + 10x4 + 12x5 + 5x6 .
, :
x1 + x4 6 70 ;
x2 + x5 6 180 ;
x3 + x6 6 110 ;
x1 + x2 + x3 = 200 ;
x4 + x5 + x6 = 150 .
, , ,
: x1 > 0, x2 > 0, x3 > 0, x4 > 0, x5 > 0, x6 > 0.
13.3.
243
13.6. x
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 . A
, k=2. ci , .. ,
.
,
x, kl,
f.
13.6. 13.3
Z=[5;6;20;10;12;5];
A=[1 1 1 0 0 0;
0 0 0 1 1 1;1 0 0 1 0 0;0 1 0 0 1 0;0 0 1 0 0 1];
b=[200;150;70;180;110];
ci=[0;0;0;0;0;0];
k=2;
[x,kl,f]=linpro(Z,A,b,ci,[],k);
Scilab 13.7
13.7. 13.3
f=
2120.
kl=
0.
0.
-20.
0.
-1.
0.
-6.
-11.
1.
0.
6.
x=
30.
170.
0.
40.
0.
110.
244
13.
, ,
Scilab .
, Scilab
, .
14

Scilab
14.1
Scilab.

1.1. ,
10x2 + 30x3 + 40x4 = 50

x1 x2 2x3 3x4 = 2
10x1 + 20x3 + 30x4 = 40

3x1 x2 x3 2x4 = 8
5.
1.
30x1 + 20x2 50x4 = 120
2x1 + 3x2 x3 x4 = 12
40x1 + 30x2 + 50x3 = 50

x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 x4 = 8
0.3x1 + x2 + 1.67x3 2.3x4 = 4

x1 2x2 + 3x3 2x4 = 6
3x1 + 5x2 + 7x3 x4 = 0

x1 + x2 2x3 3x4 = 8
6.
2.
5x1 + 7x2 + x3 3x4 = 4
3x
2x
x
+
2x
=
4
1
2
3
4
7x1 + x2 + 3x3 5x4 = 16

2x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 8
2x1 + x2 + 5x3 + x4 = 8
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + 4x4 = 5
0.333x1 x2 2x4 = 3
2x1 + x2 + 2x3 + 3x4 = 1
7.
3.
2x2 + x3 + 2x4 = 5
3x
+
2x
+
x
+
2x
=
1
1
2
3
4
x1 + 4x2 + 7x3 + 6x4 = 0

4x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 5
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 12
0.1x1 + 0.5x2 + 0.3x3 0.4x4 = 2
2x1 + x2 + 2x3 + 3x4 = 13

0.3x1 + 0.1x2 0.2x3 = 0.9
8.
4.
1.5x1 + x2 + 0.5x3 + x4 = 7
0.5x
0.7x
+
1x
=
0.9
1
2
4
4x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 15

0.3x2 0.5x3 = 0.1
246
9.
10.
11.
12.
14. Scilab
2x1 x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 = 40
x1 + x2 + x3 + 0.6667x4 = 20
3x1 x2 x3 + 2x4 = 60
3x1 x2 + 3x3 x4 = 60
3x1 6x2 3x3 + 3x4 = 8
2x1 x2 + x3 + x4 = 5
x1 + x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 1
x1 x2 x3 + 3x4 = 10
20x1 + 5x2 + 5x4 = 9
x1 3x2 + 4x3 = 7
3x2 2x3 4x4 = 12
x1 + 2x2 x3 + 3x4 = 10
x1 3x2 + x3 + x4 = 11
x1 + 3x2 + 5x3 + 7x4 = 12

3x1 + 5x2 + 7x3 + x4 = 0
5x1 7x2 x3 3x4 = 4
2x1 + x2 + x3 x4 = 11
2x1 + x2 3x4 = 2
13.
3x
1 + x3 + x4 = 3
4x1 4x2 4x3 + 10x4 = 7
2x1 + x3 + 4x4 = 19
x1 + 2x2 x3 + x4 = 18
14.
2x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 15
2x1 2x2 + 4x3 + 2x4 = 11
5x1 3x2 7x3 + 3x4 = 1
x2 3x3 + 4x4 = 5
15.
x1 2x3 3x4 = 4
1.3333x1 x2 1.6667x3 = 13
1.2. , , D.
1. D = 2(A2 + B)(2B A),
2
A= 4
1
3 1
5 2 ,
0 7
1 0
1
B= 0
2 2
5
3
4
2. D = 3A (A + 2B)B 2 ,
4 5 2
A = 3 1 0 ,
4 2
7
2 1 1
B= 0 1 3
5 7 3
3. D = 3A2 (A + 2B)B,
4 5 2
A = 3 1 0 ,
4 2
7
2 1 1
B= 0 1 3
5 7 3
4. D = (A B 2 2)(2A + B 3 ),
5 2 0
A = 10 4 1 ,
7 3 2
3
B = 1
2
6 1
2 0
1
3
14.1. Scilab
5. D = 2(A B)(A2 + B),
5
1 7
A = 10 2 1 ,
0
1 2
6. D = (A B)2 A + 2B,
5 1
2
A= 0
2 1
3
1 ,
0
7. D = (A2 B 2 )(A + B 2 ),
7
2 0
A = 7 2 1 ,
1
1 1
8. D = 2(A B)(A2 + B),
5
1 7
A = 10 2 1 ,
0
1 2
9. D = 2A (A2 + B)B,
1 4 2
A = 2 1 2 ,
0 1 1
10. D = 2(A 0, 5B) + A3 B,
5 3 1
A = 2 0 4 ,
3 5 1
11. D = (A B)A2 + 3B,
3 2 5
A = 4 2 0 ,
1 1 2
12. D = 3(A2 + B 2 ) 2AB,
4 2 1
A = 3 2 0 ,
0 1 2
247
2 4
B= 3 1
7 2
3
B= 1
0
1
0
1
7 2
1 2
1 3
0 2
B= 1 0
3 1
2 4
B= 3 1
7 2
4 6
B = 4 10
2 4
3
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
5
16
0
2
4
2
4
2
2
1
1
4
B = 3 2
5
7
1 2
3
B= 0
1 3
2 0
B = 5 7
1 0
14. Scilab
248
13. D = 2A3 + 3B(AB 2A),
1 1 0
A = 2 0 1 ,
1 1
1
14. D = A(A2 B) 2(B + A)B,
2 3 1
A = 1 2 4 ,
5 3 0
15. D = (2A B)(3A + B) 2A2 B,
1 0 3
A = 2 0 1 ,
1 3 1
14.2
5 3 1
B = 1 2 0
3 0 0
13
5
21
2
2
1
2
7
B = 1 0
5 13
7
5
1
B= 0
3 1
2.1. f (x).
1. f (x) =
1.2x3 + x2 2.8x 1
.
x2 1
1.9x3 2.8x2 1.9x + 1

2. f (x) =
.
3x2 1
2x2 5
.
3. f (x) =
x2 2
4.1x3 3.25x
4. f (x) =
.
4x4 1
5. f (x) =
x2 11.5
.
4x 3
2.3x2 7
.
6. f (x) =
3x2 4
7. f (x) =
8. f (x) =
9. f (x) =
10. f (x) =
11. f (x) =
12. f (x) =
13. f (x) =
14. f (x) =
15. f (x) =
p
3
p
3
(x 4.5)2 (x + 2).
x2 (x 4.7).
p
p
3
(x + 5)2 3 (x 7)2 .
p
3
(x2 x 2)2 .
p
3
x2 (x + 3.5)2 .
p
3
(x + 5)2 3 x 1.
p
3
(3.5 + x)(x2 + 6x + 6).
p
3
(4 + x)(x2 + 2x + 1).
p
3
(x2 x 6)2 .
14.3.
249
2.2.
1. () = 2ctg .
10. () =
1
.
cos 3
11. () =
2
+ 3.
sin
2. () = 2cos 6.
3. () = 2 + 1.
4. () = 2 cos 2.
12. () = 5 sin2
5. () = 3 + 2.
13. () =
6. () = 32 + .
7. () = 2sin 6.
15. () =
9. () = 2tg 3.
14.3
2
+ 1.
sin
14. () = 5 sin
8. () = 3 .
.
3
.
3
3
+ 1.
2
3.1. ,
(v)
x
=
cos(u)
1
+
cos
;
u
y = sin(v);
2
(v)
.
z = (sin(u) u) 1 + cos
2
plot3d2.
1. 0 6 u 6 2 ,
0 6 v 6 2
9. 0 6 u 6 4 ,
2. 0 6 u 6 2 ,
0 6 v 6 8
10. 0 6 u 6 72 ,
3. 0 6 u 6 2 ,
0 6 v 6 4
4. 0 6 u 6 8 ,
0 6 v 6 2
5. 0 6 u 6 4 ,
0 6 v 6 42
6. 0 6 u 6 8 ,
0 6 v 6 4
7. 0 6 u 6 2 ,
8. 0 6 u 6 8 ,
0 6 v 6 6
0 6 v 6 72
11. 0 6 u 6 2 ,
0 6 v 6 5
12. 0 6 u 6 4 ,
0 6 v 6 78
13. 0 6 u 6 3 ,
0 6 v 6 8
0 6 v 6 36
14. 0 6 u 6 2 ,
0 6 v 6 32
0 6 v 6 8
15. 0 6 u 6 2 ,
0 6 v 6 96
14. Scilab
250
3.2. , :
x(t) = sin(t)
x(t) = cos(t)
y(t) = sin(2t)
y(t) = cos(2t)
z(t) = t/5
z(t) = sin(t)
param3d.
[0; 7]
2
3
4
5
14.4
[; 4]
h
i
; 5
2
[2; 8]
3
; 9
2
t
h
; 7
11
2
[0; 5]
12
[2; 9]
13
[0; 2]
14
10
[; 7]
15
t
[0; 4]
3
; 7
2
[; 8]
h
i
; 6
2
[0; 9]
4.1. .
1.
1, 1x4 x 0, 9 = 0
x3 + x 4 = 0
2.
2x4 x 1, 5 = 0
3x3 5x2 + 9x 10 = 0
3.
2x4 9, 25x2 63x + 5 = 0

3x3 21x + 2 = 0
4.
0, 9x4 + 4, 2x3 8, 5x2 13 = 0

5x3 + 13x 11 = 0
5.
3x4 + 4x3 12x2 5 = 0

x3 + 2x2 + 2 = 0
6.
3, 2x4 + 7, 75x3 + 6, 3x2 10, 5 = 0

2x3 + 0, 48x2 + 1, 6x 2, 6 = 0
7.
2x4 3x2 5 = 0
2x3 0, 52x2 + 5, 4x 7, 4 = 0
8.
1, 05x4 17x2 + 6 = 0
2x3 0, 35x2 + 0, 85x + 1 = 0
14.4.
9.
3, 25x4 + 7, 67x3 + 5x2 11 = 0

2x3 + 5x2 + 11x + 7 = 0
10.
2, 2x4 1, 2x2 11 = 0
3x3 0, 42x2 + 0, 95x 2 = 0
11.
x4 18x2 + 6 = 0
2x3 0, 08x2 + 0, 94x + 1, 3 = 0
12.
1, 21x4 + x3 + 2x2 3x 5 = 0
3x3 13x2 + 16x 15 = 0
13.
0, 89x4 + 3, 67x3 7, 92x2 13 = 0

2x3 0, 35x2 + 0, 47x 1, 43 = 0
14.
6x4 + 8x3 23x2 + 2, 1 = 0

5x3 + 20x2 + 5x + 8 = 0
15.
2x4 2x3 4x2 + 6x 7 = 0

1, 9x3 + 7x 11 = 0
4.2. .
1.
sin(x + 1) y = 1, 2;
2x + cos y = 2;
9.
sin(x + y) 1, 2x = 0, 1;
x2 + y 2 = 1;
2.
cos(x 1) + y = 0, 5;
x cos y = 3;
10.
cos(x 1) + y = 0, 5;
x cos y = 3;
2y cos(x + 1) = 0;
x + sin y = 0, 4;
3.
11.
sin x + 2y = 2;
cos(y 1) + x = 0, 7;
cos(x + 0, 5) y = 2;
sin y 2x = 1;
5.
sin x + 2y = 2;
cos(y 1) + x = 0, 7;
12.
tg xy = x2 ;
0, 7x2 + 2y 2 = 1;
sin(x + y) 1, 2x = 0, 2;
x2 + y 2 = 1;
13.
6.
sin(x 1) = 1, 3 y;
x sin(y + 1) = 0;
7.
tg(xy + 0, 3) = x2 ;
0, 9x2 + 2y 2 = 1;
14.
sin(y 1) + x = 1, 3;
y sin(x + 1) = 0, 8;
8.
sin(y + 1) x = 1, 2;
2y + cos x = 2;
15.
sin(y + 1) = x + 1;
2y + cos x = 2;
4.
251
14. Scilab
252
14.5
5.1. .
, , , . .
1. P (s) = As3 + Bs2 + D
s
0
1
1.5
P 12 10.1 11.58
2
17.4
2.5
30.68
3
53.6
2. G(s) = Asb
s
0.5
1.5
G 3.99 5.65
2.5
6.71
3
7.215
3.5
7.611
2
6.41
3. V (s) = Asb eCs

s
0.2
0.7
V 2.3198 2.8569
A
Bs + C
1
2
0.529 0.298
1.2
3.5999
1.7
4.4357
3.5
87.78
4
136.9
4.5
202.5
4
7.83
4.5
8.19
5
8.3
2.2
5.5781
2.7
6.9459
5
287
3.2
8.6621
4. W (s) =
s
W
3
0.267
5. Q(s) = As2 + Bs + C
s
1
1.25
1.5
Q 5.21 4.196 3.759
4
0.171
1.75
3.672
5
0.156
2
4.592
6
0.124
2.25
4.621
x
Ax B
3
3.1
0.61 0.6
3.2
0.592
3.3
0.58
3.4
0.585
3.5
0.583
1
A + BeU
U
0
1
V 12 10.1
1.5
11.58
2
17.4
2.5
30.68
3
53.6
6. Y =
x
Y
7
0.1
8
0.078
9
0.075
2.5
5.758
2.75
7.173
3
9.269
3.6
0.582
3.7
0.57
3.8
0.572
3.9
0.571
3.5
87.78
4
136.9
4.5
202.5
5
287
2.08
82.6
2.63
90.63
3.12
113.5
7. V =
8. Z = At4 + Bt3 + Ct2 + Dt + K

t
0.66 0.9 1.17 1.47
1.7
Z 38.9 68.8 64.4 66.5 64.95
1.74
59.36
9. R = Ch2 + Dh + K
h
2
4
6
R 0.035 0.09 0.147
12
0.28
8
0.2
10
0.24
14
0.31
16
0.34
14.5.
10. Y = Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D
x 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Y 1.5 2.7 3.9 5.5
2
7.1
2.2
9.1
11. Y = Ax3 + Cx + D
x
0
0.4 0.8
Y 1.2 2.2 3.0
1.6
7.7
2
13.6
12. R = Ch2 + K
h 0.29 0.57
R 3.33 6.67
1.2
6.0
0.86
7.5
13. Z = At4 + Ct2 + K

t
1
1.14 1.29
Z 6.2 7.2
9.6
0.14
13.33
1.43
12.5
1.43
16.67
1.57
17.1
14. Z = At4 + Bt3 + Dt + K

t
2
2.13 2.25
Z 12.57 16.43
19
2.38
22.86
15. Z = At4 + Dt + K
t
0.88
0.9
Z 0.029 0.086
0.93
0.31
0.91
0.17
2.4
11.1
1.71
23.33
1.71
22.2
2.5
26.71
0.94
0.43
2.6
12.9
253
2.8
15.5
1.82
27.8
3
17.9
2
33.35
1.86
28.3
1.92
35.3
2
36.5
2.63
31.86
2.75
37.0
2.88
43.43
0.96
0.57
0.97
0.71
0.99
0.86
3
49.86
1
0.97
5.2. 1-7
.
.
1. x1 = 0.702,
x
0.43
y 1.63597
x2 = 0.512,
x3 = 608
0.48
0.55
0.62
1.73234 1.87686 2.03345
0.7
2.22846
0.75
2.35973
2. x1 = 0.102,
x
0.02
y 1.02316
x2 = 0.203,
x3 = 0.154
0.08
0.12
0.17
1.09509 1.14725 1.21423
0.23
1.30120
0.30
1.40907
3. x1 = 0.526,
x
0.35
y 2.73951
x2 = 0.453,
x3 = 0.436
0.41
0.47
0.51
2.30080 1.96864 1.78776
0.56
1.59502
0.64
1.34310
4. x1 = 0.616,
x
0.41
y 2.57418
x2 = 0.478,
x3 = 0.537
0.46
0.52
0.6
2.32513 2.09336 1.86203
0.65
1.74926
0.72
1.62098
5. x1 = 0.896,
x
0.68
y 0.80866
x2 = 0.774,
x3 = 0.955
0.73
0.80
0.88
0.89492 1.02964 1.20966
0.93
1.34087
0.99
1.52368
254
14. Scilab
6. x1 = 0.314,
x
0.11
y 9.05421
x2 = 0.235,
x3 = 0.186
0.15
0.21
0.29
6.61659 4.69170 3.35106
0.35
2.73951
0.40
2.36522
7. x1 = 1.3832,
x
1.375
y 5.04192
x2 = 1.3926,
x3 = 1.3866
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
5.17744 5.32016 5.47069 5.62968
1.400
5.79788
8-15 -. .
8. x1 = 0.308,
x
0.298
y 3.25578
x2 = 0.325,
x3 = 0.312
0.303
0.310
0.317
3.17639 3.12180 3.04819
0.323
2.98755
0.330
2.91950
9. x1 = 0.608,
x
0.593
y 0.53205
x2 = 0.594,
x3 = 0.631
0.598
0.605
0.613
0.53562 0.54059 0.54623
0.619
0.55043
0.627
0.55598
10. x1 = 0.115,
x
0.100
y 1.12128
x2 = 0.130,
x3 = 0.164
0.108
0.119
0.127
1.13160 1.14594 1.15648
0.135
1.16712
0.146
1.18191
11. x1 = 0.720,
x2 = 0.777,
x 0
1
1.5
2
y 12 10.1 11.58 17.4
x3 = 0.700
2.5
3
30.68 53.6
3.5
87.78
4
136.9
4.5
202.5
12. x1 = 0.238,
x
0.235
y 1.20800
x2 = 0.261,
x3 = 0.275
0.240
0.250
0.255
1.21256 1.22169 1.22628
0.265
1.23547
0.280
1.24933
13. x1 = 0.105,
x
0.095
y 1.09131
x2 = 0.109
, x3 = 0.111
0.102
0.104
0.107
1.23490 1.27994 1.35142
0.110
1.42815
0.112
1.48256
14. x1 = 0.1817,
x
0.180
y 5.61543
x2 = 0.2275,
x3 = 0.175
0.185
0.190
0.195
0.200
5.46693 5.32634 5.19304 5.06642
0.205
4.94619
15. x1 = 3.522,
x
3.50
y 33.1154
x2 = 4.176,
x3 = 3.475
3.55
3.60
3.65
34.8133 36.5982 38.4747
3.75
42.5211
3.70
40.4473
5
287
14.6.
14.6
255
6. .
1. W
= 2x1 x2 + x4 min
x1 + x2 + x3 x4 6 1
x1 x2 + x3 x4 6 0
2x1 + x2 + x3 x4 > 3
2. W
= x1 + x3 max
2x1 7x2 + 22x3 6 22
2x1 x2 + 6x3 6 6
2x1 5x2 + 2x3 6 2
4x1 + x2 + x3 6 1
3. W
= 3 + 2x2 + x3 max
x1 x2 + 2x3 + x4 > 1
2x1 x2 + x3 x4 > 1
x1 2x2 + x3 x4 > 1
x1 + x2 + x3 + 2x4 6 5
4. W
= x3 + 3x4 min
x1 + x2 x3 x4 6 2
x1 x2 x3 + x4 > 0
x1 x2 + 2x3 x4 > 3
x1 > 1
5. W
= x1 + x2 max
x1 2x2 > 2
2x1 x2 > 2
x1 + x2 > 5
6. W
= x1 x2 2x4 max
2x1 x2 + 2x3 x4 6 4
x1 2x2 + x3 2x4 > 2

x1 x4 > 1
x2 + x3 6 1
7. W
= x1 x2 + 3x3 + x4 max
x1 x2 + x4 6 1
x2 x3 + x4 6 1
x1 + x3 + 2x4 6 2
2x2 + x4 6 0
8. W
= x2 2x3 + x4 min
3x1 x2 6 2
x2 2x3 6 1
4x3 x4 6 3
5x1 + x4 > 6
9. W
= x1 + x2 + 3x3 x4 max
x1 5x2 + 4x3 6 5
x1 2x2 3x3 6 4
x1 + 6x2 + 5x3 6 4
x2 + x3 6 1
10. W
= 4 2x1 x2 x3 min
x1 2x2 + 3x3 4x4 > 10
x1 + x2 x3 x4 6 4
x1 x2 + x3 x4 > 6
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 6 10
11. W
= x1 + x2 + x3 + 1 min
x1 + x2 > 0
x1 + x3 > 1
x2 x3 > 1
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 > 0
12. W
= 2 + 2x2 x3 + 3x4 max
x1 + x2 2x4 > 1
x1 + x3 + x4 > 1
x2 + x3 x4 > 1
x3 6 4;
x2 6 10
13. W
= x1 + x2 + 3 max
x1 x2 6 1
x1 2x2 > 2
x
1 + x2 > 1
2x1 + x2 > 2
14. W
= x1 10x2 + 100x3 max
x1 + x2 + x3 6 1
x1 x2 x3 6 2
x1 + 2x3 6 0
x1 + 2x3 6 5
15. W
= 3 + x1 + 3x2 + 5x3 max
x1 x2 + x3 6 1
2x1 + x2 + x3 6 1
x1 + 2x2 + x3 6 1
x1 + x2 + 2x3 6 1
16
11, 12
27
12
186

213
213
214
213
213
153
151
12
12
151
148
150
11
190
193
198
195
201
195
27
27
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
52
32
32
32
32

220
11
for 170
if 164
select 168
while 170
164
257
17
17
138, 139
53

54
55
53
SciPad 14
53
12

53
19
138, 140
146
143
- 14
22, 183
cat 39
close 188
cond 46
costf 234
delete 188
det 45
diag 38
evstr 164
eye 35
gure 186
fsolve 143, 146
full 37
hypermat 38
input 163
integrate 150
intg 151
inttrap 148
inv 47
kernel 51
length 42
linpro 239
linsolve 48
lu 50
matrix 34
max 43
mclose 179
mean 44
median 44
meof(f) 177
mfprintf 177
mfscanf 177
min 44
mopen 176
norm 45
numdi 153
ode 156
ones 34
optim 233237
pinv 48
poly 138
prod 43
qr 50
rand 36
rank 45
roots 140
rref 49
size 41
sort 41
sparse 37
spec 47
sum 42
svd 51
tril 39
triu 40
uicontrol 189
x_dialog 163
zeros 35

216
[1] . . . .: , 2002.
840 .
[2] . . .
Maple. .: , 2004. 539 .
[3] . ., . . . .:
, 1966. 724 .
[4] www.freefem.org
, , , 8 40
.
, , 6 20
.
, .

Scilab:
: . .
: . .
: .
: . .
16.05.08. 70x100/16.
Computer Modern. . .
. . . 22,1. 2000 .

: 119334, , 5- , . 21, . 21
: (495) 662-38-83. E-mail: sales@altlinux.ru
http://altlinux.ru
.
: 125167, , , 3
(499) 157-52-72. E-mail: binom@Lbz.ru
http://www.Lbz.ru

Scilab Решение инженерных и математических задач Е.Р.Алексеев и др М. ALT Linux БИНОМ 2010-260с,

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Scilab , ALT Linux 4.0 Mandrivia

- Scilab, . , - SciPad, , Editor.

%NaN (0/0,/ . .);

3.2E-6 = 3.2 106 = 0.0000032

ax2 + bx + c = 0 D = b2 4ac; x1,2 =

name=[x1, x2, ..., xn]

A=[1 2;3 4]; B=[5 6 ;7 8];

A=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9];

1 pinv(A[,tol])= A**=, **=, *

plot function y=sin(cos(x))

. 4.3, plot Scilab 3 . Scilab 4

. 4.9. y = sin(x), y = sin(2x), y = sin(3x)

. 4.14. style plot2d

rect keyn=valuen plot2d

4.15. rect plot2d

. 4.15. rect plot2d

. 4.16. axesflag plot2d

. 4.17. nax plot2d

. 4.18. leg plot2d

. 4.21. = 3 cos(5), 1 = 3 cos(3)

y(x) x = f (t) y = g(t)

. 4.24. y1 = sin(2x) y2 = sin(3x)

Edit Figure properties

. 4.25. Figure Editor

Object Browser , . Figure(1) ( ) , Object Properties

. 4.26. Object Browser

Figure name ( ) , . Scilab Graphic (%d), %d

. 4.28. Figure Editor

. 4.29. Colormap Figure Editor

. 4.30. Mode Figure Editor

. 4.31. Auto resize

. 4.32. invert Pixel drawing mode Mode

Rotation style . unary , multiple .

Font angle . : 0, 90, 180 270 ,

. 4.34. Edit Axes Ticks

. 4.35. Title Axes Editor

. 4.37. Style Axes Editor

. 4.39. Aspect Axes Editor

Auto scale. y = sin(x) y1 = cos(x)

. 4.40. Auto scale

. 4.41. Auto scale

, Auto scale, . (. 4.26, . 4.41).

Margins : Left ( ), Right (), Top (),

. 4.42. View Point Axes Editor

. 4.43. Style Polyline Editor

. 4.45. Foreground, Background Closed

Mark style : dot ;

. 4.47. Data Polyline Editor

. 4.48. Clipping Polyline Editor

Clipping () Polyline Editor

5.1. plot3d plot3d1

. 5.1. Z = sin(t) cos(t)

5.1. plot3d plot3d1

5.2. meshgrid, surf mesh

meshgrid, surf mesh

5.2. meshgrid, surf mesh

. 5.3. Cube scaling Axes Editor

plot3d2 plot3d3 plot3d,

5.3. plot3d2 plot3d3

x(u, v) = cos(u) cos(v) ,

x(u, v) = cos(u) cos(v) ,

5.3. plot3d2 plot3d3

1 pinv(A[,tol])= A=, =, *

Plot function f(x)=x^4+3x^313x^26*x+26