Secondary Sources

"Columbus, GA: Convention & Visitors Bureau." Visit Columbus Georgia. Columbus GA Conventions & Visitors Bureau, n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://visitcolumbusga.com/visitors/attractions/springer_opera_house>. From this website I learned that the Springer was rated the number one Major Theater in the State of Georgia fro 1994 and 2004 by the Georgia Council for the Arts and that Francis Joseph Springer built the opera house and he was an immigrant from Alsace. "Georgia Secretary of State | State Theatre." Georgia Secretary of State | State Theatre. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://www.sos.ga.gov/archives/state_symbols/state_theatre.html>. From this website I learned that the Springer was renovated from 19971999 to restore the theater to the way it was in 1901 and I also learned about when the Springer became the State Theater of Georgia. "History of Columbus, Georgia." History of Columbus. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. From this website I learned that "private and public actions have demonstrated the importance played on historic resources" in Columbus. Kyle, F. Clason, and Lewis O. Powell. In Order of Appearance: Chronicling 135 Years on America's Most Celebrated Stage. Columbus, GA: Communicorp, 2006. Print. From this book I learned that Lillie Langtry was able to do what no woman had ever done before in her society because she was wealthy: go on the stage. Her debut in the U.S. was in 1882. Langley, William O. The Theater in Columbus, Ga From 1828-1878. N.p.: Selfpublished, n.d. Print. From this self-published book I learned about how it was decided to build the Springer and the actual building of the Springer in 1871. Mahan, Joseph B. Columbus Georgia's Fall Line "Trading Town" N.p.: Windsor Publications, 1986. Print. From this book I learned that the Springer was the "city's prominent center for entertainment and cultural performances", that Robert M. Lewis Jr founded the Springer Opera House Trustees and who the originals were, and that "the construction of the Springer Opera House in 1871 made Columbus an exciting theater town."

"New Georgia Encyclopedia: Columbus." New Georgia Encyclopedia: Columbus. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. From this online encyclopedia I learned that Columbus was a mill town in the 1850s and the river powered five mills. The people who saved the Springer founded the Historic Columbus Foundation which created more historic districts. In the late 1900s the Columbus Challenge raised more than $100 million for the performing arts. Offner, Mortimer. N.d. Photograph. New York City. Broadway Photographers. College of Arts and Sciences of the University of South Carolina. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. <http://broadway.cas.sc.edu/index.phpaction=showPhotographer&id=46>. I will use this photograph as a visual in my website when I talk about Ethel Barrymore performing at the Springer. Pierce, Paul, and Scooter MacMillan. The Springer Ghost Book: A Theatre Haunting in the Deep South. Columbus, GA: P. R. Pierce, 2003. Print. From this book I learned that ghosts may haunt the Springer. "Springer Opera House - History - Columbus, GA." Springer Opera House History - Columbus, GA. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2012. <http://www.springeroperahouse.org/plaintext/aboutus/history.aspx>. From this website I learned some of the important facts about the Springer including: when it was built and by whom, the saving of the Springer, major renovations, and important people who have performed there. Springer Opera House Is Young at Heart. Prod. Kenia Mills. Perf. Ron Anderson, Springer Theater Academy Students. Youtube. BenningTV, 28 Mar. 2011. Web. 4 Dec. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ibi9NGMgtY4>. From this video I learned more about the Springer Theater Academy and I also got some more good quotes from Ron Anderson.