Abstract
In this experiment, in order to find the rate of the reaction of crystal violet and OH-, a
solution of crystal violet and NaOH was created and placed in a spectrophotometer. The
absorbance and percent transmittance were measured at two minute intervals for nineteen
minutes. The next step was to graph [Dye] vs. time, ln [Dye] vs. time, and 1 / [dye] vs. time.
Since this reaction is first order, the slope of the ln [Dye] vs. time graph is the rate of the
reaction. The results of the experiment show that the reaction between crystal violet and
NaOH is second order overall, with respect to the dye and OH-. The rate law for the reaction
is Rate = k[Dye][OH-].
Introduction
absorbance. The absorbance values are easier to use as they are directly proportional to the
concentration.1 This is the basis of the Beer-Lambert law.1 These values are measured using
medium.2 The colored medium is contained in a cuvette and lowered into the
spectrophotometer.2 Distilled water is used first to zero the machine out and establish full
transparency values at that particular wavelength.2 In order to equate using the Beer-Lambert
law, there are some requirements that must be met, including absorbers which act
radiation), parallel rays must be used in the radiation source, the width of the radiation source
must be more narrow than the medium through which absorbency is being measured, and the
light should not cause stimulated emission.3 Depending on the type of experiment being
conducted, the rate of formation can be calculated4, various values of an analyte (a substance
All measurements are recorded at the substance’s maximum absorbance, which usually
varies between wavelengths, and for this reason, measurements of a substance’s absorbance
should never be taken only at one wavelength, as extinction exists in the substance at every
wavelength in the spectrum.7 However, the approximate middle of the spectrum should be
used if only one reading is to be used, as this provides the most accurate measurements.8
Experimental
This experiment is called “A Study of Reaction Rate” which was made by J. Corsaro.9
The only change made to the experiment was to only measure the percent transmittance and
absorbance of the solution for only nineteen minutes instead of the suggested twenty five.
Calculations
To find the molarity of the dye, use a conversion factor to convert the grams per Liter of
𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐷𝑦𝑒
. 0284 𝐷𝑦𝑒 × = 6.96 × 10−5 𝑀 𝐷𝑦𝑒
𝐿 407.99 𝑔 𝐷𝑦𝑒
After the molarity of the dye is found, the concentration of dye can be calculated using
M1V1 = M2V2
M₁ is the initial molarity of the dye and V₁ is the volume of the dilution. V is the final
volume of the solution. Use the equation to solve for M₂ ([Dye]). See data table 1
M2 = 6.96 x 10-6
To find the concentration of dye in part two of the lab, use the following equation:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
The slope and b value is calculated from the graph (see graph 1). Y is the absorbance and
x is the unknown [Dye] (See data table 2 for trial one with 10.0mL of stock solution and data
. 41 = 83945.73 𝑥 + (−.046)
. 41 − (−.046)
=𝑥
83945.73
𝑥 = 5.43 × 10−6 𝑀
Before the order of the reaction can be determined, the concentration of NaOH for the
5.0mL of stock solution and the 10.0mL of stock solution. First, find the molarity of NaOH
using a use a conversion factor to convert the grams per Liter of NaOH into moles per liter of
NaOH.
𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
4.2105 × = .1053𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝐿 40.00 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
Next, use the following equation to determine the molarity of NaOH after dilution:
𝑀₁𝑉₁ = 𝑀₂𝑉₂
𝑀 = .01053𝑀
𝑀 = .005265 𝑀
To find the order of the reaction with respect to NaOH, use the following equation:
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑇₁ = . 01 𝑥
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑇₂ = . 005 𝑥
The slopes of trial on and trial two are calculated from the graph (See graph 3 for trial
−30.511 = . 01053 𝑥
−16.565 = . 005265 𝑥
2 = 2𝑥
𝑥=1
X is found to be one, which means that the order of the reaction is first order with respect
to NaOH.
Conclusion
In this experiment, in order to find the rate of the reaction of crystal violet and OH-, a
solution of crystal violet and NaOH was created and placed in a spectrophotometer. The
absorbance and percent transmittance were measured at two minute intervals for nineteen
minutes. The next step was to graph [Dye] vs. time, ln [Dye] vs. time, and 1 / [dye] vs. time.
Since this reaction is first order, the slope of the ln [Dye] vs. time graph is the rate of the
reaction. The results of the experiment show that the reaction between crystal violet and
NaOH is second order overall, with respect to the dye and OH-. The rate law for the reaction
is Rate = k[Dye][OH-].
The following errors may have caused the data to be wrong. In part two, when the 5.0
mL of NaOH was mixed with the 10.0 mL of dye, they values fluctuated and then
increased/decreased how they were supposed to. This could be due to the solutions not
mixing properly at first, but became mixed and reacted after the first minute.
References
2. Spectrophotometer Use.
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Microbiology/Growth_Curve/Spectrophotomet
er.htm
* The first data point was not plotted to ensure only data which was relevant to the experiment
was used.
(Trial 1) (Trial 2)