Raw water intake,

screening, and aeration

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 Contents
• Introduction
• Raw water intake
structures
– Types of intake
structures
– Intake site selection
– Intake-design
consideration
• Screening
– Types of screening
• Aeration
– Purpose of aeration
– Types of aerators 2
 Introduction
Process flow chart in water supply
project

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• Raw water intakes withdraw water
from a river, lake, or reservoir over a
predetermined range of pool levels.
• Screens remove large floating
objects from the water – to protect
pumping equipment.
• Aeration removes gases and volatile
compounds and also to oxidize
certain dissolved metals.
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Raw water intake structures
• Control withdrawal of raw water from
a surface water source.
• Selectively withdraw the best quality
water while excluding fish, floating
debris, coarse sediment, and other
objectionable suspended matter.
• Intake contains gates, screens,
control valves, pumps, chemical
feeders, flow meters, offices and
machine shop.
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Types of intake structures
1. Floating intakes

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2. Submerged
intakes

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 3. Exposed or tower
intakes
3.a. wet-intake
towers 3.b. dry intake tower

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4. Shore-intake
structures 5. Pier intakes

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 Intake site selection
• Water quality
• Water depth
• Stream or current velocities
• Foundation stability
• Access
• Power availability
• Proximity to water treatment plant
• Environmental impact
• Hazard to navigate

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Intake-design consideration
2. Intake-port
1. Intake velocities location
• High velocities – head • Water quality in each
loss, entrain stratum may vary.
suspended matter, • To achieve, multiple
trap fish, and other intake ports set at
aquatic animals. various levels are
• Velocity below 8 cm/s generally provided.
allows aquatic animals • Top intake – less than
to escape, and 2 m below normal
minimize the level.
suspended matter. • Bottom intake – least
1 m above the bottom
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 3. Gates 4. Control of ice
• Usually sluice gates . • In cold regions, gates
• Large cast iron gates covered with ice.
that slide vertically on • To avoid, intake ports
a guide track. are kept below water
surface below 8m .
• Space heaters,
Compressed air is
used to remove ice.

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 Screening
• It is a unit operation that removes
suspended matter from water.
• Screens may be classified as coarse,
fine, or microstrainer, depending on
the size of material removed.
• Located at intake structure, raw
water pump station, or water
treatment plant.

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1. Coarse screen or trash
rack
• To fprevent large objects rom entering
the conveyance system.
• Consists of vertical flat bars, or, in some
cases, round pipes spaced with 5 to 8
cm of clear opening.
• Installed outside of any sluice gate.
• The velocity through the coarse screen
is generally less than 8 cm/s.

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 2. Fine screen

• To remove smaller objects that may

damage pumps or other equipment.
• Screens consists of heavy wire mesh
with 0.5 cm square opening.
• The typical design velocity through
the effective area is in the range of
0.4 to 0.8 m/s.
• There are two types: Traveling
screens and passive screen
installation. 15
 Typical fine screens
Traveling screen Passive screen

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3. Microstrainer
• Mainly to remove plankton and algae
from impounded waters.
• Microstrainer is installed before
chemical coagulation will improve the
performance of clarifiers.
• Consists of rotating cylindrical frame
covered with fine wire mesh fabric.
Water enters the cylinder and moves
radially out.
• Damaged by abrasive material – metal ,
sand.
• Problem – build up of slime on the
fabric. 17
 Aeration
Aeration involves bringing air or
other gases in contact with water.
The purpose of aeration are
1. Reduce the conc. of taste and odor causing
substance by volatilization
2. To oxidize iron and manganese, rendering them
insoluble.
3. To dissolve a gas in the water ( O2 and CO2)
4. To remove compounds for better water
treatment ( H2S removal before chlorination and
CO2 removal before softening)
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 Types of aerators
1. Gravity aerators 2. Spray aerators
• Utilize weirs, • This spray droplets of
waterfalls, cascades, water into the air from
inclined planes with orifices or nozzles.
riffle plates, • To produce an
perforated tray towers atomized jet, large
power required &
water must be free of
large solids.

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 3. Diffused-air 4. Mechanical
aerators aerators
• Aerated in tanks using • Motor driven impellers
compressed air . or combination of
• Aeration period 10 to impeller with air
30 mins. injection device.
• Air supply 0.1 to 1
m3/min.

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Water works engineering – planning,
design, and operation
By syed R. QASIM, Edward M. Motley and
guang zhu
Prentice-hall , india (2006)
And photos from internet.

REFERENCE

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