I. II. III. IV.

Experiment Starting of Experiment Finishing of Experiment Purpose

: Chemical Bonding : Wednesday, November 2, 2011at 1 p.m. : Wednesday, November 2, 2011at 3.30 p.m. : To compare covalence bonding and ionic bonding To observe the changing of Chlor unsure in compound, from covalence to ionic.

V.

Theoretical Background

A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electromagnetic forceattraction between opposite charges, either

between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such as dipole-dipole interactions, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding. Ionic bonding In ionic bonding, electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. In the process of either losing or gaining negatively charged electrons, the reacting atoms form ions. The oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces, which are the basis of theionic bond. Ionic compounds share many features in common:

Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals. In naming simple ionic compounds, the metal is always first, the nonmetal second (e.g., sodium chloride).

Ionic compounds dissolve easily in water and other polar solvents. In solution, ionic compounds easily conduct electricity. Ionic compounds tend to form crystalline solids with high melting temperatures. Covalent bonding The second major type of atomic bonding occurs

when atoms shareelectrons. As opposed to ionic bonding in which a complete transfer of electrons occurs, covalent bonding occurs when two (or more) elementsshare electrons. Covalent bonding occurs because the atoms in thecompound have a similar tendency for electrons (generally to gain electrons). This most commonly occurs when two nonmetals bond together. Because both of the nonmetals will want to gain

electrons, the elements involved will share electrons in an effort to fill their valence shells. A good example of a covalent bond is that which occurs between two hydrogen atoms. Atoms of hydrogen (H) have one valence electron in their firstelectron shell. Since the capacity of this shell is two electrons, each hydrogen atom will "want" to pick up a second electron. In an effort to pick up a second electron, hydrogen atoms will react with nearby hydrogen (H) atoms to form the compound H2. Because the hydrogen compound is a combination of equally matched atoms, the atoms will share each other's single electron, forming one covalent bond. In this way, both atoms share the stability of a full valence shell. Multiple Bonds: For every pair of electrons shared between two atoms, a single covalent bond is formed. Some atoms can share multiple pairs of electrons, forming multiple covalent bonds. For example, oxygen (which has

six valence electrons) needs two electrons to complete its valence shell. When two oxygen atoms form the compound O2, they share two pairs of electrons, forming two covalent bonds. Polar and nonpolar covalent bonding There are, in fact, two subtypes of covalent bonds. The H2 molecule is a good example of the first type of covalent bond, the nonpolar bond. Because both atoms in the H2 molecule have an equal attraction (or affinity) for electrons, the bonding electrons are equally shared by the two atoms, and a nonpolar covalent bond is formed. Whenever two atoms of the same element bond together, a nonpolar bond is formed. A polar bond is formed when electrons are unequally shared between twoatoms. Polar covalent bonding occurs because one atom has a stronger affinity for electrons than the other (yet not enough to pull the electrons away completely and form an ion). In a polar covalent bond, the bonding electrons will spend a greater amount of time around the atom that has the stronger affinity for electrons. A good example of a polar covalent bond is the hydrogen-oxygen bond in the water molecule. Water molecules contain two hydrogen atoms (pictured in red) bonded to one oxygen atom (blue). Oxygen, with six valence electrons, needs two additional electrons to complete its valence shell. Each hydrogen contains one electron. Thus oxygen shares the electrons from two hydrogen atoms to complete its

own valence shell, and in return shares two of its own electrons with each hydrogen, completing the H valence shells.

From

(online) http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=55 accessed on October 22, 2011

VI.

Procedures 1. Comparing covalence and ion bonding

Test tube 1 5 drops of NaCl + 20 drops aquades

Test tube 2 20 drops CCl4

Added by 2 drops of AgNO3 Observe the changing and note the time

Result

VII.

Result of Observing Data of Experiment Result

No 1.

Treatment Before a. Test Tube I colorless After White dirty and theres precipitate after adding AgNO3 b. Test Tube II colorless White, solid Colorless (no changing) Soluble into solution Theres precipitate (white dirty) c. Adding 20 drops of HNO3 d. Adding by 2 drops of AgNO3 White dirty Bright yellow Solid, white, small Solid, white, small Bright yellow White dirty, theres precipitate Expand and has many fiber Molten, changes into brown

2.

a. when heated and adding the 2 drops of CCl4 b. Adding 3 drops of CCl4

Soluble into solution

3.

a. Little pieces of C2H2O4 heated b. Little pieces of C12H22O11

VIII. Analysis In the first experiment, test tube I has precipitate in it because NaCl can react with AgNO3. But in test tube II it doesnt. It show that ionic bonding react faster than covalence. The color of test tube I is white dirty because there is precipitate of AgCl. Test tube doesnt change because theres no reaction. The reaction is: NaCl + AgNO3 CCl4 + AgNO3 So, NaCl is ionic bonding than CCl4 is covalence. Here we can notice that ionic is more reactive than covalence. Ionic rearrange its structure easily but covalence doesnt. Second experiment, when CaO added by CCl4 there will be precipitate of CaCO3. The reaction is: 3CaO + CCl4 2CaCl2 + CaCO3 AgCl + NaNO3

Then the adding of HNO3 will make the precipitate soluble. HNO3 will make the gas evaporate and the color change into bright yellow. To check that it has CaCl2 (ionic bonding), we drop AgNO3. Then the precipitate will form again. Thats AgCl. The reaction is below. CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + Ca(NO3)2

Third experiment, here we heat C2H2O4. This process will produce formic acid. Formic acid has many fibers. The reaction can be notice by the smell that we know from the experiment. It indicates theres reaction between C2H2O4 and O2. The reaction is: C2H2O4 CO2 + HCOOH

Then, when we heat sugar or sucrose (C12H22O11) we will produce caramel or glucose (C6H12O6). We know that sugar is disaccharide than glucose is monosaccharide. So, this reaction is dispersing the bonding from disaccharide into monosaccharide. The reaction is below. C12H22O11 + 6O2 5H2O + 6CO2 + C6H12O6

The color of sugar changes into brow and it liquids. This changing indicates that theres reaction and the structure of it has rearange.

IX.

Discussion From our experiment we find the mistake especially in the second experiment. Actually based on the theory, in the final result we will get precipitate from the reaction between CaCl2 (aq) + 2 AgNO3
(aq)

2 AgCl(s) + Ca(NO3)2. AgNO3

is the precipitate that the color is white but in our experiment the precipitate is not so visible. It case happened might be cause when we would give HNO3 to the test tube, might be the test tube was still warm so that can be destroy the reaction and make it does not react perfectly so finally the precipitate cannot be visible clearly. This might also happen because the adding of AgNO3 is less. So, therere two possibility why the precipitate doesnt visible perfectly.

X.

Conclusion Based the data that we have got from experiment, we can conclude some statements, involves: 1. Ionic bonding reacts easily than covalence. Because ionic bonding disserve its structure easily. Covalence difficult to disserve its bonding. 2. Chlor is solid when it is in ionic bonding, but it is liquid or solution in covalence bonding. So in ionic, it will precipitate but in covalence its soluble. We can dissolve the bonding by heating process, mixture the compound, etc. By dissolving it, the new compound that formed is more simpler and has different kind of bonding.

XI.

Answer of Question 1. Because ionic bonding can let go their electron easily and the ionization is easy then on covalence bonding, they difficult to ionization and difficult to let go their electron. 2. a. ocsalate acid = C2H2O4 b. sugar = C12H22O11 3. It will easily soluble in NH3. Because ethanol isnt good solvent. The result if we put NaCl in NH3 will be ammonium chloride. But if we put NaCl in ethanol it will be difficult to react.

XII.

References

Vogel. 1990. Buku teks Analisis Kualitatif. Jakarta: PT Kalman Media Pustaka. Tim Kimia Dasar. 2011. Petunjuk Praktikum Kimia Dasar. Surabaya: UNESAPress. (online) http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrosa accessed on October 22, 2011 (online) http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=55 accessed on October 22, 2011 (online) http://rachmakimhunter.blogspot.com/p/kimia-organik.html accessed on October 22, 2011

Known Lecture/ Guidance Assistant

Surabaya, November 8, 2011 Student

(..)

(..)

ATTACHMENT

First Experiment a. Test Tube I = NaCl + AgNO3 (White dirty) - left b. Test Tube II CCl4 + AgNO3 (colorless) - right

Second Experiment
1 2

1. Heated for 20 minutes = no changing 2. Adding by CCl4 = white dirty and precipitate 3. Heated and Adding HNO3 = bright yellow 4. Adding AgNO3 = white dirty and precipitate again

Third experiment

C2H2O4 heated

C2H2O4 heated