tf

f (r(t))

f dr =
C

ti

dr
dt =
dt

tf

ti

df (r(t))
dt
dt

f dr = f (r(tf )) f (r(ti ))
C
+h

f (t)g(t)|h = 0
E = 4e
B = 4m
B=0
E =

4
1
B+
Jm
c t
c

1
4
E+
Je
c t
c


 
D
E
CV
3
3
2
4
+ 2T CV
(E) = k T
T V
*
*
2 +
3 +
E
2
E
8
=
,
=
U
3N
U
9N 2
D
E D
E



3
3
3
(E) (E hEi) = E 3 3 hEi (E)2 hEi
B=

[U H(q, p)] eH(q,p) d = 0

D
E
2U
3
= (E)
2



U
T U
=

T V
1
T
=   = kT 2

T
= k

( ) : R2f R3
1

d( )
pendiente
d
d2 ( )
puntos de inflexion
d 2
d2 ( )
=0
d 2


d d( )
=0
d
d
M(q, p)


1
f (q, p) =
eH(q,p) f (q, p)dqdp
Z

hf i = eH(q,p) eM(q,p) dqdp

D
E
eM(q,p) = ehM(q,p)i
q = (q1 , . . . , qf )
p = (p1 , . . . , pf )
dq = dq1 dqf
dp = dp1 dpf

Z=

Z0
1
=
Z
Z

eH(q,p) dqdp

D
E
eH(q,p) eM(q,p) dqdp eM(q,p)

H 0 (q, p0 ) = H(q, p) M(q, p)


F 0 = F M(q, p)


U 0 = U M(q, p)
E2 = E02 ek2 zQ ei(t+k2 xW )
2

s
Q

sin2 0
1
sin2 c

sin c =
z=

n2
n1
3

3
=
k2 Q

n2

sin2 0
(n2 /n1 )2

3N

[]

pp=

p2x + p2y + p2z = |px |

Cdv =

C nda

TrS S
F A A
F , = 0 J
F

, = 0

F = 0 J
F
hpi =

~
i

=0

x dx = 0

:= diag(1, 1, 1, 1)

F = F

0
E1
=
E2
E3

E1
0
B3
B2

F F
3

E2
B3
0
B1

E3
B2

B1
0

I = F : (F )T = T r(F F T ) = T r(F F )
A:B=

e e : e e A B =

,,,

A B

1 ik(xx0 )
e
|k|2

4
=
dK K f (K) sin(KR)
R 0

d3 k
R3

d3 kf (|k|)eikx
R3

K := |k|
|(x x0 )| = R
R3
sin x
x

ik0 (x0 x00 )

ik0 (x0 x00 )
e
e
e
 = 2i Res 
 , k 0 = |~k| + Res 
 , k 0 = |~k|
dk 0 
2
2
2

(k 0 ) |~k|2
(k 0 ) |~k|2
(k 0 ) |~k|2
ik0 (x0 x00 )

i
0
00
1 h i|~k|(x0 x00 )
~
e
ei|k|(x x )
2|~k|
i
0
00
1 h i|~k|(x0 x00 )
~
2i
e
+ ei|k|(x x ) (x0 x00 )
2|~k|
i