1. INTRODUCTION Several excellent textbooks and manuals dealing with fish stock assessment explain the theory behind the various models and methods, including the mathematical derivation of formulas (see for example Gulland, 1969 and 1983 and Csirke, 1980a). The problem is that from such manuals the novice fishery scientists can usually not derive the precise instructions needed to perform each analysis. Where experienced scientists are available such instructions can easily be provided on-the-job and through participation in working group meetings. However, there are still many countries where such a transfer is not possible. This manual is an attempt to document that part of the instructions that is usually transferred through on-the-job training. It concentrates on the application of methods, while less attention is given to detailed explanations of the theory behind them, With the help of this manual the fishery scientist should be able to make a start with data analyses and building up the necessary skills and insight in solving stock assessment problems. After this initial step it should be easier to access more complex textbooks Stock assessment of tropical resources has developed rapidly in the last decade in particular through the work of Pauly (1979, 1980, 1984), Saila and Roedel (1980), Pauly and David (1981), Garcia and Le Reste (1981) and Munro (1983), but also because of the rapid development of microcomputer hard- and software, This manual is intended to further contribute to this development and for that reason emphasis has been placed on those methods which are particularly useful in tropical areas, while most of the examples given are based on tropical stocks. The rapid introduction of special software for fish stock assessment, im particular that based on length-frequency data, such as the packages FiSAT (Gayanilo er al., 1995), COMPLEAT ELEFAN (Gayanilo, Soriano and Pauly, 1988) and LFSA (Spare, 1987) also means that inexperienced fishery scientists may be placed in a position where they are using methods and models without fully realising the limitations of each method. The present manual should provide the necessary background knowledge on the methods to the users of the software mentioned above. This does not mean that this manual is directly related to computers. On the contrary, every method and exercise can be applied with the help of a good, programmable scientific pocket calculator. Further details on the use of this manual in training courses can be found in Venema, Christensen and Pauly (1988a). 1.1 THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF FISH STOCK ASSESSMENT The basic purpose of fish stock assessment is to provide advice on the optimum exploitation of aquatic living resources such as fish and shrimp, Living resources are limited but renewable, and fish stock assessment may be described as the search for the exploitation level which in the long run gives the maximum yield in weight from the fishery. Fig. 1.1.1 illustrates this basic objective of fish stock assessment. On the horizontal axis is the fishing effort measured, for example, in number of boat days fished. On the other axis is the yield, i.c. the landings in weight. (If the landings consist of different groups of animals, for example shrimp, finfish and squid, it may be more appropriate to express the yield in terms of value.) It shows that up to a certain level we gain by increasing the fishing effort, but after that level the renewal of the resource (the reproduction and the body growth) cannot keep pace with the removal caused by fishing, and a further increase in exploitation level leads to a reduction in yield.‘The fishing effort level which in the long term gives the highest yield is indicated by Fyysy and the corresponding yield is indicated by "MSY", which stands for "Matimum Sustainable Yield", The phase “in the long term" is used because one may achieve a high yield in one year by suddenly increasing the effort, but then meager years will follow, because the resource has been fished down. Normally, we are not aiming at such single years with maximum yield, bue at a fishing strategy which gives the highest steady yield year afier year. Fig. 1.11 ‘The basic objective of fish stock assessment 1.2 THE STOCK CONCEPT ‘When describing the dynamics of an exploited aquatic resource, a fundamental concept is that of the "stock". A stock is a sub-set of a "species" , which is generally considered as the basic taxonomic unit. A prerequisite for the identification of stocks is the ability to distinguish between different species. Because of the great number of different, but often similar, species observed in tropical fisheries their identification can be problematic, The fishery scientist, however, must master the techniques of species identification if any meaningful fish stock assessment is to come out of the data collected. An aid to solve problems in species identification is provided by the "FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes" (Fischer, 1978; Fischer and Bianchi, 1984; Fischer, Bianchi and Scott, 1981; Fischer and Hureau, 1985; Fischer, Schneider and Bauchot, 1987; Fischer and Whitehead, 1974) and in the "FAO species catalogues" (Allen, 1985; Carpenter, 1988; Carpenter and Alien, 1989; Cohen et al., 1990, Colette and Nauen, 1983; Compagno, 1984 and 1984a; Holthuis, 1980 and 1990; Marquez, 1990; Nakamura, 1985; Roper, Sweeney and Nauen, 1984; Russell, 1990; Whitehead, 1985, ‘Whitehead, Nelson and Wongratena, 1988). By a "stock" we mean a sub-set of one species having the same growth and mortality parameters, and inhabiting a particular geographical area. ‘To this definition we can add that stocks are discrete groups of animals which show little mixing with the adjacent groups. One essential feature is that the growth and mortality <2-parameters remain constant over the distribution area of a stock, so that we can use them for making assessments. This definition may be too superficial for the taste of many biologists, and in the following, paragraphs a few more aspects of the stock concept are mentioned. A group of animals for which the geographical limits can be defined may be considered a "stock" in terms of fish stock assessment. Such a group of animals should belong to the same race within the species, i,e,, share a common gene pool. For species showing little migratory behaviour (mainly demersal species) it is easier to identify a stock than for highly migratory species, such as tunas, A definition of the term "stock" acceptable to everyone with an interest in intraspecific grouping may be unattainable, For reviews of the stock concept see Booke (1981), Ihssen er al, (1981) and MacLean and Evans (1981). Cushing (1968) defines a fish stock as one that has a single spawning ground to which the adults return year after year. Larkin (1972) defines a stock as "a population of organisms which, sharing a common gene pool, is sufficiently discrete to warrant consideration as a self- perpetuating system which can be managed”, while Ihssen e7 al. (1981) define a stock as “an intraspecific group of randomly mating individuals with temporal or spatial integrity". Ricker (1975) defines a fish stock as "the part of a fish population which is under consideration from the point of view of actual or potential utilization". This definition reflects a completely different approach to the stock concept. In this manual we will not follow this definition at all, but will adhere to the biological approach given above. Perhaps the most suitable definition in the context of fish stock assessment was given by Gulland (1983) who stated that for fisheries management purposes the definition of a “unit stock" is an operational matter, i.e., a sub-group of a species can be treated as a stock if possible differences within the group and interchanges with other groups can be ignored without making the conclusions reached invalid. This means that it is preferable to start by making stock assessments over the entire area of distribution of a species, as long as there are no indications that separate unit stocks exist in that area. If it becomes clear that the growth and mortality parameters differ significantly in various parts of the area of distribution of the species, then it will be necessary to assess the species on a stock by stock basis. The identification of separate stocks is a complex matter, which usually requires many years of data collection and analysis. Fish stock assessment should be made for each stock separately. The results may (or may not) subsequently be pooled into an assessment of a multispecies fishery. Therefore, the input data must be available for cach stock of each species considered. The stock concept is closely related to the concepts of growth and mortality parameters. The "growth parameters" are numerical values in an equation by which we can predict the body size of a fish when it reaches a certain age. The "mortality parameters" reflect the rate at which the animals die, i.e., the number of deaths per time unit. The mortality parameters considered in this manual are the "fishing morality", which reflects the deaths created by fishing and the "natural mortality", which accounts for all other causes of death (predation, disease, etc.). ‘An essential characteristic of a stock is that its growth and mortality parameters remain constant throughout its area of distribution, Let us, as an example, partition that area into two parts, sub-areas A and B: