2.

Multirate Signals
Content
Sampling of a continuous time signal

Downsampling of a discrete time signal

Upsampling (interpolation) of a discrete time signal
) (t x
s
F
) ( ] [
s
nT x n x =
t
n
Sampling: Continuous Time to Discrete Time
F
) (F X
FT
F
) ( f X
DTFT
s
F
s
F
s
F
F
f =
2
1
2
1

( )
s
F f F
k
s FT s DTFT
kF F X F f X
=
+
=

= ) (
2 /
s
F
2 /
s
F
Time Domain:
Frequency Domain:
Reason:
) (t x

+
=

n
s
nT t n x ) ( ] [ o

+
=

n
s
nT t ) ( o

+
=
+
=
+
=
= =
)
`

n
s FT s
n
s s FT
n
s
nF F X F nF F F F X nT t t x FT ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( ) ( o o
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
)
`

+
=

+
=
s
DTFT
n
F
F
n j
n
s
F
F
X e n x nT t n x FT
s
t
o
2
] [ ) ( ] [
same same
F
) (F X
FT
B
) (t x
) ( ] [
s
nT x n x =
s
F
2
s
F
noise
B F
PASS
=
2
s
STOP s
F
F F B s s
F
B
2
s
F
s
F
s
F
B F
s

sampled
noise
Antialiasing Filter
s
F
For large SNR, the noise can be aliased,
but we need to keep it away from the signal
) (F H
Anti-aliasing
Filter
) (F H
) (t x
) ( ] [
s
nT x n x =
Example
s
F
) (F H
Anti-aliasing
Filter
1. Signal with Bandwidth
kHz B 3 =
2. Sampling Frequency
kHz F
s
11 =
3. Attenuation in the Stopband dB A 60 =
scale) (log F
dB
60
3 8
B
B F
s

( )
7
log
60
20
3
8
10
= = N N
slope
Filter Order:
) (F H
0
N
] [n x
] [ ] [ mN x m y =
m
0 1
2
1
] [ ] [ mN x m y =
n
0
1 2
3 4 5
6 7
1 2 3
Downsampling: Discrete Time to Discrete Time
n
0
1 2
3 4 5
6 7
1 2 3
Keep only one
every N samples:
3 = N
N
] [n x
] [ ] [ mN x m y =
N F F
s s
/
1 2
=
t
0
] [ ] [ mN x m y =
t
0
1 s
T
3 4 5
6 7
1 2 3
Effect of Downsampling on the Sampling Frequency
2 s
T
1 s
T
1 2 s s
T N T =
The effect is resampling the signal at a lower sampling rate.
N
] [ ] [ mN x m y =
N F F
s s
/
1 2
=
Effect of Downsampling on the Frequency Spectrum
] [n x
1 s
F
F
1 s
F
f
1
1
0
1 s
F
) ( f X
? ) ( = f Y
We can look at this as a continuous time signal sampled at two different sampling
frequencies:
1 s
F
2 s
F
) (t s
F
0
1
) (F S
) ( ] [
1 s
nT s n x =
) ( ] [
2 s
mT s m y =
1 s
F
F
1 s
F
f
1
1
0
1 s
F
2 s
F
F 1 s
F
f
1 1
0
2 s
F
2 s
F
1 s
F
) ( f Y
) ( f X
Effect of Downsampling on DTFT
2
( )
s
F
Y f Y
F
| |
= =
|
\ .

2 s
F
F 1 s
F
f
1 1
0
2 s
F
2 s
F
1 s
F
2 s
F
F 1 s
F
f
1 1
0
2 s
F
2 s
F
1 s
F
2 s
F
F 1 s
F
f
1 1
0
2 s
F
2 s
F
1 s
F
1
1
3
s
F
X
F
| |
|
\ .
2
1
1
3
s
s
F F
X
F
| |
|
\ .
2
1
2 1
3
s
s
F F
X
F
| |
|
\ .

)
Y(f) can be represented as the following sum (take N=3 for
example):
Effect of Downsampling on DTFT
1
2
0
2 1
1
N
s
k
s s
F kF F
Y X
F N F

=
| | | |

=
| |
\ . \ .

N
] [ ] [ mN x m y =
N F F
s s
/
1 2
=
] [n x
) ( f X
Since we obtain:
N F F
s s
/
1 2
=
( )
1
0
1
N
k
f k
Y f X
N N N

=
| |
=
|
\ .

N
] [n x ] [ ] [ mN x m y =
( )
1
( )
f
N N
Y f X =
( )
X f
1 s
F
N F F
s s
/
1 2
=
2
1
1
N 2
1
N 2
1
1
2

( )
Y f
2
1
N
1
b
Nb
f f
Stretch!
N
b
2
1
<
If bandwidth then
Downsampling with no Aliasing
1
2

1 s
F
B
b =
Nb
N F
B
F
B
s s
= =
/
1 2
Antialiasing Filter
In order to avoid aliasing we need to filter before sampling:
f
( ) X f
b
N 2
1
noise
b F B f
s PASS
= =
1
/
( )
1
2 1
1
/
2
STOP s s N
f F B F b
N
s s =
] [n x
] [m y
N
LPF
1 s
F N F F
s s
/
1 2
=
LPF
1
f
b
N 2
1
2
f
Nb
2
1
aliased
Example
b f
PASS
=
b f
N STOP
s
1
] [n x
] [m y
4
LPF
1 s
F
2 1
/ 4
s s
F F =
LPF
Let be a signal with bandwidth
sampled at
Then Passband:

Stopband:
] [n x kHz B 2 =
44
s
F kHz =
22
1
44
2
1
= = =
s
PASS
F
B
f
f
44
9
22
1
4
1
1
2
= =

=
s
s
STOP
F
B F
f
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
Normalized Frequency (t rad/sample)
P
h
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-150
-100
-50
0
50
Normalized Frequency (t rad/sample)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
h=firpm(20,[0,1/22, 9/44, 1/2]*2, [1,1,0,0]);
See the Filter: Freq. Response
passband
stopband
2f
0 5 10 15 20 25
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
] [n h
and Impulse Response
Upsampling: Discrete Time to Discrete Time
] [n x
N
1 s
F
1 2 s s
NF F =
n
0
] [n x
m
0
[ ] [ ] [ ]
k
y m x k m kN o
+
=
=

1
N


it is like inserting N-1
zeros between samples
[ ] y m
] [n x
( ) ( ) Y f X Nf =
( ) X f
f
b 1
( ) Y f
f
N
b
N
1
N
1 s
F
1 2 s s
NF F =
N
2
2
1
N
1
N
2
2
1

2
1
2
1
it squeezes the DTFT
Effect of Upsampling on the DTFT
) ( ] [ ] [ ) (
2 2
Nf X e n x e m y f Y
n
fnN j
m
fm j
= = =

+
=

+
=
t t
Reason:
ghost freq.
ghost freq.
] [n x
( ) X f
f b
( ) Y f
f
N
b
N
1
N
1 s
F
1 2 s s
NF F =
2
1
N
1
2
1

2
1
2
1
2
f
N
b
PASS
f =
N
b
STOP
f

s
1
N
b
2
1
2
1
] [m y
LPF
LPF
Interpolation by Upsampling and LPF
SUMMARY:
1
/
s PASS
F B b f = =
( )
1 2
1
/
s s N STOP
F B F b f = s
] [n x
] [m y
N
LPF
1 s
F
LPF
f
( ) X f
b
N 2
1
f
Nb
2
1
( ) Y f
2
f
2
/
s N
b
PASS
F B f = =
( )
2 1
1
/
s s N
b
STOP
F B F f = s

LPF
] [n x
N
LPF
1 s
F
] [m y
( ) X f
f b
2
1
2
1
( ) Y f
N
b
2
1
2
1 f